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2011 - 20205
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Subject: Irrigation and Drainage Engineering × End date: 2020 × Start date: 2010 × Thesis Type: Ph.D ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Land and water resource management in Lohawati watershed of Uttarakhand using remote sensing and GIS
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2020-10) Tewari, Sanjay; Vinod Kumar
    India is primarily a rural country where two-thirds of its population and 70% of the workforce live in rural areas. Agriculture is the main sector of rural economy and employment. For agriculture, soil and water are the most vital natural resources, and their planned and judicious use at the micro-level is indispensable for sustainable development, particularly for a hilly watershed. Hence, keeping this in view present study was conducted for the Lohawati watershed of the Ghaghara river basin, Uttarakhand, to implement the Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (FAHP) based decision-making technique in conjunction with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for the identification of critical sub-watersheds based on morphometric characteristics. Also, the irrigation water requirement was estimated for the agricultural HRU’s using SWAT, and suitable sites for water conservation structures were identified as per IMSD guidelines in the ArcGIS environment. The Lohawati watershed was sub-divided into seven sub-watersheds (SW1 to SW7) and morphometric parameters were computed. PCA using the FactoMine R package was performed and eleven morphometric parameters with variance contribution greater than 5.56 % were identified to perform FAHP. The fuzzy extension analysis method was employed for calculating normalized weights and based on FAHP score the subwatersheds were prioritized for development planning with classes as; high (> 0.145), medium (0.138 - 0.145), and low (< 0.138). It has been observed that two sub-watersheds SW3 and SW4 with an area of 36.34 km2 were having high priority class. Geostatistical analysis of the measured soil properties (texture, soil organic carbon, pH and EC) for soil samples collected from 58 locations at two depths, i.e. surface (0-15 cm) and sub-surface (15-30 cm) was conducted and soil maps were prepared. Also, WEKA (J48 algorithm) decision tree classified map of Landsat 07 image for the year 2012, was taken as base map. The prepared thematic layers of soil and LULC (2012) classified map along with ASTER-DEM were used as SWAT input. The SWAT analysis was performed for individual sub-watersheds at HRU level and irrigation water requirement was estimated. The respective annual irrigation water requirement for sub-watersheds SW1 to SW7 was obtained as 156.27, 154.06, 134.35, 116.29, 208.72, 135.69 and 149.86 mm. The total volume of water for irrigation to be stored in the Lohawati watershed worked out to be 120 ha-cm. Thus, 54 sites for farm pond and 24 sites for check dam construction were identified as per IMSD guidelines.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Design and development of decision support system for natural resource management planning for Bundelkhand region
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (Uttarakhand), 2017-01) Mistry, Pratap Kumar; Sharma, H.C.
    The future of any area depends largely on the effective utilization, management and development of land and water resources in an integrated and comprehensive manner. The water consumption is increasing more rapidly throughout the world. The uneven distribution of rainfall with space and time, even though the average rainfall is adequate, results in situations like flood and drought. Bundelkhand region of Central India is a water scarcity area. The major source of irrigation throughout Bundelkhand region is open shallow dug wells. Present study was taken up with the objectives: to study land and water resources of Domagor-Pahuj, Garhkundar-Dabar and Parasai-Sindh watersheds of Bundelkhand region; to study morphometric characteristics of these watersheds using G.I.S.; to design water harvesting structures and management of deficit water in the study area; and to design a "Spatial Decision Support System" for proper management of land and water resources in the study area. Morphometric characteristics showed that all the three watersheds, chosen for study, were elongated in shape, characterized by an environment of medium to low relief and low slope, moderate infiltration capacity and moderate runoff with flatter peak of flow for longer duration. All the watersheds were found in the category of moderate to course drainage texture, low to moderate relief and low to moderate slope. In the study area the major source of water was dugout open wells drinking and irrigation purposes. Most of the agriculture is single-crop rain fed with supplementary water from open wells. In Domagor-Pahuj, Garhkundar-Dabar and Parasai-Sindh watersheds average annual and seasonal runoff values were found to be 178.07 mm and 175.91, 48.43 mm and 47.27, and 219.45 mm and 215.96 mm, respectively. Land use of Domagor-Pahuj, Garhkundar-Dabar and ParasaiSindh watersheds showed that the maximum area was found under agricultural land as 76.26%, 56.00% and 92.70%, respectively. Major crops grown in the study area were groundnut, wheat and sesame. Beside this gram, mustard, maize and vegetables were also grown as minor crops. On the basis of existing cropping pattern the maximum weekly irrigation requirement was found to be 31.49 mm for Domagor-Pahuj watershed, 30.84 mm for Garhkundar-Dabar watershed and 33.75 mm for Parasai-Sindh watershed during the 39th week. Water deficit in the watersheds was found to be about 244741 m3, 45017 m3 and 279491 m3, respectively. Considering 20 percent losses due to seepage and evaporation the capacity of the structures for these watersheds was worked out to be 293689 m3, 54020 m3 and 333589 m3. The water harvesting structure / check dam / gabion / on-farm reservoir may be constructed at the node of 2nd, 3rd and 4th order streams located at or near the mid of the cluster. Twenty five (25) check dams of 11,000 m3 each, one hundred sixty (160) gabions of 90 m3 each and sixty (60) farm ponds of 90 m3 each can be constructed in Domagor-Pahuj watershed to meet out the total water requirement of 293689 m3; ten (10) check dams of 5000 m3each, thirty (30) gabions of 90 m3 each and twenty (20) farm ponds of 90 m3 each can be constructed in Garhkundar-Dabar watershed to meet total water requirement of 54020 m3 and twenty nine (29) check dams of 11000 m3 each, one hundred fifty (150) gabions of 90 m3 each and thirty eight (38) farm ponds of 90 m3 each can be constructed in Parasai-Sindh watershed to meet out the total water requirement of 333589 m3. This will not only help in the fulfillment of irrigation requirement but also will improve in recharging the groundwater level. The area which was earlier irrigated with only one irrigation during rabi season will have several irrigation. By increasing the irrigation frequency, the crop productivity will be enhanced. For the development of “Agricultural Land and Water Suitability Knowledge Based Decision Support System (ALWS-KBDSS)” the modules developed were namely: login, home, modules for crop suitability analysis, acknowledgement, useful link, logout and about author. A case study was undertaken to validate the proposed ALWSKBDSS especially for the Sys and Limiting Condition model, for chosen crops grown in the study areas. It showed that wheat, gram, groundnut and sesame crops can be successfully grown in all the sub-watersheds by applying irrigation at suitable intervals as water availability was found scares. In addition to this, suitable corrective measures would be required in most of the sub-watersheds for improvement and, therefore, application of fertilizers / manures in appropriate quantity would be required for getting best possible production.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Land and water resource management in Gagas River Valley Watershed using remote sensing and GIS
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2016-09) Krishan Kumar; Vinod Kumar
    About 30 % of the total geographical area of India is drought prone, primarily, due to erratic patter of rainfall distribution. Out of about 142 M ha total cultivable land, about 72% is categorized as rain-fed or drought prone. There is a wide scope to harvest the available rain water of the zone 1000-2500 mm. Uttarakhand’s mid and high hills come under this category. Single most important key factor for sustaining mountainous agro-ecosystems is water. Mountains are called life giver since they are major sources of all the natural resources including forest, water, land, animal and mineral to not only to the inhabitants of the region but also to those downstream. Uttarakhand’s 70% population of mountainous regions, depends mostly on agriculture for their livelihood, but due to various constraints such as climatic, geographical and socio-economic etc. have led to a poor agricultural productivity in the region. Land and Water Resource management refers to the judicious use of natural resources such as soil, water, plant and animals, resulting in better quality of life for both present and future generations. With this approach in view, the present study of Gagas river valley watershed of Almora district of Uttarakhand state in India, was undertaken in with the objectives to study soil nutrients status, water resources, topography, land use pattern, detailed morphometric analysis for eleven sub-watersheds and their prioritization on basis of morphometric analysis. Most of the soils in the study area were coarse textured varying from sandy loam to clay and moderate to slight acidic in reaction. The surface soil under cultivated lands were more acidic in reaction than sub-surface soils. Soil of the study area was deficient in zinc (Zn), whereas, Manganese (Mn) and copper (Cu) content were in medium range. Iron (Fe) content of soil was very high in the soil of study area. Water quality was good for irrigation and domestic purposes in the study area. ArcGlS software was used to prepare different thematic maps of the study area by using toposheets and satellite image. The very steep slopes and escarpments were present in majority of study area and forests were on these higher slopes. North l, North-East and East aspects had thicker vegetation in the form of forest whereas agricultural activities were prominent in East, South-East, South and West aspects. The morphometric parameters’ quantitative analysis is of immense importance in watershed prioritization for the purpose of soil and water conservation programmes and natural resources management. The soil conservation measures can first be applied to sub-watershed SWS-III, V,VI and X and then to the other sub-watersheds depending upon their priority. The sub-watershed SWS-II received last priority rank for management. From the results it was concluded that morphometric and land use/land cover analysis could be an effective methodology for identifying the critical areas within the watershed for initiating soil and water conservation programme having scientific flavor, in ungauged watersheds.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Development of groundwater simulation models and optimal utilization planning of land and water resources for the Bellan Canal Command Area of Allahabad district
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2016-05) Mohd. Aftab Alam; Yogendra Kumar
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Artificial groundwater recharge planning for Jamrani and Command using GIS and remote sensing, water table, soil mapping, surveys
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2011-05) Singh, Raj Kishore; Sharma, H.C.
    The ever-increasing demand of water has resulted in over-exploitation of groundwater resource, causing continuous decline in water table in various parts of the country in general and Jamrani Dam Command in particular. Therefore there is an urgent need of artificial groundwater recharge planning. A soil map of the Jamrani Dam Command area was prepared and their morphological, physical and chemical characteristics were studied. A total of 20 distinct soil series were identified, in the study area. To study the groundwater behaviour and changes took place during the period of 20 years i.e. from 1990 to 2010; the water table data were recorded in the study area. The pre-monsoon and postmonsoon depths to water table data during the year 1990 varied from 1.27 m to 7.94 m , 0.29 m to 4.75 m, respectively, whereas for the year 2010 it varied from 1.42 m to 8.63 m and 0.53 m to 5.27 m, respectively. Keeping this in view, the contour maps of groundwater table depth were prepared, for the years 1990 and 2010, to know the decline of water table in different parts of Jamrani Dam Command. On the basis of the present trend of groundwater exploitation it can be said that in future more and more area will fall under dark category creating conditions of groundwater mining. In the present study, the physico-chemical properties of groundwater of shallow aquifer and their suitability for drinking, irrigation and industrial uses were studied. The physico-chemical properties of ground water of study area were determined using standard methods of water quality analysis. Comprehensive and proper groundwater recharge plan for the identified landforms with their prevailing geomorphic features in the study area has been suggested to maintain the groundwater at a safe and desired level in future in the Jamrani Dam Command. Various water recharging structures namely: series of check dams, percolation tanks, farm ponds and nallah bunds are most possible techniques for recharging groundwater aquifer by utilizing excess water available during monsoon season in the form of runoff obtained from the land surface. Geographic information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing were applied to the study area to delineate different land uses from the satellite imageries (IRS-1D). The study area delineated from the S.O.I. toposheets was also classified into nine land use classes i.e. agricultural land, grass land, water body, scrub land and forest etc. The study employed a GIS based DRASTIC model to determine the vulnerability of groundwater to contamination in Jamrani Dam Command and its surrounding areas. The vulnerable zones were classified into five classes i.e. very low, low, moderate, high and very high zones. Most of the command area was found under very high or moderate vulnerable zone because various chemicals are discharged into open drains from the sugar, paper and pulp, brewing and food industries, and other household, which had led to the pollution of shallow aquifers in the study area. This is the major cause of concern for the people living in Jamrani Dam Command. The DRASTIC model, which is used for preparing the pollution potential map, can be used as a screening tool to see whether a particular area is more or less vulnerable to groundwater pollution so that proper pollution control measures can be adopted.