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Theses

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2008 - 20095
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Subject: Livestock Production and Management × End date: 2009 × Start date: 2007 ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    A study on some characteristics of Lochia collected from crossbred cows
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2009-07) Suresh Kumar, N.; Singh, D.V.
    The study was conducted from October, 2008 to March, 2009 at Pantnagar on lochia (post-partum uterine secretion) collected from ten crossbred cows. The objective was to study physical, biochemical and microbial nature of lochia. On an average 21.3±1.7 ml of lochia could be collected from the cows. The colour of lochia was reddish brown, due to the autolysis and liquefaction of most superficial layers of uterine epithelium. The consistency of lochia was medium and slightly thicker than water and blood. The mean pH and electrical conductivity of lochia were 6.63±0.06 and 3.79 ± 0.64 ms/m, respectively. Typical fern pattern of cervical mucus of estrus was not observed with lochia. The mean glucose, urea nitrogen, albumin, globulin, total protein, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium and chloride concentrations of lochia samples were19.97±1.77 mg/dl, 30.99±3.33 mg/dl, 2.30 ± 0.09 g/dl, 4.69±0.14 g/dl, 7.00±0.20 g/dl, 11.26±0.46 mg/dl, 0.38±0.02 mg/dl, 116.50±4.96 mEq/l, 5.46±0.34 mEq/l, and 98.86±3.66 mEq/l, respectively. The glucose concentration in lochia samples was higher than that of uterine luminal fluid but lower than that of blood serum. Urea nitrogen content of lochia was higher than that of normal blood serum level. Protein concentrations in lochia samples were within normal range of blood serum. The calcium content in lochia was more than that of post-partum uterine fluid and blood serum level. Potassium and serum were within normal range of blood serum. The mean bacterial load of lochia was (4.53±0.48) x 103/ml, and significantly lower than lochia collected during uterine infections. Above findings indicate that lochia may be considered as uterine secretory product. Further analysis of lochia may reveal some specific constituents in it which may have role in improving fertility.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of addition of lochia on some characteristics of crossbred bulls’ semen
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2009-06) Iqbal, Syed Mohsin; Singh, D.V.
    The study was conducted on lochia (postpartum uterine secretion) samples collected from ten crossbred cows and semen from two crossbred bulls. The objective was to standardize the technique of lochia collection from crossbred cows and to study the effect of addition of lochia on progressive sperm motility percentage, live sperm percentage and abnormal sperm percentage of crossbred bulls’ semen. Lochia collection from uterus was done by using Foley’s catheter with syringe which helped to collect varying amount of lochia aseptically. The lochia added semen samples were divided into three treatment groups (T1, T2 and T3) composing different (0.5 ml, 1 ml and 2ml, respectively) volumes of semen and 0.1 ml of lochia. In Control group 0.1 ml normal saline was added instead of lochia in semen sample. The values of overall mean of progressive sperm motility1, Live2 and abnormal3 sperm count in T1, T2, T3 and control group were (64.9 ± 1.7, 36.0 ± 0.6 and 13.6 ± 0.9)1, (64.6 ± 2.0, 66.1 ± 1.8, 65.0 ±2.2, 66.3 ±1.8)2 and (4.9 ± 0.7, 4.8 ± 0.8, 3.9 ± 0.7 and 4.4 ± 0.6)3 at 0 hour, (36.0 ± 0.63, 36.6 ± 1.18, 35.2 ± 1.25, and 37.1 ± 1.32)1, (43.2 ± 2.0, 42.1 ± 1.7, 43.1 ± 2.2 and 42.7 ± 1.8 )2 and (5.5 ± 0.6, 5.3 ± 0.6, 4.9 ± 0.9 and 4.4 ± 1.0)3 after 4 hours and (13.6 ± 0.97, 12.7 ± 1.20, 14.3 ± 1.19 and 14.57 ± 1.35)1, (25.3 ± 1.6, 24.1 ± 1.1, 26.0 ± 1.3 and 24.2 ± 1.3)2 and (5.5 ± 0.6, 5.3 ± 0.6, 4.9 ± 0.9 and 4.4 ± 1.0)3 after 8 hours, respectively. There were no significant differences among these values of control and treatments. The results show that the lochia is not detrimental to the survivability of the sperm. Further detailed investigation with more purified lochia at other dilution rates is needed.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Studies on physical and performance traits of local (PANTJA) goats of Udham Singh Nagar district of Uttarakhand
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2008-06) Verma, Pankaj Kumar; Singh, D.V.
    Present investigation was carried on Pantja goats, reared by peasant farmers in U.S. Nagar district of Uttarakhand, to estimate their population and to study their physical, reproduction and production traits and management practices. Based on 275 herds in 28 villages of 5 blocks, Pantja goats (32.67%) were next to Black Bengal (51.72%) and their population in the district (as per 2003 census) was estimated as 14,543. A total of 453 Pantja goats, having peculiar white streak on either side of their face and look similar to deer, had least-squares means of body length, height at withers, chest girth, ear pinna length and body weight of different age groups (1 to 5) as 43.23±1.33, 52.69±0.74, 55.22±0.93, 57.55±1.93 and 54.68±2.66 cm, 46.95±0.96, 58.85±0.54, 61.60±0.67, 64.03±1.39 and 61.71±1.92 cm, 49.20±0.93, 62.84±0.52, 64.73±0.65, 68.58±1.35 and 66.09±1.68 cm, 12.08±0.66, 13.56±0.37, 14.39±0.46, 15.78±0.95 and 14.70±1.31 cm and 7.69±0.62, 15.64±0.34, 18.17±0.43, 20.85±0.89 and 20.03±1.24 kg, respectively. These values increased linearly with age did not differ with respect to sex of the animal and are suggestive that Pantja were medium sized goats. Maximum and minimum kidding occurred during February to March (winter) and June to August (rainy). During singlet, twinning and triplet births significantly more male (62.8%), female and female (48.6%) and male-femalefemale (55.55) kids, respectively, took birth. Over all values for AFK, ASK, ATK, FKI and SKI were 430.67 ± 5.76, 779.13 ± 13.46 and 1060.41 ± 25.78, 312.06 ± 7.80 and 284.21 ± 7.05 days, respectively, and influenced by year of birth/ kidding. Based on the reports, Pantja goats may be said to have better reproductive performance. Over all means of FLL, SLL, TLL, PY, FDP, SDP, TDP were 138.41±2.44, 156.04±2.51, 159.81±3.83 days, 748.06±25.89 g, 170.11±8.94, 124.36 ± 3.65 and 153.30±18.09 days, respectively. Reported findings indicated that Pantja goats were better milk producers to Barbari and Sirohi but lower to Jamnapari goats. Landless farmers reared these goats and housed them in thatched and bamboo. They grazed goats mostly on community land, road side and like for about 7.2±0.3 hr/d. Very few farmers (17.35%) offered concentrate to their animals. Suckling of dam was allowed for 105.05 ± 15.49 days. The farmers never offered mineral mixture. They practiced open method of castration. Women folks are in the process of learning scientific methods of castration, feeding mineral mixture and fodder.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of urea molasses mineral block (UMMB) supplementation in roughage based diet on growing male calves
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2008-07) Kadam, Chandrakant V.; Shive Kumar
    An on farm trial was conducted at Instructional Dairy Farm, Nagla of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar of U.S.Nagar district, Uttarakhand State to assess the effect of urea molasses mineral block (UMMB) supplementation on growth performance of male calves. Ten crossbred calves were divided in to two groups (T1 and T2) consisting 5 animals each. Calves in T0 group are fed concentrate and roughage comprising green maize (chaffed) and wheat straw at 3:1 ratio. T1 group calves were fed the same concentrate and roughage but additionally supplemented with 100g urea molasses mineral block (UMMB). Roughage was given once a day in the morning hours. DM intake, growth rate, various physical parameters were recorded at fortnight intervals in a 120 days of trial. The average total DMI and average DMI through concentrate were non-significant, however the average DMI through roughage (kg/day) was significantly (P<0.05) higher in UMMB supplemented group (3.54) than that of control group (3.33) due to better palatability of diet resulting higher voluntary DM intake. Supplementation of UMMB in T1 significantly (P<0.05) improved DM, OM, CP and CF digestibility with non-significant difference in EE and TCHO digestibility due to establishment of conducive environment in the rumen which enhanced the growth and multiplication of rumen microbes as a result the digestibility of nutrient was higher due to more microbial enzymatic activity on substrates (feed particles). The CP and CF intake during the digestibility trial were significantly (P<0.01) lower in T0 group as compared to that of T1 group. It significantly (P<0.05) improved plasma protein level in blood without any significant (P<0.05) difference in blood glucose and blood urea nitrogen might be due to increased supply of balanced nutrients through UMMB supplementation and higher diversion towards protein synthesis. Similar significant (P<0.01) results were also obtained in terms of increase in chest girth and body length. The average body weight gain (g/d) over the whole period of 120 days was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T1 (310) than in T0 (260) group with no difference in thickness of skin coat and tail thickness. Reduced intake of concentrate mixture and increased roughage intake over control diet resulting higher (P<0.05) growth rate which was attributed to higher supply of nutrients in the form of protein, energy and minerals. The average feed conversion efficiency (%) was significantly (P<0.05) lower in T0 (5.98) than that of T1 group (6.94). It was concluded that UMMB supplementation economically improved the feed efficiency and growth rate of male calves at Instructional Dairy Farm, Nagla of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar of U.S.Nagar district, Uttarakhand State. Hence UMMB supplementation in roughage based diet to growing animals would help to acquire impetus to the most desirable livestock development in mountain areas.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Study on the effect of different heat stress ameliorating measures on the performance of weaned piglets
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2008-02) Panja, Anindita; Ashok Kumar
    A study was conducted with 16 two months old Large White Yorkshire weaned piglets divided into 4 treatment groups during the month of June-July, to assess the effect of heat stress and different heat ameliorating measures on the feed intake, growth rate, feed conversion ratio, physiological and haemato-biochemical parameters in piglets. Control (C) group maintained without any heat ameliorating measures; WS group maintained with water spray facility; WW group provided with artificial water wallows and MW group provided with artificial mud wallows. Average maximum temperature, maximum humidity, THI and sunshine hours during the experimental period (6 weeks) were 32.62±0.51ºC, 84.26±0.96%, 82.87±0.52 and 6.05±0.78 hrs, respectively. The daily water requirement for spraying water on piglets was estimated to be highest (1350 litres) in WS group followed by WW (500 litres) and MW (250 litres) group. Average weekly feed intake was significantly (P<0.01) higher in MW (7.36±0.07Kg) and WS (6.96±0.11Kg) group as compare to WW (6.83±0.11Kg) and C (6.51±0.19Kg) group. The mean final body weight of C, WS, WW and MW group did not differ significantly. Average weekly weight gain was significantly (P<.01) higher in MW group (1.54±0.11Kg) followed by WW (1.52±0.05Kg) and WS (1.42±0.12Kg) group as compared to C group (1.04±0.09Kg). The FCR was significantly (P<0.05) better in WW group (4.60±0.20) followed by MW (4.89±0.29) and WS (5.17±0.47) group as compared to C group where FCR was very poor (6.65±0.58). Rectal temperature recorded during afternoon was significantly (P<0.01) low in MW group (102.62±0.32ºF) followed by WW (102.79±0.32ºF) and WS (103.22±0.15ºF) group as compared to C group where the rectal temperature was found to be highest (104.82±0.15ºF). Haematological profile confirmed the extent of heat stress in C group through significantly (P<0.01) lower PCV, Hb, TEC and TLC. Heat ameliorating influence was most reflected in MW group followed WW group after 3rd and 6th week of study. Plasma biochemical profile suggested that heat stress was associated with significant (P<0.01) rise in plasma glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride and A:G ratio and a significant (P<0.01) decline in total protein concentration. Heat ameliorating influence was most significant in MW and WW groups, where changes in biochemical profile resisted both after 3rd and 6th week of study. A significant heat stress associated elevation in plasma enzymes like AKP (P<0.05) and GOT & GPT (P<0.01) activities and a significant (P<0.01) depression in plasma sodium and potassium concentration. These changes were best encountered in MW and WW groups. Heat stress also caused a significant increase in plasma cortisol concentration, while, different heat ameliorating measures significantly (P<0.01) resisted such increase in cortisol. However, no significant effect of heat ameliorating measures on T3 and T4 concentration was found. In conclusion, the mud wallowing followed by water wallowing treatment was found to be most preferable measure to ameliorate heat stress in piglets.