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ThesisItem Open Access A study on some characteristics of Lochia collected from crossbred cows(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2009-07) Suresh Kumar, N.; Singh, D.V.The study was conducted from October, 2008 to March, 2009 at Pantnagar on lochia (post-partum uterine secretion) collected from ten crossbred cows. The objective was to study physical, biochemical and microbial nature of lochia. On an average 21.3±1.7 ml of lochia could be collected from the cows. The colour of lochia was reddish brown, due to the autolysis and liquefaction of most superficial layers of uterine epithelium. The consistency of lochia was medium and slightly thicker than water and blood. The mean pH and electrical conductivity of lochia were 6.63±0.06 and 3.79 ± 0.64 ms/m, respectively. Typical fern pattern of cervical mucus of estrus was not observed with lochia. The mean glucose, urea nitrogen, albumin, globulin, total protein, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium and chloride concentrations of lochia samples were19.97±1.77 mg/dl, 30.99±3.33 mg/dl, 2.30 ± 0.09 g/dl, 4.69±0.14 g/dl, 7.00±0.20 g/dl, 11.26±0.46 mg/dl, 0.38±0.02 mg/dl, 116.50±4.96 mEq/l, 5.46±0.34 mEq/l, and 98.86±3.66 mEq/l, respectively. The glucose concentration in lochia samples was higher than that of uterine luminal fluid but lower than that of blood serum. Urea nitrogen content of lochia was higher than that of normal blood serum level. Protein concentrations in lochia samples were within normal range of blood serum. The calcium content in lochia was more than that of post-partum uterine fluid and blood serum level. Potassium and serum were within normal range of blood serum. The mean bacterial load of lochia was (4.53±0.48) x 103/ml, and significantly lower than lochia collected during uterine infections. Above findings indicate that lochia may be considered as uterine secretory product. Further analysis of lochia may reveal some specific constituents in it which may have role in improving fertility.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of addition of lochia on some characteristics of crossbred bulls’ semen(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2009-06) Iqbal, Syed Mohsin; Singh, D.V.The study was conducted on lochia (postpartum uterine secretion) samples collected from ten crossbred cows and semen from two crossbred bulls. The objective was to standardize the technique of lochia collection from crossbred cows and to study the effect of addition of lochia on progressive sperm motility percentage, live sperm percentage and abnormal sperm percentage of crossbred bulls’ semen. Lochia collection from uterus was done by using Foley’s catheter with syringe which helped to collect varying amount of lochia aseptically. The lochia added semen samples were divided into three treatment groups (T1, T2 and T3) composing different (0.5 ml, 1 ml and 2ml, respectively) volumes of semen and 0.1 ml of lochia. In Control group 0.1 ml normal saline was added instead of lochia in semen sample. The values of overall mean of progressive sperm motility1, Live2 and abnormal3 sperm count in T1, T2, T3 and control group were (64.9 ± 1.7, 36.0 ± 0.6 and 13.6 ± 0.9)1, (64.6 ± 2.0, 66.1 ± 1.8, 65.0 ±2.2, 66.3 ±1.8)2 and (4.9 ± 0.7, 4.8 ± 0.8, 3.9 ± 0.7 and 4.4 ± 0.6)3 at 0 hour, (36.0 ± 0.63, 36.6 ± 1.18, 35.2 ± 1.25, and 37.1 ± 1.32)1, (43.2 ± 2.0, 42.1 ± 1.7, 43.1 ± 2.2 and 42.7 ± 1.8 )2 and (5.5 ± 0.6, 5.3 ± 0.6, 4.9 ± 0.9 and 4.4 ± 1.0)3 after 4 hours and (13.6 ± 0.97, 12.7 ± 1.20, 14.3 ± 1.19 and 14.57 ± 1.35)1, (25.3 ± 1.6, 24.1 ± 1.1, 26.0 ± 1.3 and 24.2 ± 1.3)2 and (5.5 ± 0.6, 5.3 ± 0.6, 4.9 ± 0.9 and 4.4 ± 1.0)3 after 8 hours, respectively. There were no significant differences among these values of control and treatments. The results show that the lochia is not detrimental to the survivability of the sperm. Further detailed investigation with more purified lochia at other dilution rates is needed.ThesisItem Unknown Studies on behaviour and performance of murrah she-buffaloes under cold stress ameliorating measures at organized farm in tarai region(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2006-10) Ekanayake, B.M.M.; Singh, D.V.The present investigation was conducted in two parts viz. studying the performance of Murrah she-buffaloes at IDF, Nagla over the years and conducting an experiment on 25 normally calved Murrah she-buffaloes to study the effect of cold stress ameliorating measures on their physiological, performance and behavioural responses during winter. The animals were divided into four groups viz. T1 - provided with paddy straw bedding and gunny bag jacketing T2- provided with luke warm water, T3- provided with provided with paddy straw bedding, gunny bag jacketing and luke warm water and T4 –control. LL was found to be significantly (P<0.05) more during the period 2 and 3 where as, LMY was significantly higher in buffaloes who calved during November-January and during period 2 and 4. Maximum 305-dMY was found in November and December calvers as well as in the period 2 and 4. AMY was significantly (P<0.05) higher in buffaloes calving during 2 peaks (November-February and June- August months) and period 4. PMY was significantly (P< 0.01) higher during 2nd lactation, February, June, November and December calvers as well as period 4. However, significant variation on DAPY due to any effect could not be ascertained. Morning and evening RR were significantly (P<0.01) different among groups. Morning RT and evening ST were significantly different among groups. Both morning and evening MD were significantly different among groups. Both morning and evening CC also varied significantly among groups. Buffaloes consumed significantly (P<0.01) more warm water than water at ambient temperature in morning. Morning, evening and daily milk yield were significantly (P<0.05) higher in warm water treatment groups. Milk pH and fat per cent were significantly (P<0.05) differ among groups. Frequency (%) of behavioural traits viz no raising head were significantly (P<0.01) and no ears pointing and stood up were significantly (P<0.05) different among groups. Urination while standing, total urination, no urination, defecation while standing, total defecation, no defecation, tail wagging and no tail wagging were significantly (P<0.05) different among groups. Overall mastication, mastication while sitting at left side and continuation of mastication were significantly (P<0.05) different among groups. It is concluded that cold stress amelioration during winter is important to improve the performance and well being of buffaloes.ThesisItem Open Access Amelioration of summer stress in lactating crossbred cows under farm conditions of tarai region(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2005-05) Uday Narayan; Singh, D.V.Crossbreed cattle contribute about 9.8% of cattle population and substantially to the milk production of the country. These animals are high producing but less heat tolerant than the indigenous ones. Present study was aimed to ameliorate summer stress in lactating crossbred cows under farm conditions of Tarai region. Study was carried out during April to August, 2004 with 34 normally calved animals. Water showering helped in favorably maintaining physiological (rectal temperature, respiration rates), behavioral, hematological (hemoglobin, packed cell volume, total leukocyte count, differential leukocyte count, total erythrocyte count), hormonal (epinephrine and nor-epinephrine), reproduction (service period) and production parameters (specific gravity, fat, SNF, TS of milk and milk yield and average daily milk yield, 4% FCM yield, persistency of peak milk yield). While, sodium bicarbonate feeding alone was found effective in maintaining specific gravity, fat, solids not fat and total solids per cent of the milk and helped in improving the hemoglobin and packed cell volume.ThesisItem Open Access Live stock waste management strategies: evaluation of therapeutic efficiency of cow urine(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2004-07) Manirajan, P.; Sharma, R.J.In recent years, our vision is going to search for various naturally occurring compounds with antimicrobial activities because the development of resistance amongst the pathogens against so many synthetic antibiotics and fungicides. Many advocates claim that urine as a ‘panacea’. Admiration of the cow’s gentleness, products and power led the secular associations with the status of mother. Any place plastered by cow dung and any house sprinkled by cow urine are considered as sacred (or) pollution free. The ancient literature available in ayurveda is full of versions of utilization of cow urine as a potent medicine for various ailments of human beings and also it throws magnificent light on the importance of cow. The antimicrobial properties of cow urine were tested against the E. coli, Staph. aureus and S. enterica and found that the cow urine in pure form have comparatively more antimicrobial effect than in diluted form. In case of pharmacological properties of cow urine were tested in laboratory rats and Ascaridia galli (Poultry intestinal worms). The result on body weight gain weight gain of alloxan-induced diabetic rats showed higher weight gain when compared with other group of rats. Effect of cow urine on plasma glucose level of alloxan-induced diabetic rats showed no definite trend in reduction. The anthelminitc effect of cow urine and its extract on the spontaneous motility of Aseardia galli proved its anthelmintic properties. The cow urine and its extract reduced the blood pressure in rats. Finally, the cow urine extract showed increased amplitude and PR interval on ECG of rats with increased doses. The present studies showed that urine have both antimicrobial and pharmacological properties.ThesisItem Unknown Livestock waste management strategies: Physical and biochemical characterization of cow urine(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2004-06) Davis, Justin; Sharma, R.J.India is the world’s largest milk producer and ranks first in cattle and buffalo population. India has 221.90 million cattle and this huge population of cattle produces tonnes of waste products per day. Cow dung and urine are the major livestock wastes in cattle farming. Cow dung is utilized for application as manure to crops, for making of dung patties for burning, composting, bio-gas production etc. Cow urine if collected separately is a valuable product from the cow. There are still no scientific methods for utilization of cow urine. But traditionally cow urine is used therapeutically, as urine or in combinations, as medicine for human and animal treatment and in application on plants as bio-pesticides. Advanced studies on therapeutic efficiency of cow urine will require the knowledge on the properties of cow urine. So the present study was under taken to investigate the physical and biochemical characterization of cow urine produced from different genetic and age groups of cattle. The animals for the study were divided into two genetic groups namely, Sahiwal and crossbred and three age groups namely lactating cows, heifers and calves. The organic solvent extraction of urine was done with dioxane and the urine extracts obtained were also studied. The physical characterization of urine and urine extracts revealed that specific gravity, surface tension and refractive index were higher for crossbreds than Sahiwal, where as the viscosity was higher for Sahiwal than crossbreds. The max of U.V. absorbance showed same values for all groups of animals. The study on age groups showed that lactating cows had highest value followed by heifers and calves incase of viscosity, surface tension and refractive index; whereas heifers had highest value followed by lactating cows and calves for specific gravity. The urine samples had higher values than corresponding urine extracts for surface tension and max of absorbance while the urine extracts had higher values for specific gravity, viscosity and refractive index. The biochemical characterization of urine and urine extracts showed that, among genetic groups, pH, total solid, ash, urea, creatinine, total protein, calcium, potassium, iron, magnesium and manganese concentration were higher for crossbreds while, sodium, copper and zinc concentration for urine and urine extracts were higher in Sahiwal. Among age groups, lactating cows had higher values for pH, urea, creatinine, calcium, magnesium and manganese concentration and heifers had higher values, in case of total solid, ash, total protein, potassium, copper and zinc concentration of urine and urine extracts. The calves had higher values of sodium and iron concentration. The micro minerals namely cadmium, chromium and lead could not be detected in any sample of urine or urine extracts. Urine samples had higher values than urine extracts for total solid, ash, urea, creatinine, total protein and all the macro and micro mineral concentration, where as pH was more in extracts than urine. The present study showed that urine varied for the physical and biochemical characters for the different genetic and age groups under study.ThesisItem Open Access Livestock waste management strategies: Evaluation of therapeutic efficiency of cow urine(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2004-07) Manirajan, P.; Sharma, R.J.In recent years, our vision is going to search for various naturally occurring compounds with antimicrobial activities because the development of resistance amongst the pathogens against so many synthetic antibiotics and fungicides. Many advocates claim that urine as a „panacea‟. Admiration of the cow‟s gentleness, products and power led the secular associations with the status of mother. Any place plastered by cow dung and any house sprinkled by cow urine are considered as sacred (or) pollution free. The ancient literature available in ayurveda is full of versions of utilization of cow urine as a potent medicine for various ailments of human beings and also it throws magnificent light on the importance of cow. The antimicrobial properties of cow urine were tested against the E. coli, Staph. aureus and S. enterica and found that the cow urine in pure form have comparatively more antimicrobial effect than in diluted form. In case of pharmacological properties of cow urine were tested in laboratory rats and Ascaridia galli (Poultry intestinal worms). The result on body weight gain weight gain of alloxan-induced diabetic rats showed higher weight gain when compared with other group of rats. Effect of cow urine on plasma glucose level of alloxan-induced diabetic rats showed no definite trend in reduction. The anthelminitc effect of cow urine and its extract on the spontaneous motility of Aseardia galli proved its anthelmintic properties. The cow urine and its extract reduced the blood pressure in rats. Finally, the cow urine extract showed increased amplitude and PR interval on ECG of rats with increased doses. The present studies showed that urine have both antimicrobial and pharmacological properties.ThesisItem Unknown Studies on physical and performance traits of local (PANTJA) goats of Udham Singh Nagar district of Uttarakhand(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2008-06) Verma, Pankaj Kumar; Singh, D.V.Present investigation was carried on Pantja goats, reared by peasant farmers in U.S. Nagar district of Uttarakhand, to estimate their population and to study their physical, reproduction and production traits and management practices. Based on 275 herds in 28 villages of 5 blocks, Pantja goats (32.67%) were next to Black Bengal (51.72%) and their population in the district (as per 2003 census) was estimated as 14,543. A total of 453 Pantja goats, having peculiar white streak on either side of their face and look similar to deer, had least-squares means of body length, height at withers, chest girth, ear pinna length and body weight of different age groups (1 to 5) as 43.23±1.33, 52.69±0.74, 55.22±0.93, 57.55±1.93 and 54.68±2.66 cm, 46.95±0.96, 58.85±0.54, 61.60±0.67, 64.03±1.39 and 61.71±1.92 cm, 49.20±0.93, 62.84±0.52, 64.73±0.65, 68.58±1.35 and 66.09±1.68 cm, 12.08±0.66, 13.56±0.37, 14.39±0.46, 15.78±0.95 and 14.70±1.31 cm and 7.69±0.62, 15.64±0.34, 18.17±0.43, 20.85±0.89 and 20.03±1.24 kg, respectively. These values increased linearly with age did not differ with respect to sex of the animal and are suggestive that Pantja were medium sized goats. Maximum and minimum kidding occurred during February to March (winter) and June to August (rainy). During singlet, twinning and triplet births significantly more male (62.8%), female and female (48.6%) and male-femalefemale (55.55) kids, respectively, took birth. Over all values for AFK, ASK, ATK, FKI and SKI were 430.67 ± 5.76, 779.13 ± 13.46 and 1060.41 ± 25.78, 312.06 ± 7.80 and 284.21 ± 7.05 days, respectively, and influenced by year of birth/ kidding. Based on the reports, Pantja goats may be said to have better reproductive performance. Over all means of FLL, SLL, TLL, PY, FDP, SDP, TDP were 138.41±2.44, 156.04±2.51, 159.81±3.83 days, 748.06±25.89 g, 170.11±8.94, 124.36 ± 3.65 and 153.30±18.09 days, respectively. Reported findings indicated that Pantja goats were better milk producers to Barbari and Sirohi but lower to Jamnapari goats. Landless farmers reared these goats and housed them in thatched and bamboo. They grazed goats mostly on community land, road side and like for about 7.2±0.3 hr/d. Very few farmers (17.35%) offered concentrate to their animals. Suckling of dam was allowed for 105.05 ± 15.49 days. The farmers never offered mineral mixture. They practiced open method of castration. Women folks are in the process of learning scientific methods of castration, feeding mineral mixture and fodder.ThesisItem Open Access Study on the effect of different heat stress ameliorating measures on the performance of weaned piglets(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2008-02) Panja, Anindita; Ashok KumarA study was conducted with 16 two months old Large White Yorkshire weaned piglets divided into 4 treatment groups during the month of June-July, to assess the effect of heat stress and different heat ameliorating measures on the feed intake, growth rate, feed conversion ratio, physiological and haemato-biochemical parameters in piglets. Control (C) group maintained without any heat ameliorating measures; WS group maintained with water spray facility; WW group provided with artificial water wallows and MW group provided with artificial mud wallows. Average maximum temperature, maximum humidity, THI and sunshine hours during the experimental period (6 weeks) were 32.62±0.51ºC, 84.26±0.96%, 82.87±0.52 and 6.05±0.78 hrs, respectively. The daily water requirement for spraying water on piglets was estimated to be highest (1350 litres) in WS group followed by WW (500 litres) and MW (250 litres) group. Average weekly feed intake was significantly (P<0.01) higher in MW (7.36±0.07Kg) and WS (6.96±0.11Kg) group as compare to WW (6.83±0.11Kg) and C (6.51±0.19Kg) group. The mean final body weight of C, WS, WW and MW group did not differ significantly. Average weekly weight gain was significantly (P<.01) higher in MW group (1.54±0.11Kg) followed by WW (1.52±0.05Kg) and WS (1.42±0.12Kg) group as compared to C group (1.04±0.09Kg). The FCR was significantly (P<0.05) better in WW group (4.60±0.20) followed by MW (4.89±0.29) and WS (5.17±0.47) group as compared to C group where FCR was very poor (6.65±0.58). Rectal temperature recorded during afternoon was significantly (P<0.01) low in MW group (102.62±0.32ºF) followed by WW (102.79±0.32ºF) and WS (103.22±0.15ºF) group as compared to C group where the rectal temperature was found to be highest (104.82±0.15ºF). Haematological profile confirmed the extent of heat stress in C group through significantly (P<0.01) lower PCV, Hb, TEC and TLC. Heat ameliorating influence was most reflected in MW group followed WW group after 3rd and 6th week of study. Plasma biochemical profile suggested that heat stress was associated with significant (P<0.01) rise in plasma glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride and A:G ratio and a significant (P<0.01) decline in total protein concentration. Heat ameliorating influence was most significant in MW and WW groups, where changes in biochemical profile resisted both after 3rd and 6th week of study. A significant heat stress associated elevation in plasma enzymes like AKP (P<0.05) and GOT & GPT (P<0.01) activities and a significant (P<0.01) depression in plasma sodium and potassium concentration. These changes were best encountered in MW and WW groups. Heat stress also caused a significant increase in plasma cortisol concentration, while, different heat ameliorating measures significantly (P<0.01) resisted such increase in cortisol. However, no significant effect of heat ameliorating measures on T3 and T4 concentration was found. In conclusion, the mud wallowing followed by water wallowing treatment was found to be most preferable measure to ameliorate heat stress in piglets.