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Open Access
Effect of manual and chemical methods of weed management on potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2016-06) Lavlesh; Manoj Raghav
The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the “Effect of manual and chemical methods of weed management on potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)” at Vegetable Research Centre of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (Uttarakhand) during rabi season of 2014-2015. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design consisting of seven treatments replicated thrice. During the study, observations on per cent emergence, plant height, number of haulms per hill, fresh and dry weight of weeds, number of monocot, dicot and total number of weeds at 30, 45, 60 days after planting (DAP) and at de-haulming stage, fresh and dry weight of plants at de-haulming stage were recorded. In addition, grade wise number and weight of tubers per plot and per hectare, total number of tubers and total tuber yield per hectare, marketable yield per hectare, harvest index, dry matter content, protein content and specific gravity of tubers, nitrogen, phosphorus and potash uptake by haulm, tuber, plant and weeds were also recorded. Besides this, to assess the profitability of treatments, cost of cultivation, net profit and benefit: cost ratio were also worked out. The findings of present investigation revealed that performance of potato crop was significantly influenced by different weed control treatments. Among all treatments, herbicide metribuzin @ 0.75 kg a.i./ha pre emergence (T6) was found best with respect to overall plant growth, yield and quality parameters with a total yield (305.43 q/ha), net return (`147497.36) and benefit: cost ratio (1.93). Based on overall performance, it could be concluded that under prevalent climatic conditions of Uttarakhand tarai region, herbicide metribuzin @ 0.75 kg a.i./ha pre emergence is the best in terms of higher and economic yield of potato. Hence, recommended for commercial cultivation, provided all other scientific management practices are followed.
Open Access
Efficacy of blossom thinners on plant growth, fruit retention and quality of plum (Prunus salicina Lindle) cv Kala Amritsari
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-01) Bhatt, Siddharth Shankar; Dimri, D.C.
The present investigation was carried out at Horticulture Research Centre, Patharchatta, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District-Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand in the year January- July, 2015 and 2016. The experiment was conducted on 8 years old healthy fruit bearing trees of plum cultivar ‘Kala Amritsari’ having uniform size and vigor. Investigation was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications and 16 treatments namely; GA3 (25 ppm), GA3 (50 ppm), GA3 (75 ppm), NAA (25 ppm), NAA (50 ppm), NAA (75 ppm), BA (25 ppm), BA (50 ppm), BA (75 ppm), ethephon (100 ppm), ethephon (150 ppm), ethephon (200 ppm), ATS (1.0%), ATS (1.5%), ATS (2.0%)and control (water spray).Observations were recorded on plant growth, flowering, fruit set, fruit physico-chemical and plant physiological parameters. Findings of the present investigation revealed that ATS @ 1.5% recorded maximum extension of shoot growth (32.61 cm), highest number of leaves (34.25) and maximum size of leaves (12.36 cm2) while, highest number of damaged leaves was observed under ATS @ 2.0 % (8.30). In respect to flowering and fruit set parameters the treatment control recorded highest bloom density (50.66%), number of flowers retained (43.36) and number of flower per cluster (8.03). Ethephon @ 150 ppm (80.73 days) however, took least number of days to maturity. The highest initial fruit set (43.70%) though was calculated under the control treatment but maximum fruit retention (34.39%) was counted for ATS @ 1.5% with least fruit drop (65.61%) resulting in highest yield per tree (34.14 kg). Application of the treatment ATS @ 1.5% was found superior among all blossom thinners in enhancing maximum fruit length (4.14 cm), highest fruit width (3.06 cm), maximum fruit weight (21.53 g) and highest fruit volume (22.10 ml). The highest pulp weight (21.35 g) and least stone weight (0.84 g) was also measured under ATS @ 1.5% which as a result calculated highest pulp: stone ratio (27.94). Among different chemical blossom thinners sprayed maximum total soluble solids (12.64), least titrable acidity (0.58), highest ascorbic acid (9.11 mg), maximum total sugar (6.29%) and highest total carotenoides content (10.87 mg) was estimated when ATS @ 1.5% was applied at post bloom stage. Plant physiological parameters was also affected with ATS @ 1.5% which calculated least Chlorophyll ‘a’ content (1.54 mg) and Chlorophyll ‘b’ content (0.88 mg). Based on the present investigation it can be concluded that ATS @ 1.5% was found to be most effective blossom thinner in enhancing plant growth, yield and physico-chemical attributes in plum cv. ‘Kala Amritsari’ under tarai region of Uttrakhand.
Open Access
Standardization of water, N and K levels in high density litchi orchard cv. Rose Scented under drip fertigation
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-12) Tyagi, Manu; Singh, C.P.
The present study entitled “Standardization of water, N and K levels in high density litchi orchard cv. Rose Scented under drip fertigation” was carried at Horticulture Research Centre, Patharchatta, GBPUA&T, Pantnagar during the year 2015-16 and 2016-17. In the study, litchi trees planted at a spacing of 5 m × 5 m were subjected to drip fertigation with or without mulch along with one control. There were twelve treatment combinations including drip irrigation at 50 per cent, 75 per cent and 100 per cent of estimated water requirement and fertigation 1:0.5 and 1:1 N/K ratio of recommended dose. On the other hand, the control involved surface irrigation with soil application of fertilizers at recommended dose (i.e. 600 g N, 300 g P and 600 g K). All other cultural practices were kept uniform in the entire course of study. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design comprising three replications. The effect on vegetative, floral, yield and fruit quality attributes was studied. The investigation revealed no significant effect of drip fertigation on vegetative growth. But, significant effect on fruiting, yield and other quality attributes was found. The study found significant influence of drip fertigation on leaf mineral nutrient content. The fruit drop and retention percentage also varied significantly due to the effect of mulch and fertigation. Further, minimum fruit cracking, maximum fruit number and yield were witnessed under the treatment combination MDI3F2 (i.e. mulch with drip irrigation at 100 per cent level and fertigation at 1:1 N/K of recommended fertilizer dose). In terms of fruit quality, again the treatment combination MDI3F2 was found superior with maximum fruit weight, edible portion (per cent), T.S.S, ascorbic acid and total sugars. It was followed by the treatment combination MDI2F2 (i.e. mulch with drip irrigation at 75 per cent level and fertigation at 1:1 N/K of recommended dose) which also registered maximum water use efficiency. Overall, the study revealed that application of mulch with drip irrigation at 100 per cent level and fertigation at 1:1 N/K of recommended fertilizer dose (MDI3F2) is most superior over other treatments but in economical terms, the treatment combination MDI2F2 is most profitable.
Open Access
Response of peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) cv. red June to different nitrogen regimes through neem coated urea and foliar application of calcium under Kumaun Hills of Uttarakhand
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-12) Pande, Kamal Kumar; Dimri, D.C.
The present investigation was conducted in two consecutive year’s viz., 2016 and 2017 at Krishi Vigyan Kendra (ICAR- VPKAS, Almora) Kafligair- Bageshwar (Uttarakhand). Six years old peach cv. Red June trees raised on seedling rootstocks and planted at 3m x 3m spacing were selected for the study. There were ten treatments i.e., 375g N per tree + 0.5% Ca Cl2 (T1), 375g N tree-1 + 1.0% Ca Cl2 (T2), 375g N tree-1 + 1.5% Ca Cl2 (T3), 500g N tree-1 + 0.5% Ca Cl2 (T4), 500g N tree-1 + 1.0% Ca Cl2 (T5), 500g N tree-1 + 1.5% Ca Cl2 (T6), 625g N tree-1 + 0.5% Ca Cl2 (T7), 625g N tree-1 + 1.0% Ca Cl2 (T8), 625g N tree-1 + 1.5% Ca Cl2 (T9), 500g N tree-1 + Water spray as control (T10). Calcium chloride sprays were applied thrice; first at petal fall stage and other two at 25 days interval. Whole of the nitrogen was applied through neem coated urea. Each treatment was replicated thrice with one tree served as a treatment unit. The experiment was conducted in RBD. The observations were recorded for vegetative growth, fruit yield, quality, storability at ambient conditions, leaf and soil nutrient status and economic analysis was also worked out. The maximum annual shoot growth extension, increase in trunk girth and weight of pruning wood were measured under T8 with the respective values of 60.53 cm, 2.17 cm, 4.07 kg in 2016 and 63.07 cm, 2.67 cm, 4.20 kg in 2017. The highest fruit yield was obtained under T5 (23.92 kg tree-1 in 2016 and 24.64 kg tree-1 in 2017) and statistically it was at par to T2 and T6 in first year and T2, T3 and T6 in second year. The lowest fruit yield of 17.41 kg tree-1 in 2016 and 18.52 kg tree-1 in 2017 was recorded in treatment T7. Fruit firmness at harvest did not show significant change under various treatments during both the year of study. However, T2 and T5 came out as the treatments having maximum fruit firmness. The maximum TSS (11.27 0Brix in 2016 and 11.10 0Brix in 2017), TSS – Acid ratio (11.82 in 2016 and 11.45 in 2017), total sugars (7.877% in 2016 and 7.760% in 2017) and ascorbic acid (3.747 mg/100 g in 2016 and 3.700 mg/100 g in 2017) were estimated under treatment T2. The maximum calcium pectate content was estimated under T3 (0.953% in 2016 and 0.965% in 2017) and statistically it was at par to T2. All the antioxidant assays viz., total polyphenols, DPPH radicals, ABTS radicals and total antioxidant activity affected adversely with increase in nitrogen fertilization levels. The maximum pectin methyl esterase activity (22.240 units and 22.573 units in 2016 and 2017, respectively) was estimated under control (T10), while the minimum was found in treatment T2 that remained statistically at par to T3. The treatment T2 and T3 favourably maintained fruit firmness during the course of storage at ambient conditions with mean values of 0.948 kg/mm2 and 0.949 kg/mm2 in 216 and 2017, respectively, while the minimum fruit firmness on all the storage intervals was measured under control (T10). Treatment T2 also showed better organoleptic acceptability and good storability at ambient conditions. The applied treatments also affected the leaf nutrient status (N, P, K and Ca) significantly. However, among soil nutrients, the significant change was only estimated for available soil N. The application of calcium chloride @ 1.5% caused marginal leaf scorching, while other two concentrations (0.5% and 1.0%) were safe. The highest benefit - cost ratio was computed in treatment T2 (2.99), whereas the minimum was estimated with T10 (1.71). Therefore, nitrogen application @ 375 g per tree through neem coated urea and three foliar application of 1.0 per cent calcium chloride along with traditionally practiced doses of 40 kg tree-1 FYM, 250 g phosphorus tree-1 and 500 g potassium tree-1 may be recommended for full grown peach cv. Red June trees under Kumaun Hills of Uttarakhand, where most of the peach orchards are managed under closer spacing.
Open Access
Response of organic formulations on yield and quality of litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) cv. Rose Scented
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-11) Bhat, Sandhya; Lal, R.L.
The experiment was conducted at Horticulture Research Centre, Patharchatta, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, during the year 2016 and 2017. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Design with three replications. The experimental trees were thirty years old, planted in square system at 10m x 10m spacing and received uniform cultural practices during the period of investigation. Ten treatments consisting of different organic formulations (FYM (200, 100, 75, kg/tree), Vermicompost (100, 50, 37.5 kg/tree), cow urine and vermiwash (10% foliar spray), Trichoderma harzianum + Pseudomonas fluorescens (10 g/kg), Nutrisol (2.5 ml/l), Chemical control ( NPK – 1200:500:600 g/tree) + (Micronutrients: ZnSO4 – 0.5% + Boric acid – 0.2% + MnSO4 – 1% + CaCl2 - 0.6%) and absolute control. Different treatments involving the use of organic formulations had a significant effect on yield and quality. The present investigation have shown that the application of T6 (FYM 100 kg/tree + Vermicompost 50 kg/tree + 10% Cow urine/tree + 10% Vermiwash/tree + Nutrisol 2.5 ml/l) was most effective in enhancing the flowering and fruiting characters, physical characters of the fruit i.e., fruit weight, fruit length and fruit diameter, fruit volume and yield and also chemical quality parameters of the litchi fruit i.e. TSS, acidity ascorbic acid, total sugars, reducing sugars and non reducing sugars, soil and leaf N, P, K and in minimizing the fruit drop and fruit cracking. On the basis of post harvest life of the litchi, treatment T6 (FYM 100 kg/tree + Vermicompost 50 kg/tree + 10% Cow urine/tree + 10% Vermiwash/tree + Nutrisol 2.5 ml/l) showed the maximum shelf life of 14 days. The highest gross return and net return was obtained with the treatment T6 (FYM 100 kg/tree + Vermicompost 50 kg/tree + 10% Cow urine/tree + 10% Vermiwash/tree + Nutrisol 2.5 ml/l). While the application of T8 ((FYM 75 kg/tree + (Trichoderma harzianum + Pseudomonas fluorescens)10 g/kg + Vermicompost 37.5 kg/tree + (Trichoderma harzianum + Pseudomonas fluorescens)10 g/kg + 10% cow urine + 10% vermiwash + (Trichoderma harzianum + Pseudomonas fluorescens)10 g/kg)) improved the vegetative characters of the tree, soil and leaf Zn and B content.
Open Access
Morphological and biochemical characterization of guava (Psidium guajava L.) germplasm
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2015-06) Dubey, Mukesh Chandra; Rajesh Kumar
The present investigation “Morphological and biochemical characterization of guava (Psidium guajava L.) germplasm.” was carried out at Horticulture Research Centre, Patharchatta, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. The main aim of study was to characterize the germplasm at morphological and biochemical level. The investigation was made in two parts. The first part of investigation consisted of morphological characterization. Observations were recorded for different traits viz. leaf characters like length and width of leaf, petiole length, number of veins per leaf, surface area of leaf, shape of leaf, shape of leaf apex and base, colour of leaves and tree characters like tree height, tree spread, stem girth, cross sectional trunk area during winter season. The second part of investigation was characterization of fruits on the basis of morphological characters viz. fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit volume and biochemical characters like total soluble solids, acidity, ascorbic acid, total sugars, TSS : acid ratio and sugar : acid ratio. The experiment was conducted in Randomized Block Design with 8 treatments and 5 replications. Results of the present investigation revealed that significant variations were present with reference to various morphological and biochemical characteristics among the different genotypes. The treatment consisted of 8 genotypes viz., MPUAT Sel-1, MPUAT Sel-2, Arka Kiran, CISH-G-35, Allahabad Safeda, RCGH-7, RCGH-1, and RCGH-11. The results showed significant variation in tree height, tree spread, stem girth, cross sectional trunk area, leaf characters viz., length of leaf, width of leaf, petiole length, number of veins, surface area of leaf, shape of leaf, shape of leaf apex and base, colour of leaves, number of fruits per tree, yield, average fruit weight, average fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit volume, number of seeds per fruit, average weight of 100 seeds, total soluble solids, acidity, ascorbic acid, total sugars, TSS : acid ratio, sugar : acid ratio and seed hardness among the guava cultivars. However, petiole length did not differ significantly. On the basis of morphological and chemical description the germplasm Arka Kiran was all together different from other.
Open Access
Root distribution studies in sapota (Achras sapota L.)
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2015-07) Malay Samir; Rai, Ratna
The present investigations were undertaken at Horticultural Research Centre, Patharchatta and Post Graduate Laboratory of Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, G.B. pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar to study the root distribution pattern of 14 year old sapota (Achras sapota L.) trees cv. Cricket Ball as per free monolith method of root excavation. The experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design which was replicated thrice with one tree per replication in each season. The three factors included in the experiment were seasons (autumn, winter and summer), radial distances (0-60 cm, 60-120 cm and 120-180 cm) and depths (0-20 cm, 20-40 cm and 40-60 cm), thereby forming 27 treatment combinations. The results indicated that maximum active roots were concentrated within 60 cm radial distance from the tree trunk in the top 20 cm depth of soil from in all the three seasons. However, autumn season gave significantly higher fresh weight, volume and dry weight of active roots as compared to other seasons. The application of manures and fertilizers to the soil and water for surface irrigations should, therefore, be done within 60 cm radial distance from the tree trunk to a depth of 20 cm in all the three seasons of the year for their most efficient use by sapota trees.
Open Access
Studies on floral biology, fruit set and yield in different cultivars of Mango (Mangifera indica L.)
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2015-07) Dangi, Krishna Kant; Singh, A.K.
The present investigation entitled “Studies on floral biology, fruit set and yield in different cultivars of mango (Mangifera indica L.)” was carried out at G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand during the year 2014. Flowering and fruiting characteristics of six year old 12 mango cultivars namely, Dashehari, Dashehari-51, Langra, Pant Sinduri, Pant Chandra, Amrapali, Mallika, Pusa Arunima, Pusa Surya, Ambika, Arunika and Sensation were studied. The experiment was conducted in Randomized Block Design (RBD) having 12 treatments with three replication. The wide variations were observed in relation to the panicle emergence (3rd Feb - 6th March), panicle length (25.41- 40.50 cm), panicle width (12.03- 24.00 cm), thickness of rachis (0.51- 0.61 cm), number of paracladia/panicle (17.50- 30.25), duration of flowering (17- 31 days), total number of flowers/panicle (465.25- 957.33), per cent hermaphrodite flowers (35.15% - 60.51%), sex ratio (0.65- 1.84), pollen viability (87.50% -95.09%), pollen germination (23.09% - 38.18%), fruit set (13.33- 22.00 fruits/panicle), cumulative fruit drop (84.29% - 93.62%), fruit retention (6.38% -15.71%), fruit weight (96.83- 362.83 g), fruit length (6.74-10.22 cm), width (4.98- 8.22 cm) number of fruit per tree (32.33- 101.67), fruit yield (4.65-24.76 Kg/plant) and yield efficiency (0.33-1.98 kg/m3). The cultivar Pant Sinduri has registered the higher panicle length (40.50 cm), panicle width (24.00 cm), pollen width (19.34 μm) and fruit set per panicle (22.00 at pea stage). The duration of flowering (31 days) and sex ratio (1.84) were found maximum in cultivar Amrapali. The cultivar Pusa Surya has excellent in term of pollen length (42.21 μm), fruit retention at harvest (15.71%) and lower fruit drop (84.29%). The pollen germination (38.18%) and fruit set at pea stage (9.5%) were found higher in cultivar Sensation. The cultivar Dashehari has registered maximum number of flowers per panicle (957.33) and number of fruit per tree (101.67). The fruit weight (362.83 g), fruit length (12.33 cm) and fruit yield per tree (24.76 kg) have been found more in cultivar Mallika. There was no significant correlation between yield and floral characteristics whereas, out of all yield contributing attributes only fruit weight have a highly significant positive correlation with fruit yield per tree.
Open Access
Effect of photoperiod, yield and quality attributing traits on potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) after harvest and storage
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2015-06) Pamei, Chungong; Singh, Dhirendra
The present investigation was undertaken at Vegetable Research Centre of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (Uttarakhand), to evaluate the effect of photoperiod on potato during rabi season of 2013-2014. The experiment material consisted of 17 genotypes, 3 checks and two photoperiods (P1- Normal Photoperiod and P2- Extended Photoperiod) grown in Two Factorial Randomized Block Design to determine the best genotypes, suitable photoperiod and their interaction. Between the two photoperiod conditions, extended photoperiod found better for seedling, plant height, leaves per shoot, shoot per plant, tuber width, tuber length, tubers number per plant, average tuber weight, average tuber weight per plant, dry matter content at 0 days after storage (0 DAS), dry matter content at 90 DAS, specific gravity at 0 DAS, specific gravity at 90 DAS, TSS at 0 DAS, TSS at 90 DAS, protein content at 0 DAS, protein content at 90 DAS, ascorbic acid content at 0 DAS, ascorbic acid content at 90 DAS and tuber yield per m2 whereas the physiological weight loss and total weight loss was less for extended photo period condition. Among all genotypes C-17 produced significantly higher tuber weight per plant and Kufri Pukhraj produced significantly more number of tubers per plant. Genotype MM-7 performed better for tuber weight per plant. Tuber yield per m2 was recorded maximum in PNT-1 followed by B-420 and Kufri Pukhraj. Among all the forty interactions, PNT-1 (Extended Photoperiod) produce higher tuber yield per m2. Correlation studies indicated that tuber length viz., 0.451 and tuber weight viz., 0.765 showed highly significant and positive correlation with tuber weight per plant in P1 and P2 respectively. It also showed negative and significant correlation with physiological weight loss (-0.288) in P2. In normal photoperiod, Path Coefficient Analysis revealed that tuber length exerted high order of positive direct effect (0.473) toward tuber weight per plant followed by TSS at 90 DAS (0.375). However, specific gravity at 90 DAS (-0.566) and total weight loss (- 0.270) exerted negative direct effect towards tuber weight per plant, whereas under extended photoperiod, average tuber weight (0.357) exerted high order of positive direct effect towards tuber weight per plant followed by total weight loss (0.355) and plant height (-0.271), exerted negative direct effect towards tuber weight per plant.

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