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ThesisItem Open Access Post natal developmental studies on the respiratory system of Uttara fowl(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. PIN - 263145, 2022-09) Yadav, Renu; Singh, IshwarThe present work was carried out on respiratory system of 24 apparently healthy Uttara fowl at different age groups viz. 0, 7, 28 and 112 days. Respiratory system of fowl consisted of nares as operculum, nasal cavity (cavitas nasalis), larynx, trachea, syrinx and lungs. On gross observations the externally nasal cavity opened as elliptical-shaped nostrils located at the base of the upper beak on either side. Black pigmentation was present on operculum in all age group of Uttara fowl except 0 day. Each half of the nasal cavity exhibited three types of creamy white cartilaginous (hyaline) conchae i.e. rostral, middle and caudal out of these middle conchae was the largest in all the age groups. Larynx was formed by single cricoids, procricoid cartilage and paired arytenoid cartilage. The cricoid was the largest laryngeal cartilage. The catilagenous tracheal rings were flattened dorsoventrally and their number varied between 101 to 128. Uttara had tracheobronchial type syrinx. The lungs appeared as bright pink color, pyramidal- shaped shape. Histologically cranially vestibule was (external nares) lined by heavily keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. The degree of keratinization decreased gradually towards the caudal aspect and lining epithelium modified into slightly keratinized stratified squamous epithelium towards the rostral concha. Middle concha was lined by ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with neumerous tubuloalveolar intraepithelial glands. Larynx revealed outer epithelial layer (dorsal surface) lined by keratinized stratified squamous epithelium containing keratinized pointed papillae. The inner most layer (lining epithelium towards the laryngeal lumen) was made up of ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with numerous intraepithelial mucous glands. Trachea and syrinx was lined with ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium and numerous intraepithelial mucous gland. Trachea bifurcated into Primary or mesobronchi which divided into secondary bronchi which continued into tertiary or parabronchi. The parabronchi further continue into infundibula, atria and air capillaries. The mucous membrane of the primary bronchi and secondary was lined by ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with ciliated, goblet cells. Tertiary bronchi, atria and air capillary were lined by simple squamous to simple cuboidal epithelium cells. Histochemically, the lining epithelium, intraepithelial mucous glands, muscles, perichondrium and chondrocyte cells of cartilage in respiratory system show PAS positive reaction. Intraepithelial mucous glands of entire respiratory system showed intense reaction for Acid and neural mucin. Acidic sulphated mucins were more than neutral mucins in intraepithelial mucous glands. The intense acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and ATPase positive reaction was observed in capsule, surface epithelial layer of tertiary bronchi, blood vessels, and interlobular connective tissue and air capillaries. Under SEM observation each half of laryngeal mound had two transverse rows of papillae. Some cranial papillae had bifurcated apices. The medial most papillae of cranial transverse rows were broader compare to lateral papillae and at their base of thorn like small papillae were present. Various sized opening of intraepithelial glands were present near the rim of glottis. The lung parenchyma was arranged around the secondary bronchi in honey comb like appearance. In between parabronchi interparabronchial septae were clearly visible. The parabronchi opened into atria which lead to the air capillaries surrounded by blood capillaries.ThesisItem Open Access Osteo-morphological studies on the vertebrae, ribs and sternum of blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus)(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-05) Sathapathy, Srinivas; Singh, BalwinderThe general vertebral formula of Blue bull was observed as C7T13L6S5Cy15-21. Amongst the cervical vertebrae, the atlas, axis, C6 and C7 were atypical type, but C3-C5 were typical type. The typical cervical vertebrae were characterized by presence of foramen transversarium and bifid transverse process, where as the atlas had dorsal and ventral tubercles, fovea dentis that articulated with the dens of axis. The ventral division of transverse process of C6 was quadrilateral plate like. The C7 was devoid of foramen transversarium and characterized by presence of undivided transverse process, well developed dorsal supraspinous process and presence of costal facets on both the sides of the caudal end of the body. The thoracic vertebrae presented long supraspinous process, cylindrical, but shorter centrum. The cranial articular processes were oval, slightly convex, placed on the dorsal border of the arch and faced directly upwards. The caudal ones were located at the base of the supraspinous processes and were slightly concave. The transverse processes were short, thick and undivided. They presented a tubercular facet on their ventral aspect for articulation with the corresponding facet present on the tubercle of the rib. The transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae presented thick rounded non-articular mamillary processes on the dorsal aspect. The lumbar vertebrae were characterized by long transverse process, broad and flattened dorsal supraspinous process and well developed cranial and caudal articular processes. The average length of transverse process gradually increased from L1 to L5 and then it suddenly decreased in L6. The sacrum was almost triangular in shape and formed by five sacral segments. It presented wings, base and apex. It had a median sacral crest, two lateral sacral crests and four pairs of dorsal and ventral sacral foramina. The first three to four coccygeal vertebrae were characterized by presence of body, bifid dorsal and ventral spines, sulcus vasculosus, cranial nonarticular process and a pair of transverse process. The remaining caudal vertebrae had cylindrical bodies and reduced processes. The ribs were longer, wider, flatter, less curved and less regular in form. There were thirteen pairs of ribs in Blue bull, out of which first eight were sternal, last five were asternal and the last pair was considered as floating ribs. They presented proximal end, shaft and distal end. The proximal end further consisted of head, neck and tubercle. The costal groove was present at the proximal end of caudal border of shaft. An accessory tubercle was located below the main tubercle at the caudal border of the shaft of 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th, 8th and 11th pairs of ribs in both the sexes of the Blue bull. The distal end of the ribs was wide, flattened and attached with the costal cartilage. The sternum was a long plate of osteo-cartilagenous structure formed by seven sternebrae. It was flat except at its anterior end, which was compressed laterally. The lateral borders accommodated seven pairs of sternal facets on either side of the intersternal junctions. The manubrium sterni presented extensive facets dorso-laterally for articulation with the first pair of costal cartilages. The eighth pair costal cartilages joined the sternum between 6th and 7th sternebrae along with the seventh pair costal cartilages. The xiphoid cartilage was rounded and present in the caudal aspect of 7th sternebra attached with the xiphoid processThesisItem Open Access Osteo-morphological studies on the skull and appendicular skeleton of blue bull(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2016-07) Bharti, Sanjay Kumar; Singh, IshwerIn the present study, the skull was dolichocephalic in type. The cranial bones included occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid, interparietal, parietal frontal, temporal, and facial bones were maxilla, premaxilla, palatine, pterygoid, nasal, lacrimal, zygomatic, vomer, turbinates and mandible. The foramen magnum was large and roughly oval in shape. The foramen orbitorotundum was situated in between the wings of pre and post sphenoid bones. The interparietal was a small quadrilateral bone. The frontal bone was paired and formed the roof of cranial cavity. The supraorbital foramen was present over the frontal bone. The infraorbital foramen located above the 1st cheek tooth. The facial tuberosity was placed just above the 3rd cheek tooth, maxilla in front and lacrimal bone below. The turbinate bones were delicate, scroll-like, complex bony plates. The turbinate were clearly visible in radiographs. The cranial cavity was little with an ovoid cavity being elongated posteriorly, situated on the dorsal aspect of the nasal sinus. The scapula was a flat triangular bone. The lateral surface was divided by the scapular spine into a small and elongated supra-spinous fossa and a much larger and triangular, infra-spinous fossa. The spine was sharp and wavy in outline extended up to the neck of the bone. The acromian was pointed and tuber spine was in-distinguishable. Sub-scapular fossa was not markedly deep. The tuber-scapulae or supra-glenoid tubercle was small and the coracoid process was ill developed. The glenoid cavity was shallow and rounded. A small glenoid notch was present over glenoid cavity. The scapular index was 56.60. In humerus, the musculo-spiral groove was shallow. The deltoid tuberosity was large and prominent. The head was roughly oval in outline and the neck was well-defined. The lateral tuberosity was large and curved over the bicipital groove. The medial tuberosity was much smaller and did not divide noticeably. The coronoid fossa and olecranon fossae not communicated to each other and olecranon fossae had nutrient foramen. The radius was relatively shorter and broader as compare to ulna. The radius was fused to the ulna through the entire length except for two inter-osseous spaces, namely, proximal inter-osseous and distal inter-osseous spaces. The ulna was the longest bone of the fore-limb and was strongly curved. The carpus consisted of six short bones arranged in two transverse rows one above the other. The bones of the proximal row from medial to lateral were radial, intermediate, ulnar and accessory carpal. The bones of the distal row were second and third fused carpal and fourth carpal. The metacarpus comprised of two metacarpal bones. The large metacarpal bone consisted of fused III and IV metacarpals. One small metacarpal as metacarpal V Two fully developed digits (III and IV) were observed in each forelimb. Each digit had three phalanges. The first or proximal phalanx was laterally compressed. Second phalanx was nearly half the length of the first phalanx. The third phalanx was irregularly prismatic bone; a prominent extensor process was present on the dorsal border. Two small, crescent shaped proximal and one rounded distal sesamoid bones were present in each digit. The os-coxae was a flat irregular bone comprising of ilium, ischium and pubis. The ilium was the largest and was irregularly triangular in shape. The gluteal surface was concave, the iliac surface was smooth and the sacral surface was wider at its proximal and distal parts. The external angle was very large and prominent. The internal angle was a little below the level of the sacral spines. The ventral angle was the lower extremity of the bone. The ischium was placed behind the ilium and the pubis. The pelvic surface was smooth and concave. The ventral surface was nearly flat. The pubis was irregularly triangular; the anterior border presented an oblique sub-pubic groove. The antero-internal angle formed symphysis pubis with the opposite bone. The acetabulum was formed by the union of ilium, ischium and pubis and presented three notches. The obturator foramen was a large oval opening found on the floor of the pelvis and was formed by the ischium and the pubis. The femur was the largest, weighty and the most massive long bone. The shaft was cylindrical in the middle and prismatic below. The anterior surface presented the nutrient foramen. The proximal extremity was very wide and was composed of a head, neck and trochanter major. The trochanter major was placed laterally and was very massive. The distal extremity was large and composed of a trochlea in front and two condyles behind. The patella was small narrow irregularly triangular in outline. The tibia was a long prismatic bone, the shaft was distinctly curved, and three sided above. The nutrient foramen was placed in the upper-third, close to the lateral border. The anterior border was very prominent in its upper-third and constituted the tibial crest. The proximal extremity was large and consisted of three tuberosities and two condyles. The rudimentary fibula was attached to the lateral condyle. The lateral malleolus was a four-sided piece of bone compressed from side to side. The tarsus consisted of five short bones. The bones of the proximal row were tibial; fibular tarsal and in distal row were central and fourth fused, second and third fused and first tarsal. The metatarsus comprised of one large metatarsal bone and one rudimentary small metatarsal. The large metatarsal bone was quadrilateral in form and small metatarsal bone was ill developed. Two fully developed digits (III) and IV) were observed in each hindlimb. Each digit had three phalanges. The first or proximal phalanx was laterally compressed. Second phalanx was nearly half the length of the first phalanx. The third phalanx was irregularly prismatic bone; a prominent extensor process was present on the dorsal border. Two small, crescent shaped proximal and one rounded distal sesamoid bones were present in each digit.
