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ThesisItem Open Access Effect of manual and chemical methods of weed management on potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2016-06) Lavlesh; Manoj RaghavThe present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the “Effect of manual and chemical methods of weed management on potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)” at Vegetable Research Centre of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (Uttarakhand) during rabi season of 2014-2015. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design consisting of seven treatments replicated thrice. During the study, observations on per cent emergence, plant height, number of haulms per hill, fresh and dry weight of weeds, number of monocot, dicot and total number of weeds at 30, 45, 60 days after planting (DAP) and at de-haulming stage, fresh and dry weight of plants at de-haulming stage were recorded. In addition, grade wise number and weight of tubers per plot and per hectare, total number of tubers and total tuber yield per hectare, marketable yield per hectare, harvest index, dry matter content, protein content and specific gravity of tubers, nitrogen, phosphorus and potash uptake by haulm, tuber, plant and weeds were also recorded. Besides this, to assess the profitability of treatments, cost of cultivation, net profit and benefit: cost ratio were also worked out. The findings of present investigation revealed that performance of potato crop was significantly influenced by different weed control treatments. Among all treatments, herbicide metribuzin @ 0.75 kg a.i./ha pre emergence (T6) was found best with respect to overall plant growth, yield and quality parameters with a total yield (305.43 q/ha), net return (`147497.36) and benefit: cost ratio (1.93). Based on overall performance, it could be concluded that under prevalent climatic conditions of Uttarakhand tarai region, herbicide metribuzin @ 0.75 kg a.i./ha pre emergence is the best in terms of higher and economic yield of potato. Hence, recommended for commercial cultivation, provided all other scientific management practices are followed.ThesisItem Open Access Standardization of leaf sampling technique in Sapota (Achras sapota L.) cv. Cricket Ball under Tarai condition(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2014-07) Joshi, Soni; Rai, RatnaThe present investigation was carried out at Horticulture Research Centre, Patharchatta and Department of Horticulture, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar during the year April 2013 to April 2014. The experiment was conducted in randomized block design and three factor randomized block design. The three factors consisted of leaf age, position of leaves and sample size having 54 treatments and four replications. The main aim of the study was to investigate the suitable leaf age, position of leaves and sample size of Sapota for diagnose the nutrient status. The results showed that leaf age and position of leaves had significant influence on leaf mineral composition in Sapota, whereas, the sample size could not exert any significant influence on leaf mineral composition except for iron, manganese and copper content. Interaction between leaf age and position of leaf was found to be significant for copper content whereas, the interaction between position of leaf and sample size was observed to be significant for iron, manganese and copper. In general stability of N and Mn was found in 8-10 month old leaves, P and Ca was stabilized in 6-8 month old leaves. K stabilized in 10 -12 month old leaves. For Mg, Zn and Cu stability of nutrients was observed in 4-6 month old leaves while Fe stabilized in 2-4 month old leaves.ThesisItem Open Access crop regulation methods on growth and productivity of guava cv. Pant Prabhat under high density planting(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2014-06) Sapkota, Sangeeta; Singh, Vijay P.Crop regulation and high density planting is the need of present situation in commercial cultivation of guava fruits. The current experiment entitled “Response of crop regulation methods on growth and productivity of guava cv. Pant Prabhat under high density planting”, conducted during 2013-2014 in Horticulture Research Centre, Pattharchatta of Pantnagar was aimed at standardization of the best method of crop regulation in guava under high density planting in tarai conditions of Uttarakhand. Ten different treatments were used during the period of investigation viz. NAA spray @ (400, 600 and 800) ppm, Urea spray @ (10 and 15)% twice at fifteen days interval, Pruning (one leaf pair and two leaf pair), flower bud thinning by hand (without and with removal of terminal leaf) and control. The experiment was conducted in RBD (Randomized block design) with four replication of each treatment. The overall yield was high in control trees but the poor quality fruits and low price in rainy season decreased the net profit. NAA @ 800 ppm was found effective in reduction of rainy season crop and produced maximum yield in winter season after one leaf pair pruning but because of high cost of chemical the net profit was low. Better quality fruits were obtained in winter season compared to rainy season under different treatments in terms of both physical (fruit length, fruit breadth, fruit weight and fruit volume) and physico-chemical parameters (TSS, total titrable acidity, reducing sugar, non-reducing sugar and TSS: acid ratio). Plants with one leaf pair pruning recorded maximum TSS and ascorbic acid along with maximum yield and fruit weight in winter season, high net return (Rs.194133.07) and B: C ratio (2.20) followed by flower bud thinning by hand with removal of terminal leaf (Rs. 163708.96 and 1.95 respectively) during the experimental period. In this regard one leaf pair pruning was the best and most economic method of crop regulation followed by hand deblossoming with removal of terminal leaf in guava cv. Pant Prabhat under high density planting.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of packaging and storage on shelf life and quality of ber cv. Umran(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2014-01) Verma, Vikas; Rao, V.K.Ber is one of the commercial fruit crops grown in the tropical and sub-tropical region. Among the fruit trees, it requires the least inputs and care. It is considered to be “poor man’s apple” due to its high nutritional, medicinal value and low cost. Fruit is believed to purify blood and help in digestion. Ber fruits have an advantage that fruits are available in market during lean period and to ensure remunerative prices to growers. However, the storage life of ber is extremely short, hardly 2-4 days at ambient conditions and thus early perishability of fruit poses a problem. This study was therefore conducted to extend the quality and shelf life of ber fruits by low-cost effective packaging material. The ber fruits of cultivar Umran were procured from departmental orchard in HRC, Patharchatta, Pantnagar in district Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand from areas located between 243.84 m amsl. Among the various packaging materials evaluated for packing of ber fruits, cardboard boxes were found suitable and economically viable containers involving least cost (` 3). Although physio-chemical properties were concerned during 10 days storage, the fruit length, diameter, weight, volume, acidity and ascorbic acid along with minimum physiological loss in weight, spoilage and specific gravity were found in cardboard boxes packed fruits. However, maximum specific gravity, physiological loss in weight, spoilage, TSS, total sugars, reducing sugars and non-reducing sugars of fruits were obtained in fruits packed in polythene net bags. Sensory scores for skin colour, flavour, taste, texture and overall acceptability were better in fruits packed in cardboard boxes. Therefore, storage of 100 kg ber fruits packed in cardboard boxes showed better quality as compared to polythene net bags under ambient storage. Economics calculated showed feasibility as on a total input of ` 1363.32 and ` 3000 is earned as gross returns with a net return of ` 1637. 68 with 2.20 B: C ratio. On the basis of these findings, it may be concluded that ambient storage of ber fruits is possible for 8 days after packing of fruits in cardboard boxes of 250 g and retained the physical, chemical and sensory qualities. The benefit cost ratio of the technology was worked out to be 2.20.ThesisItem Open Access Standardization of leaf sampling technique in Karonda (Carissa carandas L.) cv. Pant Suvarna(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2014-06) Archana Rani; Misra, K.K.The present investigation was carried out at Horticultural Research Centre, Patharchatta and Department of Horticulture, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, district Udham Singh Nagar (Uttarakhand), India during the year April 2013 to October 2013.The experiment was conducted in Randomized block design and three factorial randomized block design. The three factors consist of leaf age, leaf position and sample size having 27 treatments and 3 replication. The main aim of investigation was to investigate the best leaf age ,position and sample size of Karonda for diagnose the nutrient status. The results showed that leaf age has significant influence on leaf mineral content of Karonda, the leaf position on the shoot has significant influence on potassium, calcium ,manganese and copper ,while insignificant for nitrogen, phosphorus, magnesium iron and zinc. Sample size showed significant influence on potassium and manganese content of Karonda. Interaction between leaf age and sample size was found significant influence on dry matter accumulation, potassium, iron, manganese content of Karonda. In general stability in level of 4 months old leaves for N, P, K, Ca ,Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu. However, it is suggested that 4 month old leaves should be sampled from middle position of sample size of 30 leaves for nutrient assessment in Karonda.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic parameters and residual standard heterosis for yield and it's components in vegetable pea (Pisum sativum L.)(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2014-08) Snehlata; Singh, Y.V.ThesisItem Open Access Morphological and biochemical characterization of guava (Psidium guajava L.) germplasm(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2015-06) Dubey, Mukesh Chandra; Rajesh KumarThe present investigation “Morphological and biochemical characterization of guava (Psidium guajava L.) germplasm.” was carried out at Horticulture Research Centre, Patharchatta, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. The main aim of study was to characterize the germplasm at morphological and biochemical level. The investigation was made in two parts. The first part of investigation consisted of morphological characterization. Observations were recorded for different traits viz. leaf characters like length and width of leaf, petiole length, number of veins per leaf, surface area of leaf, shape of leaf, shape of leaf apex and base, colour of leaves and tree characters like tree height, tree spread, stem girth, cross sectional trunk area during winter season. The second part of investigation was characterization of fruits on the basis of morphological characters viz. fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit volume and biochemical characters like total soluble solids, acidity, ascorbic acid, total sugars, TSS : acid ratio and sugar : acid ratio. The experiment was conducted in Randomized Block Design with 8 treatments and 5 replications. Results of the present investigation revealed that significant variations were present with reference to various morphological and biochemical characteristics among the different genotypes. The treatment consisted of 8 genotypes viz., MPUAT Sel-1, MPUAT Sel-2, Arka Kiran, CISH-G-35, Allahabad Safeda, RCGH-7, RCGH-1, and RCGH-11. The results showed significant variation in tree height, tree spread, stem girth, cross sectional trunk area, leaf characters viz., length of leaf, width of leaf, petiole length, number of veins, surface area of leaf, shape of leaf, shape of leaf apex and base, colour of leaves, number of fruits per tree, yield, average fruit weight, average fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit volume, number of seeds per fruit, average weight of 100 seeds, total soluble solids, acidity, ascorbic acid, total sugars, TSS : acid ratio, sugar : acid ratio and seed hardness among the guava cultivars. However, petiole length did not differ significantly. On the basis of morphological and chemical description the germplasm Arka Kiran was all together different from other.ThesisItem Open Access Root distribution studies in sapota (Achras sapota L.)(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2015-07) Malay Samir; Rai, RatnaThe present investigations were undertaken at Horticultural Research Centre, Patharchatta and Post Graduate Laboratory of Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, G.B. pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar to study the root distribution pattern of 14 year old sapota (Achras sapota L.) trees cv. Cricket Ball as per free monolith method of root excavation. The experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design which was replicated thrice with one tree per replication in each season. The three factors included in the experiment were seasons (autumn, winter and summer), radial distances (0-60 cm, 60-120 cm and 120-180 cm) and depths (0-20 cm, 20-40 cm and 40-60 cm), thereby forming 27 treatment combinations. The results indicated that maximum active roots were concentrated within 60 cm radial distance from the tree trunk in the top 20 cm depth of soil from in all the three seasons. However, autumn season gave significantly higher fresh weight, volume and dry weight of active roots as compared to other seasons. The application of manures and fertilizers to the soil and water for surface irrigations should, therefore, be done within 60 cm radial distance from the tree trunk to a depth of 20 cm in all the three seasons of the year for their most efficient use by sapota trees.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on floral biology, fruit set and yield in different cultivars of Mango (Mangifera indica L.)(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2015-07) Dangi, Krishna Kant; Singh, A.K.The present investigation entitled “Studies on floral biology, fruit set and yield in different cultivars of mango (Mangifera indica L.)” was carried out at G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand during the year 2014. Flowering and fruiting characteristics of six year old 12 mango cultivars namely, Dashehari, Dashehari-51, Langra, Pant Sinduri, Pant Chandra, Amrapali, Mallika, Pusa Arunima, Pusa Surya, Ambika, Arunika and Sensation were studied. The experiment was conducted in Randomized Block Design (RBD) having 12 treatments with three replication. The wide variations were observed in relation to the panicle emergence (3rd Feb - 6th March), panicle length (25.41- 40.50 cm), panicle width (12.03- 24.00 cm), thickness of rachis (0.51- 0.61 cm), number of paracladia/panicle (17.50- 30.25), duration of flowering (17- 31 days), total number of flowers/panicle (465.25- 957.33), per cent hermaphrodite flowers (35.15% - 60.51%), sex ratio (0.65- 1.84), pollen viability (87.50% -95.09%), pollen germination (23.09% - 38.18%), fruit set (13.33- 22.00 fruits/panicle), cumulative fruit drop (84.29% - 93.62%), fruit retention (6.38% -15.71%), fruit weight (96.83- 362.83 g), fruit length (6.74-10.22 cm), width (4.98- 8.22 cm) number of fruit per tree (32.33- 101.67), fruit yield (4.65-24.76 Kg/plant) and yield efficiency (0.33-1.98 kg/m3). The cultivar Pant Sinduri has registered the higher panicle length (40.50 cm), panicle width (24.00 cm), pollen width (19.34 μm) and fruit set per panicle (22.00 at pea stage). The duration of flowering (31 days) and sex ratio (1.84) were found maximum in cultivar Amrapali. The cultivar Pusa Surya has excellent in term of pollen length (42.21 μm), fruit retention at harvest (15.71%) and lower fruit drop (84.29%). The pollen germination (38.18%) and fruit set at pea stage (9.5%) were found higher in cultivar Sensation. The cultivar Dashehari has registered maximum number of flowers per panicle (957.33) and number of fruit per tree (101.67). The fruit weight (362.83 g), fruit length (12.33 cm) and fruit yield per tree (24.76 kg) have been found more in cultivar Mallika. There was no significant correlation between yield and floral characteristics whereas, out of all yield contributing attributes only fruit weight have a highly significant positive correlation with fruit yield per tree.