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Open Access
Studies on genetic diversity and combining ability in guava (Psidium guajava L.)
(G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar-263145, 2023-02) Rajput, Pushpendra; Kumar, Rajesh
The investigation entitled ‘Studies on genetic diversity and combining ability in guava (Psidium guajava L.)’ was conducted at Horticulture Research Center, Patharchatta of Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand during 2019 and 2020. The major objectives of the study were to estimate the extent of genetic diversity, variability, correlation, manifestation of heterosis, general and specific combining ability effects. The experiment was laid down in randomized block design with three replications., 26 guava genotypes were evaluated for morphological characters on the basis of UPOV descriptor and 20 crosses were evolved in line × tester mating design with five lines and four testers. The analysis of variance revealed highly statistically significant difference in all attributes that were observed among tested genotypes. Among components of genetic variability of genotypes, high heritability was obtained for fruit weight (99.71 and 99.77 %) and genetic advance as percentage of mean in flesh core diameter (59.43 and 59.34 %) was estimated during rainy as well winter season crops. Genetic divergence through D2 analysis revealed that during rainy season maximum intercluster distance between clusters VII and V (222.86) and during winter in cluster IX and VIII (197.09) exhibited maximum divergence. The results of F1 hybrids represent that highest genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation were recorded in leaf area (15.88 and 17.19 %) and leaf number (15.46 and 15.91 %), respectively. The high magnitude of heritability coupled with genetic advance as per cent of mean was observed for leaf numbers (94.46 and 30.96 %). Parents KG-1 Guava among lines and Local Germplasm among testers have good GCA effect for all characters except that ratio of leaf blade length to width. Crosses KG-1 Guava × Local Germplasm, Hisar Surkha × L-49, KG-1 Guava × Lalit, Hisar Surkha × Pant Prabhat, Sangareddy × Pant Prabhat and Hisar Safeda × Local Germplasm were noted to be consistently good specific combiner for most of the traits. In the case of both relative and better parent heterosis, the F1 crosses namely KG-1 Guava × Local Germplasm, Hisar Surkha × L-49 and KG-1 Guava × Lalit were the best heterotic combination for the traits plant height, leaf number, number of internode, plant girth, leaf blade length and width, leaf area and SPAD units. The findings of investigation revealed that the parent KG-1 guava and local germplasm (plant height, leaf number, number of internode, plant girth, leaf blade length and width, leaf area, petiole length, internodal length and SPAD units), Lalit (leaf number, number of internodes and ratio of leaf blade length to width) and Hisar Surkha (leaf number and ratio of leaf blade length to width) were promising donor based on the general combining ability. The crosses KG-1 Guava × Local Germplasm, Hisar Surkha × L-49, KG-1 Guava × Lalit, Hisar Surkha × Pant Prabhat showed the maximum SCA effects. Hence, these crosses may be advanced to recover desirable segregants for the improvement of yield and its contributing characters
Open Access
Study on heterosis and combining ability in cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.
(G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar-263145, 2023-05) Thapliyal, Vivek; Bhatt, Lalit
The present investigation entitled „Study on heterosis and combining ability in cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.)‟ was conducted at Vegetable Research Centre, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand during cropping season of 2019 and 2020. The major objectives of the study were to estimate heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis for yield and component characters, combining abilities of parents and crosses and to determine the correlation as well as the gene action involved in the expression of traits. The experiment was laid down in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Thirty cross combinations were evolved from 13 cauliflower genotypes by following line × tester mating design with 10 lines and 3 testers. The parents and crosses were evaluated for 15 metric and 8 visual/quality characters. Analysis of variance for all the traits revealed highly significant differences indicating that there was considerable variability for these traits among the genotypes. Cross combinations namely COMP-3 × Pant Gobhi-3, PCF-120 × Pant Gobhi-3, PC-77 × Pusa Meghna, INB-9-2 × Pusa Meghna and PCF-120 × Pusa Meghna exhibited significant heterobeltiosis for curd yield along with most of the yield attributing characters. PC-100 × Pusa Meghna and PCF-65 × Pusa Meghna also exhibited significant desirable heterobeltiosis for a number of traits like plant height, lamina length, leaf length, leaf width, etc. In case of standard heterosis, cross combination COMP-3 × Pant Gobhi-3 exhibited high significant value for almost all the characters except plant spread, number of leaves per plant, leaf length, stalk length and days to harvest. Other cross combinations exhibiting significant standard heterosis for curd yield along with other yield attributing traits were COMP-3 × Sabour Agrim, INB- 9-2 × Pusa Meghna, PC-77 × Pusa Meghna and PCF-120 × Pant Gobhi-3. Lines namely COMP-3, DC-54-15 and INB-9-2 were found as the best general combiners for most of the traits. Among testers, Pant Gobhi-3 was found to best general combiner for most of the traits followed by Pusa Meghna whereas Sabour Agrim was observed to be poor general combiner for all the traits. Cross combination PC-77 × Pusa Meghna exhibited significant high SCA effect for all the characters except days to harvest, whereas PC-98 × Sabour Agrim exhibited highly significant SCA effect for curd yield along with most of the yield attributing traits. The cross combinations showing high heterosis coupled with high SCA effects for curd yield were PCF-120 × Pant Gobhi-3, PC-77 × Pusa Meghna and INB-9-2 × Pusa Meghna and can be further used in crop improvement programme.
Open Access
Effect of silicon dioxide nanoparticles on micropropagation and metabolomics of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa duch.)
(G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, 2022-03) Pradyot, Nalini; Rai, Ratna
Microbial contamination and oxidative stress induced damage are the two most limiting factors in micropropagation, which not only reduce the plantlet quality but also affect the survival rate during acclimatization. Nanoparticles (NPs) due to their unique properties exhibit broad spectrum antimicrobial activity against pathogens and also enhance the growth and development of plants by assisting in protection against abiotic stresses. The present investigation was carried out at G.B.P.U.A. & T., Pantnagar, during the year 2017-21, to study the various effects of SiO2 NPs on micropropagation of strawberry cv. Chandler. For explant sterilization, different concentrations of SiO2 NPs (50-1000 ppm) were either used through priming or directly inoculated in the MS medium. For growth studies, explants were multiplied in MS media supplemented with various concentrations of SiO2 NPs (50-200 ppm) along with PGRs. The results showed that lowest contaminate rate was observed in explants inoculated in MS medium containing SiO₂ NPs @ 200 ppm. Highest number and length of shootlets, highest number of roots, maximum shoot and root biomass and 100 per cent survival rate of plantlets during acclimatization was observed in plantlets obtained from 150 ppm SiO2 NPs incorporated growth medium. Improved RWC and enhanced production of chlorophyll, carotenoids, proline and antioxidant enzymes such as SOD, CAT, GPX, APX and GR activity was also observed in plantlets cultured in 150 ppm SiO2 NPs containing growth medium as compared to control. It was also evident from the metabolomics data, that plantlets obtained from 150 ppm SiO2 NPs media showed an increase in various sugars, amino acids and organic acids concentration as compared tocontrol during different developmental stages. Thus, it can be concluded that SiO2 NPs was highly effective in controlling contamination and enhanced the efficiency of micropropagation by reducing the cost of in vitro cultures and improving stress tolerance in plantlets as compared to conventional micropropagation methods.
Open Access
Growth, flowering and post-harvest life of chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev.) cv. Thai Chen Queen in response to organic and biodynamic manures
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-09) Syed Khudus; Ajit Kumar
The present investigation was carried out at Model Floriculture Centre, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar during 2018-19 and 2019-20 to assess the impact of organic and biodynamic manures on growth, flowering and post-harvest life of chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev.) cv. Thai Chen Queen. Therefore, current investigation was setup with an experiment laid out in RBD with sixteen treatments replicated thrice. Different combinations of biodynamic manures (Panchagavya and Jivamrita) were used in this experiment ranging from 1-10% concentrations levels of Panchagavya and 10-50% concentrations levels of Jivamrita along with common basal dose of biofertilizers which includes Azotobacter, Azospirillum, Phosphorous solubilizing bacteria and Potash bacteria along with vermicompost and farmyard manure. Multiple observations were recorded on vegetative growth, flowering and yield parameters, post-harvest attributes of cut flowers and soil nutrient and microbiological attributes. Results demonstrated that during both the years, the treatment T7 (6% Panchagavya + common basal dose) was found most superior than other treatments and resulted in higher plant height (35.6, 46.2 and 51.7 cm) at 30, 60 and 90 days after planting, plant spread (37.2 cm), higher number of branches (6.9), longest length of branches (15.6 cm) and maximum chlorophyll content (a, b and total). This treatment also exhibited with improved flowering traits like days to first bud initiation (45 days), bud diameter (2.54 cm), No. of buds/plant (40), No. of cut flowers/plant (7.49), flower diameter (12.04 cm), days to flowering (51.7 days), No. of cut flowers/ha (‘000 Nos.) (299.5), flower weight (14.4 g), duration of flowering (36 days), length of flower stalk (24.90), stem diameter (35.70 mm), days taken from colour showing stage to harvesting stage (25.5 days). The significant differences were obtained in post-harvest attributes in the treatment T7 (6% Panchagavya + common basal dose) which includes initial weight after harvesting from field (30.1 g), final flower weight (16.9 g) after keeping in vase solution, initial flower diameter in vase solution (10.9 cm), final flower diameter (13.1 cm) in vase solution, increase in flower diameter (2.1 cm), water uptake by flowers (64.0 mL) and vase life (23 days) of cut flowers. Effect of biodynamic manures on soil physico-chemical properties, nutrient status N, P and K (286.3, 25.1 and 214.1 kg h-1) and microbiological attributes like bacterial (289 x 105), fungal (140 x 105) and actinomycetes (146 x 105) populations along with N-fixers (72.5 x 104) and P-solubilizers (161.5 x 103) were also enriched with the treatment of T7 (6% Panchagavya + common basal dose). Soil metagenomic analysis revealed that beds applied with the 6% Panchagavya + common basal dose has favoured the acid producing and nutrient mobilizing microbial diversity, which ultimately supported the plant growth, physiology and productivity of chrysanthemum. Moreover, among all the treatments, gross returns, net returns and B:C ratio (3.32:1 and 3.34:1) were also recorded as highest in the same treatment applied with 6% Panchagavya + common basal dose during both the years 2018-19 and 2019-20, respectively. Hence, after some field trial testing this treatment could be used by the farmers to grow chrysanthemum commercially in a sustainable, economic, ecofriendly manner.
Open Access
Influence of split application of different levels of NPK through drip fertigation on growth and flowering of chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev)
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-09) Choudhary, Ashok; Ajit Kumar
The present investigation was conducted during 2019-20 and 2020-21 at Model Floriculture Centre, Department of Horticulture, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with five treatments and four replications. The water soluble fertilizer and straight fertilizers were used which were applied through drip system and soil application. The treatments used were NPK @ 100:150:100 kg/ha/year (T1 i.e. control), NPK @ 100:150:100 kg/ha/year (T2), NPK @100:150:100 kg/ha/year (T3), NPK @ 75:112.5:75 kg/ha/year (T4) and NPK @ 75:112.5:75 kg/ha/year (T5). Observations were recorded on vegetative growth, flowering, post-harvest life and soil nutrient status. Results revealed that treatment T3 was found most superior than other treatments and resulted in higher plant height, maximum plant spread, number of primary branches, number of leaves (181.34) and length of branch. This treatment also showed improved flowering traits like earliest flower bud appearance (48.24 days), flower bud diameter, number of flowers per branch, flower buds per plant, 50 per cent flowering, flower diameter (9.02 cm), duration of flowering (47.46 days), yield of flowers, weight of cut flower, number of cut flowers per plant (11.03), number of cut flowers per hectare (5,26,990.00), chlorophyll content a, b as well as total chlorophyll and carotene content. The significant differences were obtained in post-harvest traits viz., weight of flower bud, final weight of flower in vase, diameter of flower, final diameter of flower in vase, amount of water absorbed (96.83 mL), vase life (14.88 days) and shelf life (7.17 days). For soil nutrient status, maximum organic carbon, available nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium and maximum B:C ratio were observed under T3 treatment and treatment T1 recorded minimum values of all of the above parameters.
Open Access
Scheduling deficit irrigation with mulching for improving water productivity, yield and fruit quality in guava cv. VNR Bihi
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-10) Jat, Rajkumar; Singh, V.P.
The present investigation was conducted at Horticulture Research Centre, Patharchatta of Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand for two consecutive years (2019-20 and 2020-21) to study ‘Scheduling deficit irrigation with mulching for improving water productivity, yield and fruit quality in guava cv. VNR Bihi’. The treatments consisted of three levels of irrigation (100, 75 and 50% ETc) and four mulch types (silver-black, black, organic mulch and without mulch) analyzed in factorial randomized block design with three replications. The results depicted that maximum plant height, plant spread (E-W and N-S), canopy volume, stem girth and leaf area were recorded in plants irrigated with FI (full irrigation at 100% ETc) followed by DI75 (deficit irrigation at 75% ETc). However, yield parameters such as fruit number per plant, fruit weight and fruit yield per plant were recorded maximum in DI75 followed by FI. Fruit quality attributes such as total soluble solids, total sugars, reducing sugars, non reducing sugars, total phenolics, total flavonoids and antioxidant activity decreased with increase in irrigation regime from DI50 to FI during both the years. Water use efficiency decreased with increase in irrigation regime from 50% ETc to 100% ETc. However, water productivity increased with increase in irrigation regime from 50% ETc to 100% ETc. The leaf nutrient (N, P, K, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn) analysis showed that the highest concentration of the nutrients was registered with full irrigation followed by deficit irrigation at 75% ETc. The different mulch types i.e. silver-black, black and organic mulch (paddy straw) significantly influenced the growth, yield and fruit quality attributes of guava during both the years of study. The higher plant vegetative growth with maximum fruit number per plant, fruit weight, fruit yield per plant, fruit quality attributes and water use efficiency registered with silver-black mulch followed by black mulch. However, leaf nutrients (N, P, K, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn), available soil NPK and soil microbial population were recorded maximum under organic mulch followed by silver-black mulch. Apart from that, the different mulches significantly reduced weed density and weed biomass of guava trees as compared with unmulched during both the years of experimentation. Thus, it can be concluded that application of deficit irrigation at 75% ETc along with silver-black mulch during fruit growth period had imposed desirable water stress on guava plants thereby improving water productivity, yield and quality. Therefore, it could be a better option for guava cultivation in tarai conditions of Uttarakhand, India.
Open Access
Effect of gamma radiations in vM2, vM3 and vM4 generations of commercially important cultivars of gladiolus
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-10) Rawat, Anand Singh; Bhuj, B.D.
The present experiment was conducted at Model Floriculture Centre, of the University, during 2018-19 (vM1), 2019-20 (vM2) and 2020-21 (vM3). The investigation was laid out in factorial concept of randomized block design (Factorial RBD) with the objectives to study the effect of various doses of gamma radiation on different cultivars and their interactions on plants and identification of desirable mutants for quality and agronomic parameters in vM1, vM2 and vM3 generations. The seven gladiolus cultivars were used as experimental material viz. ‘Nova Lux’, ‘Praha’, ‘Black Star’, ‘Nathan Red’, ‘Candyman’, ‘Punjab Dawn’ and ‘Tiger Flame’ irradiated with gamma rays of doses viz. 4.0 Kr, 4.5 Kr, 5.0 Kr, 5.5 Kr, 6.0 Kr, 6.5 Kr and control. The plant survival rate, vegetative, floral, vase and corm parameters were highly affected by gamma rays doses and showed declining trend with increasing doses, while days to spike initiation days to floret withering, days to flowering and bloom duration were increased with higher levels of gamma rays. The number of corms per plant reduced with increasing doses of gamma rays in all cultivars except in cv. ‘Candyman’ at 6.0 Kr and in ‘Nova Lux’ at 4.0 and 4.5 Kr the numbers of corms increased. At higher dose i.e. 6.5 Kr of gamma ray cv. ‘Nathan Red’ was unable to survive. The mutation frequency and spectrum was recorded moderately higher in cv. ‘Tiger Flame’ at 5.0 Kr (9.05 %) dose of gamma radiation. Desirable mutants were identified from the cv. ‘Nova Lux’, ‘Praha’, ‘Candyman’, ‘Punjab Dawn’ and ‘Tiger Flame’ for their flower colour in subsequent generations and some of the mutants were stable in vM2, vM3 and vM4 generations. Erratic and non-directional changes were observed due to gamma irradiation. G X E (Genotype x Environment) interaction stability studied by AMMI (Additive main effect and multiplicative interaction) model results showed that, among the environments EII (Environment I i.e. vM2) and EI (Environment II i.e. vM3) were observed as the most stable and suitable environments for high plant growth viz., number of floret and corms per plant, plant height, spike and rachis length. On the basis of AMMI biplot I & II, ASV (AMMI Stability Value) and mean value, the genotype ‘Praha 6.5’ was identified as most stable and vigorous genotype for number of florets per plant and spike length. The genotype ‘Nova Lux’ was identified as most stable and high yielding genotype for number of corms per plant across three years of investigation. It was concluded that gamma irradiation dose 4.5 Kr suitable dose for induction of maximum variability in cv ‘Black Star’, 5.0 Kr for ‘Tiger Flame’, 4.0 Kr for ‘Nova Lux’, 5.5 Kr for ‘Praha’, 5.5 & 6.5 Kr for ‘Canyman’ and 4.0 Kr for ‘Punjab Dawn’.
Open Access
Studies on genetic and molecular diversity in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-02) Yadav, Sandeep; Singh, Dinesh Kumar
The present investigation was carried out at Vegetable Research Center of Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar with the objectives to assess the genetic variability, heterosis, combining ability, screening for downy mildew disease and molecular diversity in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). The analysis of variance for RBD and combining ability revealed the significant genetic differences among 37 cucumber genotypes for the fourteen yield contributing traits under study. The magnitudes of PCV estimates were higher than the corresponding GCV estimates for all the characters. Moderate to high GCV together with moderate to high heritability and genetic advance as per cent of mean was reported for majority of the characters under study except days to first male flower, inter nodal length, days to last harvest, days to first female flower and days to first harvest. Three cross combinations namely PCPGR-50 × PCPGR-59, PCPGR-51 × PCPGR-138 and PCPGR- 138 × PCPGR-149 have significant positive heterosis for maximum numbers of traits including yield over standard check and showed their value in combining ability studies. Therefore, these cross combinations can be commercially exploited for hybrid development after multi location testing. PCPGR-112 was identified as a best general combiner for maximum number traits followed by PCPGR-59 and PCPGR-138. Thus, these parents could be used for the development of superior varieties suitable for most of the yield related traits. The best specific combiner were PCPGR-50 × PCPGR-59 followed by PCPGR-51 × PCPGR-59 and PCPGR-138 × PCPGR-149 for most of the yield and its contributing traits. Hence, these crosses can be utilized in heterosis breeding for improvement in yield related traits. For downy mildew disease resistant reaction, out of all parents and F1 hybrids only check variety „Poinsette‟ exhibited resistant reaction while none of the parents and hybrids showed resistant reaction to downy mildew. Moderately resistance reaction against downy mildew was observed in eight genotypes one of which was parent viz., PCPGR-112 and seven hybrids viz., PCPGR-50 × PCPGR-112, PCPGR-51 × PCPGR-112, PCPGR-59 × PCPGR-112, PCPGR-83 × PCPGR-112, PCPGR-112 × PCPGR-126, and PCPGR-112 × PCPGR-138. Ten SSR primers were used for the molecular diversity analysis. Out of ten primers, six primers generated polymorphic bands. Total 17 bands were amplified by 10 SSR primers in the thirty six cucumber genotypes of which polymorphic and monomorphic bands were 13 and 4, respectively. The range of amplified products was 150-400bp approximately. The range of polymorphism was observed 100 per cent. The PIC values of SSR markers ranged from 0.26 (SSR52) to 0.55 (SSR13262) with mean value of 0.37. Primer SSR52 was least informative while marker, SSR13262 was most informative due to highest PIC value among other markers, therefore this type of marker system could be efficiently applied to detect polymorphism in cucumber. The markers namely SSR60 (0.38), SSR 61 (0.47) and SSR13262 (0.55) had PIC values more than average value, therefore, these markers could be classified as good marker for detecting molecular polymorphism among the cucumber genotypes. Jaccard‟s similarity coefficient varied from 0.45 to 1.00. Minimum Jaccard‟s similarity coefficient was found in PCPGR-51 with PCPGR-83, PCPGR-106 and PCPGR-196 (0.45).
Open Access
Studies on banana (Musa spp.) varieties in tarai region of Uttarakhand
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-02) Upreti, Rashmi; Singh, A.K.
The experiment entitled “Studies on banana (Musa spp.) varieties in tarai region of Uttarakhand” was conducted at Horticulture Research Centre of Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (Uttarakhand) during 2018 - 2020. The trial was laid out using Two Factorial Randomised Block Design having three replications with 10 plants in each replication. During the investigation, observations regarding morphological characteristics like height; girth; cross sectional area (PCSA) of pseudostem; leaf number per plant; leaf length; leaf width; leaf area per plant; leaf area index; days to shooting; days from shooting to harvest; days from planting to harvest and suckering tendency at the time of shooting, yield characteristics such as bunch length; hands per bunch; fingers per hand; fingers per bunch; bunch weight; yield and productivity index, fruit quality parameters like finger weight; pulp weight; skin weight; pulp skin ratio; finger length; finger width; finger length width ratio; TSS; acidity; carbohydrate; starch content; total sugar; protein; fat; total carotenoids and ascorbic acid along with shelf life, nutrient content of fruits and frost resistance potential were recorded in different varieties of banana planted in three different months. To determine the profitability of the experiment the cost of cultivation, net profit and benefit cost ratio of different varieties planted in three different months were also worked out. The experimental results on the basis of interaction between different banana varieties and planting months revealed that for table purpose Grande Naine (G-9) variety of banana planted in May month was found superior among all by registering maximum bunch length (86.26 cm), number of fingers per hand (15.67), bunch weight (21.01 kg), yield (52.54 t/ha), productivity index (4.96) and phosphorus content (0.29 %) in fruits, plant recovery (93.33 %) from frost as well as B:C ratio (1.98) and also took minimum number of days from shooting to harvest (62.67 days). Basrai Dwarf variety and May month planting was found better after Grande Naine and May month planting in terms of bunch length (75.96 cm), number of fingers per hand (14.33), bunch weight (19.24 kg), yield (48.11 t/ha), productivity index (4.21), B:C ratio (1.73) as well as shooting to harvest duration (64.33 days). While, results also highlighted that for vegetable purpose one plantain type i.e., Monthan variety of banana planted in May month proved better registered with the yield (35.08 t/ha) and productivity index (2.76), carbohydrate content (29.40 %), maximum frost resistance potential with minimum membrane injury (35.22 %) and maximum membrane stability (64.78 %) as well as recovery (87.78 %) from frost. The results of the investigation reveal that for table purpose the banana variety “Grande Naine” (G-9) with planting during May to June (before onset of the monsoon) may be recommended for commercial cultivation in tarai region of Uttarakhand. The “Basrai Dwarf” was found to be next best variety after Grande Naine. However, plantain type (vegetable purpose) variety “Monthan” with planting during May to June can also be considered for commercial cultivation.

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