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ThesisItem Open Access Impact of long-term balanced and imbalanced use of fertilizers on soil quality and productivity in rice-wheat cropping system(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-08) Bhat, Manoj Kumar; Raverkar, K.P.ThesisItem Open Access Correlation between physical properties and fertility status in soils of Udham Singh Nagar district of Uttarakhand(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2015-06) Vineet Kumar; Srivastava, AjayaAn investigation was carried out to study the distribution of available macronutrients (N, P, K and S) and some micronutrient cations (Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn), their relationship with some physical properties of soil and the evaluation of availability indices for Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium in soils of different blocks of district Udham Singh Nagar (Uttarakhand).The soils of the district were found sufficient in Phosphorus, Potassium and Sulphur but low in available Nitrogen content and the soil samples were sufficient in micronutrient cations. Different methods of analysis of soil were employed, to know the best method among them, for availability of N, P, and K. Available Nitrogen was analyzed by Organic carbon and alkaline KMnO4-N methods, available Phosphorus by Olsen’s P, AB-DTPA P, Mehlich-1 P and Bray & Kurtz P and available Potassium by Ammonium acetate K, AB-DTPA K, Mehlich-1 K and Modified morgan K for the soil samples of district Udham Singh Nagar. Highest suitability was obtained with Alk. KMnO4 (R2 = 0.437), Olsen’s (R2 = 0.501) and AB-DTPA (R2 = 0.603) method for Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium, respectively. In general the macronutrients were correlated significantly and negatively with pH and positively with organic carbon and the DTPA-extractable micronutrient cations were positively and significantly correlated with organic carbon and clay content but negatively with pH of the soil. The values of the organic carbon, Alkaline KMnO4 extractable N, Olsen’s P and neutral normal Ammonium Acetate extractable K in the Udham Singh Nagar district ranged between 0.13-1.64 per cent, 125.44-338.68 kg N ha-1, 7.34-76.70 kg P ha-1 and 66.08-271.04 kg K ha-1, respectively and the values of DTPA-extractable Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn in soil samples of the district were ranged from 12.42-54.06, 0.96-22.06, 0.26-3.79 and 0.59-5.04 ppm respectively. Findings from present study can successfully be utilized for the larger parts of Tarai region of Uttarakhand as effective guide for efficient and balanced fertilizer recommendations.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of soil fertility and fertilizer recommendations on performance of oats (Avena sativa L.) varieties(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2015-06) Shikha; Singh, SobaranA field experiment was conducted to study the effect of soil fertility and fertilizer recommendations on performance of oats (Avena sativaL.) vatieties during Rabi 2014-15 in a Aquic hapludoll at D7 block of Norman E. Borlogue Crop Research Centre of The G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (290 N latitude and 79029’ E longitude). The experiment was conducted in two phases , i.e. creation of fertility levels by applying graded doses of N, P and K and growing exhaust crop in the preceding crop season (Kharif 2014). In the second phase (Rabi 2014-15), main experiment was conducted in split split plot design. Taking three fertility levels i.e. low, medium and high in main plot. Three variety of oats i.e. kent, UPO 94 and UPO 212 in sub plot and three methods of fertilizer recommendations, i.e. GRD, STCR and STCR with INM in sub sub plot. Performance of oats was adjudged on the basis of growth parameter i.e. dry matter accumulation and height of the plant, yield parameter i.e. green forage and dry matter yield at 50% flowering stage by different varieties. Nutrient content, nutrient uptake and nutrient requirement to produce one quintal of green forage. The quality parameter in terms of protein content at 50% flowering stage. Soil sample were analyzed after harvest of crop for available N,P and K for working out effects of different soil fertility, variety and fertilizer recommendation approach on status of available nutrients. Soil analysis and yield data of exhaust crop sorghum indicate that fertility level in the experimental plot has been created. Green forage yield, dry matter yield, nutrient uptake , nutrient requirement and dry matter accumulation was highest in UPO 94 whereas nutrient content, plant height and protein content was maximum in variety UPO 212. Both the variety performed better in highest fertility level with STCR approaches. In post harvest soil samples significantly increase in organic carbon and available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium found at highest fertility levels. Therefore, screening of variety for different fertility levels is essential for maximum yield potential and sustaining soil for crop yield , quality and soil health for the futureThesisItem Open Access Status of some macro- and micro-nutrients in soils of Almora district of Uttarakhand(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2015-07) Arya, Rajendra Prasad; Pachauri, S.P.An investigation was carried out to study the available macro- and micro-nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, B and Mo) and some physico-chemical properties in surface (0-15 cm) soils of Almora district (Uttarakhand). In all, 291 soil samples were taken for the study. The content of available macro and micro-nutrients were also correlated with some soil properties. Soil texture of district varied from sandy loam to sandy clay loam, Soil pH (1: 2 soil water suspensions) ranged from 4.24 to 8.86, electrical conductivity ranged from 0.02 to 0.53 dSm-1 and organic carbon ranged from 2.63 to 28.37 g kg-1. In soils of the entire district available N ranged from (112.90 to 363.78 kg N ha-1), P (6.4 to 46.4 kg ha-1), K (53.8 to 571.2 kg ha-1), Ca (844 to 6244 mg kg-1), Mg (120 to 2640 mg kg-1), S (2.60 to 36.29 mg kg-1), Zn (0.10 to 20.70 mg kg-1), Cu (0.11 to 6.21 mg kg-1), Fe (1.93 to 127.02 mg kg-1), Mn (1.24 to 56.92 mg kg-1), B (0.12 to 1.11 mg kg-1) and Mo (0.02 to 0.36 mg kg-1). The relationships between soil properties and available macro and micro- nutrient revealed that in soilsof entire district, soil pH significantly and positively correlated with available P and Zn but significantly and negatively correlated with available Fe, Mn and B. Electrical conductivity (EC) significantly and positively correlated with available K, S and Ca but significantly and negatively correlated with available Mn. Organic carbon showed significant and positive correlation with available N, S, Ca, Zn, Fe and Cu but showed significant and negative correlation with available B. From this study, it may be concluded that soils of Almora district were having widely varying soil pH which ranged from very acidic to moderately alkaline in reaction, low to medium in salt concentration and high in organic carbon. Based on the calculated nutrient indices (N.I.), the soils of Almora were low in N and Mg, medium in B and high in rest other nutrients. Further, pot culture and field experiments need to be carried out in future to verify the deficiency of different nutrients besides verifying the validity of critical limits of important macro- and micro-nutrients.ThesisItem Open Access Characterization and evaluation of lentil rhizobial isolates from N-W Himalayas for nodulation and yield(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-07) Kaphaliya, Rashmi; Pareek, NavneetThesisItem Open Access Genetic variations in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) genotypes for nodulation by native soil rhizobia(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-07) Bhandari, Geetanjali; Narendra KumarThesisItem Open Access Effect of integrated nutrient management on soil carbon storage and enzymatic activity under rice-wheat cropping system(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-05) Sumit Kumar; Jai PaulAn ongoing long-term field experiment established in 1983 on beni silty clay loam soil at Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre of the Govind Ballaph Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand (India) was selected to study the long term effect of various rates of chemical fertilizers and fertilizer substitution with organic manures (farmyard manure, mung straw and wheat straw). Continuous application of fertilizers either alone or in combination with organic sources decreased the soil pH with lowest pH value of 7.01 in the treatments where 25% of recommended dose of N-fertilizers was substituted by mung straw. However, a reverse trend was obtained in case of EC of soil with maximum increase of 46% in treatment where integration of fertilizers and FYM was done in 50: 50 ratio. But no significant difference was observed in values of soil bulk density among different treatments upto 30 cm depth. Continuous cultivation of rice-wheat cropping system for 32 years could not sustain the initial level of N in all the treatments however level of soil phosphorus was increased in all the treatments over initial value with maximum increase of 48% in treatment where recommended dose of nitrogen was applied through both fertilizers and mung straw. The level of available potassium was decreased with sole application of fertilizers but increased slightly with integration of fertilizers with either FYM or mung straw. In both surface and sub-surface soil organic carbon content was increased significantly in treatments receiving either fertilizers alone or in combination with organic manures over control, however, none of the treatment was able to maintain initial soil organic carbon status. Integrated nutrient management raised organic carbon content to a higher level as compared to fertilizers alone. Similar trend was followed in soil organic carbon stock and total carbon. In surface soil highest values of soil organic carbon (1.19%), soil organic carbon stock (22.49 t ha-1) and total carbon (1.57%) were observed in treatments where 50% of N-fertilizer was substituted through mung straw. Active pool (Cfrac1 and Cfrac2) of soil organic carbon contributed more to total carbon in comparison to contribution of passive pool (Cfrac3 and Cfrac4). Application of inorganic fertilizers cause slight increase in carbon fractions but increase was higher when integrated nutrient management was done. In the surface soil Cfrac1, Cfrac2, Cfrac3, and Cfrac4 constituted about 32.4-37.3%, 15.7-16.4%, 6.9-8.2%, 17.0-22.3% respectively, of total carbon and about 27.8-32.0%, 14.2-15.9%, 3.9-7.2% and 17.3-21.7% respectively, of total carbon in the sub-surface soil. Maximum increase of 78.02% in urease activity was recorded in the treatment where 50% of recommended fertilizer dose substituted through green gram straw. Maximum increase of 84.0%, 76.38% and 130.27% in dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase and acidc phosphatase activity, respectively was recorded in the treatment where 50% of RDF was substituted through FYM. So, it can be concluded that farmyard manure and green gran straw were best organic sources with respect to soil fertility and can be used as substitute of chemical fertilizers.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of nutrient management strategies on nutrients dynamics under long term fertilizer experiment with rice-wheat cropping system on a mollisol(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-07) Sirari, Pradeep; Shri RamA field experiment was conducted to study the effect of fertilizers on chemical fractions of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in Mollisol at G.B. Pant University Pantnagar during 2013-14 and 2014-15. Observed results showed that application of 100% NPK+FYM gave highest yield of rice (51.87 and 51.13 q ha-1) and wheat (49.73 and 48.63 q ha-1) during 2013-14 and 2014-15, respectively, which was significantly higher than all other fertilizer treatments. In surface soil nutrients status was higher in comparison to sub-surface soil depths. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake by grain and straw of rice and wheat under different treatments showed significant results. Treatments 100%NPK+FYM produced highest N, P and K uptake by grain and straw and it was followed by treatment 100% NPK + Zn in both years. The lowest uptake by grain and straw of both crops was recorded in control for both the years of experimentation. A declining trends in soil organic carbon due to continuous use of fertilizers and cropping was recorded and very minute change in pH and electrical conductivity was observed. Total N in soil under all fertilizer treatments ranged from 567 to 915 mg kg-1 during 2013-14 and 563 to 932 mg kg-1 during 2014-15, respectively. Fractions of nitrogen in surface soil (0-15cm) ranged from 15.90 to 27.18, 7.00 to 18.10, 477 to 689 and 24.12 to 76.66 mg kg-1 of ammonical-N, nitrate-N, total hydrolysable-N and amino sugar-N, respectively in both years. Phosphorus fractions (available P, Ca-P, Al-P, Fe-P, Saloid P and total P) and K fractions (available K, water soluble K, exchangeable K, non-exchangeable K and total K) showed almost similar results as observed with N fractions under different fertilizer treatments in both crops at all depths of soils. The continuous use of 100% NPK along with FYM in rice-wheat cropping system significantly improved the soil properties, nutrient status and crops yields. The nutrients (N, P and K) uptake by rice and wheat were highest under 100% NPK+FYM (T8) treatment in both kharif and rabi season during 2013-14 and 2014-15, respectively and thus it showed beneficial effect on soil fertility and yield and crop yields. Balanced use of fertilizers as 100% NPK + Zn showed higher crop yields, nutrients uptake and nutrients movement in soil as compared to 100%N+Zn and 50% NPK treatments. Significantly higher values of N, P and K fractions were found in top soils as compared to lower depths soils. Among the N, P and K fractions, NH4-N, NO3-N, Ca-P, Al-P, Exchangeable-K, soluble K were highly correlated to affect crop yields and nutrients uptakes by rice and wheat crops.ThesisItem Open Access Soil carbon dynamics and biological health of mollisols under balanced and imbalanced long-term fertilization in rice-wheat cropping system(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-07) Mohammad Yaseen; Raverkar, K.P.