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2020 - 20225
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Subject: Processing and Food Engineering × End date: 2024 × Start date: 2020 × Type: Thesis × Thesis Type: M.Tech. ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Process standardization for the development of finger millet mix jaggery chocolate
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. PIN - 263145, 2022-10) Choubey, Diksha; Shahi, N. C.
    Chocolates in general are found to be poor in protein and high in fat, and excessive intake of chocolate leads to a variety of health problems due to excessive amount of refined sugar. Furthermore, chocolate does not have much nutritive value due to which it cannot be used as a supplement of nutritions. Therefore, sugar and milk powder were replaced by jaggery and finger millet flour respectively for improving the dietary contents. Jaggery is an unrefined sugar and is regarded as the healthiest sugar in the world since it has all of the minerals and vitamins found in sugarcane juice. Finger millet is a nutritionally rich nutri-cereal that is underutilized. Processing and value addition of such minor millet may help to fulfil the nutritional requirements of humans, as it is gluten-free and calcium-rich, which is advisable for stomach patients. Both jaggery and finger millet flour contain high nutritional value and are rich in fibres and minerals, so their incorporation into chocolate not only increases the nutritional value of chocolate but also improves textural properties. The present research work was, therefore, undertaken for the development of sprouted finger millet flour mixed jaggery chocolate, optimization of process parameter for quality chocolate and study of nutritional and textural characteristics of the developed chocolate. The independent variables selected were cocoa butter replaced with coconut oil (20, 25, 30 % w/w), conching time (120, 150, 180 min) and replacement of milk powder with sprouted finger millet flour (20, 30, 40% w/w). The moisture content (%), ash content (%), crude fat (%), crude protein (%), textural profile analysis (hardness, adhesiveness, cohesiveness and chewiness) and sensory characteristics were analyzed. The data from all 17 experiments were analyzed using Design Expert version 11.1.0.1 and the response functions were developed using multiple regression analysis. The optimum values of variables for maximum desirability of sprouted finger millet flour mixed jaggery chocolate were 22% cocoa butter replacement with coconut oil, 150 minutes conching time and 39 % replacement of milk powder with sprouted finger millet flour. The optimum values for responses were 5.16 % moisture, 2.66 % ash, 23.6 % crude fat, 9.87 % crude protein, , 8.12 mouthfeel, 305.6 N hardness, 2.14 N.s adhesiveness, 0.101 cohesivenesss, 4.07 N chewiness and 7.8 overall acceptability. Out of all process parameters, sprouted finger millet flour had highly significant (p<0.05) effect followed by conching time and cocoa butter replacement with coconut oil in all responses of development of sprouted finger millet flour mixed jaggery chocolate. On validation of the model for responses of developed chocolate, it was found that the developed model was accurate as an insignificant difference was observed between experimental and predicted values.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Classification of potatoes into edible and non-edible by using deep learning technique
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. PIN - 263145, 2022-08) Singh, Nikhil Kumar; Sachin Kumar
    Potato, one of starchy vegetables, needs to be classified before entering industry for assuring the product quality. However, it is time-consuming, tedious, labor-intensive, inaccurate and expensive to assess qualitatively and classified manually. In this study, we propose an efficient and effective machine vision system based on the state-of-the-art deep learning techniques and stacking ensemble technique to offer a non-destructive and cost-effective solution for classification of ‘potatoes’ freshness and appearance. It has been trained and tested the performance of various deep learning models including ResNet, MobileNet, InceptionV3 and VGG16 to find the best model for the classification of potatoes into edible and non-edible categories. The system was trained and tested on potatoes data sets which were collected at constant distance of 20 cm for image capturing. The accuracy of used models is found to be 89 %, 68%, 95%, and 99% respectively and the precision and recall of the proposed model was best for MobileNet with uniform internet speed for each model. The experimental results show that the accuracy, precision and recall achieves with limited sample easily which tells the overall performance of the proposed model. The proposed technique for classification has less parameters and lower computation complexity than popular networks. The result proves that it can be extended to other tasks about classification.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Optimization of a microwave assisted process for improving shelf-life of onion-ginger-garlic paste
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-10) Sanjana, Goli; Omre, P. K.
    The present work has been undertaken with the objectives of standardization of process parameter onion, ginger, and garlic paste using microwave heating based on quality characteristics and to study the shelf-life of the optimized paste. The study started with the development of the onion-ginger-garlic paste using salt and sunflower oil. After the development of the paste, microwave was used for heating treatment. Based on the temperature attained by the samples and quality characteristics, the three levels of independent parameters onion % in onion-ginger-garlic ratio (55%, 65% and 75%), sunflower oil concentration (40, 50 and 60ml/100g), microwave power (160, 320 and 480W) and processing time (1, 2 and 3min) were selected. Response surface methodology was used for designing the experiments and to select optimum levels of onionginger- garlic ratio, sunflower oil concentration, microwave power and processing time. Box- Behnken design with three replications was chosen to determine the levels of each experiment. Standardization of process parameters (i.e. onion % in onion-ginger-garlic ratio, sunflower oil concentration, microwave power and processing time) was carried out based on quality attributes (i.e. moisture content, total soluble solids, pH, total phenolic content, total flavanoid content, antioxidant activity, colour difference). The study showed that the moisture content ranged from 63.73 to 74.83%, A minimum total soluble solid of the paste was about 21.25 to 27.48ºBrix, pH from 4.406 to 4.804, total phenolic content from 110.88 to 117.56 mg GAE/100g, total flavanoid content from 277.3 to 292.275 mg CE/100g, Antioxidant Activity from 80.82 to 87.62 % and colour difference from 10.648 to 13.171. The study showed that all the independent parameters had significant effect on the responses. The optimum conditions of onion-ginger-garlic ratio, sunflower oil concentration, microwave power and processing time as computed by response surface methodology were 75:10:10, 60 ml/100g, 480W and 1.5min. After getting the optimized sample ratio with microwave treatment and control as untreated sample, shelf-life studies were carried out by storing the sample in air tight glass containers at ambient temperature (27 ± 2°C) and relative humidity (57±2%) for 60 days at 15 days interval. From the study it was observed that microwave treated sample got deteriorated from 58 days while the control sample from 27 days of storage. Colour difference in case of untreated sample was more compared to the treated sample.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Optimization of process parameters for ultrasound assisted osmotically dehydrated papaya cubes followed by air-drying
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2020-08) Reddy, Nalla Bhanu Prakash; Shahi, N.C.
    Papaya (Carica Papaya. L) a tropical fruit having commercial importance due to its high medicinal and nutritive value. It is in general, called as a common man’s fruit as it is low priced with better nourishing capability and several health benefits. Post-harvest losses of papaya fruits happen along the whole value chain, moisture content is major contributing factor for the same. Drying or dehydration could be one of the techniques for reduction of water activity. Also, intermediate moisture foods (IMF) have become more common in recent years when compared to completely dehydrated ones. The problems that may occur during the osmotic dehydration process are undesirable effects like more sugar content in final product, shrinkage as a part of acceleration of water removal. Ultrasonication is one of the non-thermal and emerging technology which could accelerate the mass transfer rates during and after osmotic dehydration process and reduces the limitations faced in coonventional osmotic dehydration. Present study aims to produce product with a specific objective called more nutrition and health per gram. Experiments were conducted using central composite rotatable design (CCRD) with three independent variables at five levels. Independent variables selected for the experiment were osmotic solution concentration (43.2, 50, 60, 70 and 76.8 oBx), ultrasonication time (8.2, 15, 25, 35 and 41.8 min) and osmotic process time (83.2, 90, 100, 110 and 116.8 min). Responses selected were water loss (%), solid gain (%), colour difference (ΔE), ascorbic acid retention (%) and shrinkage ratio. The data from the experiments were analyzed using Design Expert software and the response function were developed using multiple regression analysis for each response. The optimum level of independent variables for development of dehydrated papaya cubes were 61.6 oBx of osmotic solution concentration, 17.7 minutes of ultrasonication time and 100.1 minutes of osmotic process time. The response values at optimum condition of independent variables obtained as 31.34% of water loss, 8.86% of solid gain, 24.82 of colour difference (ΔE), 63.78% of ascorbic acid retention and shrinkage ratio of 0.73.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Optimiztion of process parameters for production of red wine from burans (Rhododendron arboreum) and its quality evaluation during storage
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2020-06) Yadav, Dhiraj Kumar; Khan Chand
    Burans (Rhododendron arboreum) flowers are widely grown in Uttarakhand and other hilly areas of India. The flowers of burans exhibit many therapeutic, nutritional and aromatic properties and have a number of uses in folk medicine. It is an evergreen tree which bears flowers with colour ranging from bright red to pink color. Burans flowers having antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti- diabetic properties and is reported to inhibits the growth of cancer cells. As it contains natural red colour and various medicinal properties, the present study was undertaken to minimize waste and increase the shelf life of burans by processing it into fermented product (burans red wine). The experiments were conducted to study the effect of fermenting parameters on quality of red wine produced from Burans (Rhododendron arboreum) using yeast strain. The independent parameters selected were fermentation time (5, 8 and 11 days), temperature (30, 32 and 34°C), pH (3.5, 4.0 and 4.50) and total soluble solid (22, 24 and 26ºBx) to optimize them for production of burans red wine. Responses analyzed were alcohol by volume (%, v/v), titratable acidity (%), pH, total soluble solid (ºBx), reducing sugar (%), total sugar (%), antioxidant activity (%), total phenolic content (mg GAE/L) and total flavonoid content (mg QE/L). The data from all 29 experiments were analyzed using Design Expert 10.0.1 and the response function were developed using multiple regression analysis and second order model was fitted for each response. The optimum value of variables for maximum desirability of the prepared burans red wine were fermentation time 11 days, temperature 32.4°C, pH 3.85 and total soluble solid 23ºBx. The optimum value of responses were 12.27% of alcohol by volume, 0.578% of titratable acidity, 3.67 of pH, 8.49 ºBx of total soluble solid, 9.99% of reducing sugar, 13.25% of total sugar, 68.19% of antioxidant activity, 89.959 mgGAE/L of total phenolic content and 1091.205 mgQE/L of total flavonoid content. Significant (p<0.05) effect of process parameters were found in all responses. The prepared burans red wine were stored for 45 days and analyzed for all responses. During storage, alcohol by volume, pH, antioxidant activity, total phenolic content and total flavonoid content were increased however, titratable acidity, total soluble solid, reducing sugar and total sugar were decreased. This research has therefore proved that production of red wine from burans flower is an efficient and new approach towards improving processing efficiency, improving shelf life and improving economy.