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ThesisItem Open Access Morphometric analysis and landslide zonation mapping: a case study from Kumaon division of Uttarakhand(G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, 2022-09) Bohra, Manoj Singh; Deepak KumarThe present study consists of morphometric analysis and preparation of the Landslide Zonation Map for the western Mid-Himalayan region in the Kumaon division of Uttarakhand. The study area i.e., the Kwarab-Khairna region is located in the Almora and Nainital districts of Uttarakhand, with a spatial extent from latitude 29°40ʹ55ʺ N to 29°22ʹ41ʺ N and longitude 79°24ʹ58ʺ E to 79°39ʹ21ʺ E, respectively. The morphometric analysis suggests that the area has an elongated shape with a very coarse drainage texture and subsoil with high permeability, dense vegetation cover and low relief. The drainage area is under the mature development stage with geologic structures having very little impact on the stream network. In the present work, a multi-criteria analysis technique is used for landslide zonation mapping. Thematic maps of different factors, namely slope, aspect, elevation, lineament density, drainage density, rainfall, geology, soil and land use/land cover were prepared and integrated into the GIS platform for the landslide zonation. The analytic hierarchy process was used to determine the weight values for each considered factor. The sub-classes of each thematic map were further rated on a scale from 0 to 9. The landslide zonation map of the Kwarab-Khairna region was produced using the weighted overlay technique. The zonation map divides the area into four zones, namely low, moderate, high and very high. The findings demonstrate that the majority of the area belongs to the moderate landslide zonation class. A significant finding emerged from the study that some of the important locations within the study area such as Khairna, Garampani, Suyalbadi, Suyalgaon, Kagdighat, Kainchi Dham and the NH connecting Almora-Nainital fall under the category of high and very high landslide zones.ThesisItem Open Access Hydrological response of a spring-fed mid-Himalayan micro-watershed using ArcSWAT(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. PIN - 263145, 2022-07) Joshi, Himanshu; Devendra, KumarMorphometry and streamflow have always played a decisive role in the development of water resource programs, thus, making its quantification quite crucial. The present work attempts to determine the attributes of a spring-fed micro-watershed, i.e., Kosi R. headwaters, affecting its hydrological response via morphometric analysis, and using a hydrologic model named SWAT integrated over ArcGIS for the estimation of streamflow through facilely available topographical and hydro-meteorological data. The study area is located from latitude N29°50ʹ30ʺ to N29°52ʹ30ʺ and longitude E79°30ʹ30ʺ to E79°34ʹ30ʺ in the Almora district of Uttarakhand, with a spatial extent of 10.7 sq. km. The morphometric analysis suggests that the study area has a dendritic and sub-dendritic drainage pattern with a coarse drainage texture and large drainage density. The micro-watershed and the main channel slope are very steep (49.65 %) and steep (30.8 %), respectively, corresponding to lower infiltration and higher surface runoff with large flow velocities in the channel section. The drainage area is under the mature development stage, with the avg. HI of 0.495. The results from the SWAT and SWAT-CUP suggested that the developed model performed very well in simulating daily streamflow with the values of NSE, ɸ, and RSR of 0.88, 0.811, and 21.9 and 0.85, 0.86, and -3.8 for the calibration and validation period, respectively. Further, sensitivity analysis suggested that the curve number (CN2), available water capacity of soil layer (SOL_AWC()), and saturated hydraulic conductivity (SOL_K()) affect streamflow generation the most. The study also indicates that the surface runoff and ET are the prime processes of abstraction from the study area, with 49.79 % and 40.56 % of the annual precipitation escaping through these processes. The developed model thus provides a quantitative understanding of various hydrological processes occurring within the study area and can generate scenarios for identifying BMPs in soil and water conservation.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of temporally distributed rainfall patterns on runoff-sediment outflow from lands under sorghum and urad crops and with furrow treatment(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-02) Atul Prakash; Akhilesh KumarIn this study, laboratory experiments were conducted to assess the effect of temporally distributed rainfall patterns namely, Uniform rainfall distribution pattern (URDP), Advanced rainfall distribution pattern (ARDP), Delayed rainfall distribution pattern (DRDP) and Intermediate rainfall distribution pattern (IRDP) considering Sorghum and Urad crop lands and also lands treated with along the slope furrow and across the slope furrow on total runoff, average runoff rate, average sediment concentration and average sediment outflow rate under at selected land slopes. The observations were also analyzed to assess the efficacy of above soil biomass and below soil biomass of these cropping systems on runoff and sediment outflow. This study was conducted on experimental plots using artificially generated rainfall with the help of a rainfall simulation system of 3 m × 1 m size. Rainfall distribution pattern were created by using simulated rainfall and the simulator was operated for 30 minutes to provide a total rainfall of 4.4 cm depth. A comparison of observed values of runoff rate and sediment concentration for whole plant plot and below soil bio mass plot clearly revealed that the for whole plant plot, the lowest runoff rate occurred for URDP while the lowest value of sediment concentration was found in case IRDP at 4% land slope. For 8% land slope, the maximum average runoff rate and sediment concentration rate were observed in case of IRDP. This study clearly revealed that in case of below soil mass plot, the minimum value of runoff was observed in case of URDP and maximum was for ARDP at 4% land slope while at 8% land slope the minimum value of runoff was observed in case of IRDP and maximum was for URDP. Similarly, the minimum average sediment concentration in this case was observed as 1236.66 PPM in case of DRDP and the maximum value of sediment concentration was observed as 1483.33 PPM in case of URDP at 4% land slope. At 8% land slope, the minimum and maximum values of runoff were observed in case of IRDP & URDP rainfall pattern while the minimum and maximum values of sediment concentration were observed in case of DRDP and ARDP rainfall pattern respectively. The observations and analysis of the findings clearly indicated that in case of runoff, plot with below soil bio mass provided better reduction as compared to above soil bio mass plot for every rainfall distribution pattern. In case of sediment, however, the situation was not that clear as in case of IRDP and DRDP below soil bio mass plot provided better reduction in sediment concentration but n case of IRDP and ARDP, above soil bio mass plots had an edge over below soil bio mass plot in sediment outflow control. Observed values of total runoff indicated that the highest runoff rate occurred in case of land without any treatment under URDP while the lowest runoff rate occurred in case of lands treated with across the slope. It was also observed that the runoff rate got reduced by more than 50 in case of lands treated with across the slope as compared to lands without any treatment under every rainfall distribution pattern. It was also seen that the across the slope furrow treatment produced lesser runoff rate by 25.925%, 20.833%, 18.309% and 17.46% as compared to along the slope furrow treatment at 4% land slope under URDP, ARDP, DRDP and IRDP respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Comparative assessment of different geostatistical approaches for spatial interpolation of annual rainfall(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-02) Verma, Shikha; Singh, Praveen VikramRainfall is an essential component and acts as primary input for hydrological modelling. The availability of reliable data is necessarily important to obtain the maximum benefit from hydrological analysis. The rainfall in rajasthan is so irregular and unpredictable spatially as well as temporally. The measurement of rainfall is very important however it is not practically possible to measure at each and every point. In such situations, rainfall measurements are typically available at a finite number of rain gauges therefore, determination of rainfall at various ungauged stations needs spatial interpolation to assess the spatial variability of the region. The analysis was done over annual rainfall of rajasthan having 253 raingauging stations for a period of 40 years (1980–2019). The present study was an attempt to analyze and compare the performance of different geostatistical spatial interpolation techniques, univariate, Ordinary Kriging (OK), and multivariate, Simple Co-kriging (SCK) and Ordinary Co-kriging (OCK), to interpolate the annual rainfall. In both the techniques, spherical, circular and Gaussian models were used to find the best-fitted semivariogram for rainfall prediction purpose. The nugget-sill ratio was determined for all the nine models to decide the best fit model. The statistical analysis of nugget-sill ratio for univariate and multivariate geostatistical analysis revealed that the ordinary kriging (OK-Circular) and ordinary cokriging (OCK-Spherical) was followed the least standard deviation as 0.1121 and 0.1051, respectively in the dataset. The cross-validation results were depicted the overall comparative evaluation of the selected models in which OCK-Spherical outperformed over OK-Circular by the consideration of different statistical parameters. For OK-Circular, the value of ME, RMSE, MSDE, RMSSDE and ASE were found to be 0.6525, 210.1545, 0.0035, 1.0306 and 204.4955 and for the validation of ordinary co-kriging OCK-Spherical these statistical parameter values were found as 0.3221, 210.3274, 0.0023, 1.0367 and 203.6121, respectively. Finally, the study concluded that the incorporation of elevation as a secondary variable with rainfall, increases the accuracy of estimation of spatial continuity of rainfall at ungauged locations irrespective of its correlation with the rainfall. However, both the selected models performed well for the study area. Statistically, OCK-Spherical worked better than OK-Circular method of interpolation.ThesisItem Open Access GIUH models based on uniform and non uniform stream flow velocities(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2006-07) Behera, Ramakanta; Akhilesh KumarThe present study was carried out with the objective to develop mathematical models for Geomorphologic Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph by considering uniform stream flow velocity as well spatial distributed (non uniform) stream flow velocity along the stream network. In this approach, a unifying synthesis of the hydrological response of a catchment to surface runoff is attempted by deriving equations of general characteristics which express IUH as a function of Horton‟s numbers i.e. area ratio (RA), bifurcation ratio (RB) length ratio (RL), an internal scale parameter (LW) denoting the length of the highest order stream; and the peak velocity of the stream flow (v). In the present study, these geomorphologic properties of the watershed were determined by using Horton‟s stream order laws. GIUH model formulation was attempted considering the uniform and non uniform stream flow velocities in the watershed network. In case of uniform flow velocity, the stream flow is assumed to be constant throughout the watershed network and the flow velocity was determined from the geomorphological quantities of the network and the intensity of the effective rainfall, while in case of variable velocity model the flow velocity was considered to vary according to the slope pattern of the network of various order of streams. The conceived models were developed by using the geomorphological and hydrological data of a small hilly watershed known as “Arki watershed” comprising an area of 2460 ha in Solan district of Himachal Pradesh (India). The performance of both the models viz., GIUH with uniform and non uniform flow velocities has been evaluated for the study area considering sixteen storm events by employing various statistical error indices. Based on qualitative and quantitative comparison it was observed that both the GIUH models based on uniform and non uniform flow velocities are applicable for the study area. However, on the basis of the calculated values of statistical indices it was found that the GIUH-UV model performed better in comparison to the GIUH-VV model except in the computation of peak rate of runoff where the GIUH-VV was found to be better performing than GIUH-UV model.ThesisItem Open Access Optimization of spatial allocation of agricultural activities for a Himalayan watershed: an application of multi-objective programming approach(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2006-08) Joshi, Digvijay; Singh, J.K.In the present study, an attempt has been made to develop the optimal land use model by using multi-objective programming technique with the basic objectives viz. to minimize the soil loss and maximize net return from the Chorgaliya watershed based on resource constraints such as land availability, water availability, labour opportunities FYM availability and fodder availability. All the relevant data and information to develop the model were collected and were synthesized as per the requirement of the model. The Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) was used to determine the soil loss from different land use activities. Having determined the soil loss coefficients, the other coefficients such as water coefficient, labour coefficient, FYM coefficient and fodder coefficient were also estimated and were incorporated to develop the model. In order to make model socially acceptable, economically viable and ecologically conducive to the inhabitants of the watershed, three alternative plans, viz. Plan I: Existing cropping pattern and livestock status with the restriction on crops preferred by farmers, Plan II. Existing cropping pattern and livestock status with the restriction on orchards and Plan III. Existing cropping pattern with the restriction on the food grains were developed. All these alternative plans were compared with the existing land use pattern in the Chorgalia watershed. Among all the alternative plans, the Plan II was found to generate maximum net return to the farmers and the least amount of soil loss from the study area.ThesisItem Open Access Runoff estimation from a small watershed using GIUH approach in a GIS environment(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2005-07) Nema, Manish Kumar; Singh, J.K.The conventional techniques of derivation of unit hydrographs require historical rainfall- runoff data. In a developing country like India, the most of the small watersheds are still ungauged; hence adequate runoff data are not generally available. For such type of catchments tedious procedure of regionalization of model parameters are sought. The research in the field of fluvial geomorphology of the problems facing the hydrologist today, in this regard the concept of geomorphologic instantaneous unit hydrograph (GIUH) has been introduced. Wherein the characteristics of instantaneous unit hydrograph are related to the geomorphological and climatic characteristics of the watershed. The major advantage of this approach is that this linking of geomorphologic parameters with the hydrologic characteristics of the watershed can lead to a simple and useful procedure to simulate the hydrologic behavior of various catchments, particularly ungauged ones. In the present study the geomorphologic characteristics of Kothuwatari watershed, a sub-watershed of upper Damodar Valley, Hazaribagh, Jharkhand, India have been estimated from the toposheets 72H/7 and 72H/8 by using the GIS software ILWIS 3.0. The GIUH based Clark and Nash models have been used for the simulation of nine storm events. The direct surface runoff (DSRO) hydrographs derived by both the models have been compared with the observed DSRO hydrographs. The performance of the models for the study area has been evaluated by employing performance indices viz., (i) absolute relative error, (ii) Absolute percentage deviation in peak flow rates, (iii) coefficient of efficiency, (iv) absolute average error, (v) root mean square error and (vi) average error in volume. The results of the study showed that both the developed models provide a reasonably good estimate of direct surface runoff based on these performance indices. However it was difficult to conclude that which model performs better for the study area as based on percentage absolute deviation in peak and average error in volume, the GIUH based Clark model was found better while based on rest of the indices the GIUH based Nash model was found better.ThesisItem Open Access Runoff prediction from Gaula river using Heuristic approaches(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-07) Bhatt, Gaurav; Pravendra KumarRunoff is the most complex and important elements of hydrologic cycle which needs to be understood well and is to be predicted in a very efficient manner. Runoff prediction is very important for countries which are very much prone to floods in a short period of time. It can cause various famines and diseases if not controlled in a proper way. Considering these facts, a study has been carried out to assess the daily monsoon runoff prediction from Gaula river, Kathgodam, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India. The daily monsoon meteorological data of 11 years (1st June, 2008 to 30th Sept, 2018) were collected from Gaula barrage located at Kathgodam, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India. In the present study, multilayer perceptron artificial neural network (MLP-ANN) and Wavelet based artificial neural network (WANN) techniques were used to predict the daily monsoon runoff. The daily data for monsoon period (1st June to 30th September) of years 2008-2015 and 2016-2018 were used to train and test the models respectively. The lags were decided on the basis of Minitab statistical approach and all the possible input combinations were put to back-propagation algorithm and tan sigmoid activation function for training and testing of models. The performance of the models was evaluated qualitatively by visual observations and quantitatively using various performance indices viz. RMSE, correlation coefficient, coefficient of efficiency and Willmott index. The WANN model performed better than the MLP-ANN model.ThesisItem Open Access Spatio-temporal rainfall analysis of Uttarakhand(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-05) Rana, Saroj; Kashyap, P.S.Analysis of rainfall and rainy days are important issues for all mountainous states of India due to their varying topography and extreme rainfall events are the reason for quick surface runoff which is dangerous for safety of large structures and other natural resources. In this study, spatial and temporal variability and trend of rainfall and rainy days was analyzed for Uttarakhand sate. Long-term characteristics of rainfall and rainy days were checked using statistical parameters. Mean, coefficient of variation, standard deviation and skewness in the rainfall and rainy days time series were checked on the seasonal and annual basis. Lag-1 serial autocorrelation using student’s t-test confirmed the randomness in the time series data and on the basis of t-test, Mann-Kendall (MMK) test and modified Mann-Kendall (MK) test has been used to analyze the trend in rainfall and rainy days data of all districts of Uttarakhand. Theil-Sen’s slope estimator method has been used to determine the magnitude of trend change and the percentage change over the study period. The change point in the trend and beginning of the change was detected using Sequential Mann-Kendall (SQMK) test. The inverse distance weighting (IDW) technique of interpolation in QGIS 3.4 has been used for detecting the spatial variability and trend in rainfall and rainy days time-series. A moderate variation in annual rainfall and rainy days and high variation in seasonal rainfall and rainy days was observed in Uttarakhand. Both significant and non significant increasing and decreasing trends was obtained from the results depending upon the districts. A decreasing trend of rainfall and rainy days concentration was also observed in most of the districts on seasonal as well as annual basis. The analysis manifested the high spatial and temporal variability due to diverse precipitation-generating mechanisms and the need for an improved monitoring network.
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