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Open Access
Biodegradation of s-triazine herbicide: Atrazine by native soil bacterial isolates employing nanoparticles
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-12) Hina Khatoon; Rai, J.P.N
In present study a popular herbicide viz. atrazine degradation potential of two soil bacterial strains isolated from Crop research centre at G.B.P.U.A. & T., Pantnagar, Uttarakhand in year 2017 was investigated under optimized laboratory conditions. Based on cultural,morphological, biochemical and 16S rRNA gene sequencing, these bacterial isolates were identified as Bacillus badius ABP6 and Bacillus encimensis ABP8. All the isolates performed best at pH 7, 30ºC temperature and 150 rpm shaking speed. Supplementation of additional carbon and nitrogen sources in liquid medium enhanced degradation rate of atrazine by bacterial isolates. In an in vitro comparative biodegradation study conducted in minimal medium, soil slurry and soil microcosm, maximum degradation (84.80%, 86.40% and 87.70%) of atrazine was observed in treatment inoculated with bacterial consortium after 20 days. The atrazine degradation kinetics indicated that the degradation rate constant has ranged from 0.01 to 0.09 (minimal medium), 0.011 to 0.095 (soil slurry) and 0.012 to 0.138 (soil microcosm) for all the treatments. Immobilization of bacterial cells on sodium alginate beads, sugarcane baggase, nanozeolite and synthesized α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles showed maximum atrazine degradation in minimal medium, soil slurry and soil microcosm under consortium treatment, after 20 days as compare to free bacterial cells. SEM analysis revealed successful immobilization of bacterial cells on different immobilizing carriers. Rhizoremediation study conducted in maize (Zea mays) rhizosphere, further confirmed the siginificance of bacterial isolates in atrazine degradation. All bacterial treatments resulted in enhancement of maize growth response, chlorophyll and protein content, significantly over control. However carotenoid content was found to decrease in response to inoculation. Atrazine dissipation in soil and accumulation by Zea mays was observed in different time period and maximum accumulation was observed in roots while least was in leaves for all treatments. As compared to monoculture, consortium performed better in case of all the experiments conducted. HPLC, FTIR and GC-MS analysis confirmed the formation of metabolites as a result of biodegradation. Utilization of dynamic microorganisms is an efficient and economical strategy, while microbial immobilization gives a breakthrough in the restricted application of microbes in in-situ. The study clearly demonstrated that B. badius ABP6 and B. encimensis ABP8 were able to metabolize atrazine effectively and thus could be employed profitably for field scale bioremediation technology.
Open Access
Chlorpyrifos biodegradation and its process optimization employing Biphasic Bioslurry Bioreactor System (BBBS)
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-01) Pant, Apourv; Rai, J.P.N
Biodegradation study of organophosphate chlorpyrifos (CP) by two potential soil bacterial isolates was investigated under controlled laboratory conditions. The two strains, named as AP1 and AP2, based on cultural, morphological, biochemical and16s RNA profiling were identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus pumilus, respectively. Initial concentration 200mg/l of CP was supplemented in minimal salt broth medium for checking the biodegradation potential at pH 6.5, 7.0, 7.5 and temperatures 25°C, 30° and 35°C. The CP biodegradation was slow, initially for first 5-10 days and later on accelerated. The CP degradation potential of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus pumilus was strongly influenced by pH and temperature with maximum degradation at pH 7.0 and temperature 30°C followed by pH 7.5 and 35°C at the end of 20 days. Lowest CP degradation was observed at pH 6.5 and 25°C temperature. The optimal conditions for both isolates were pH 7.0 and 35°C temperature. At the end of 20 days 86.6% and 84.72% CP was degraded by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus pumilus respectively at optimum pH of 7.0 and 30°C temperature. Further the study was elaborated by constructing a pilot scale biphasic bioslurry bioreactor (BBBS) and its optimization was done following Taguchi’s Design of Experiment Methodology (DOE). Six factors, which significantly influence the performance of the two phase bioslurry reactor were considered, viz., substrate-loading rate(SLR), slurry phase pH, DO of soil mixture, soil water ratio, operating temperature and soil microflora (as CFU). Among which DO of soil mixture was found to be the most important factor influencing the biodegradation process. The optimum operating conditions obtained from the methodology showed enhanced chlorpyrifos degradation from 283.86 μg/g to 955.364 μg/g by overall 70.34% of enhancement in biodegradation. This study clearly demonstrated that Pseudomonas aeruginosa AP1 and Bacillus pumilus AP2 were able to metabolize CP efficiently and thus could be employed in a sustainable way for field scale bioremediation of CP and alike chemicals.
Open Access
Development of ecofriendly hybrid model for wastewater treatment
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-08) Solanki, Praveen; Srivastava, R.K.
Present study envisaged about the phytoremediation of domestic wastewater using floating raft based ecofriendly hybrid model at GBPUA&T, Pantnagar campus premises. Domestic wastewater used in this experiment was slightly alkaline in nature with average pH value of 7.3 with the EC of 624.1 μS/cm. The average concentration of TS, TSS and TDS were found to be 767.62, 527.12 and 244.5 ppm, respectively. BOD and COD of wastewater were 64.75 and 277.25 ppm, respectively. Major nutrients i.e., nitrate nitrogen, ammonical nitrogen, total nitrogen, phosphate and potassium were 11.44, 12.73, 25.73, 11.03 and 11.5 ppm, respectively. While sodium was 25.67 ppm. Among different parameters TSS, BOD, COD, phosphate and nitrate nitrogen were found beyond their discharge permissible limits as per the EPA Rules 1986. Both Canna and Pistia were examined first at lab level experiment to standardize the system for phytoremediation of domestic wastewater in floating rafts and constructed wetland as well as validated the system at laboratory scale before field level study. Where both plants were showed good efficiency to remove various pollutants from the wastewater, moreover in the present experiment Canna plant was more superior as compared to Pistia. Among various models developed for wastewater treatment the hybrid system-1 (HS-1) which was combined with two floating raft tanks such as floating raft tank-I planted with Canna and floating raft tank-II planted with Water lily was found the most efficient and ecofriendly in nature for maximum reduction of various pollutants from the wastewater. After 48 h HRTs the remaining concentration of pollutants such as pH, EC, K, Na, TS, TDS, TSS, BOD, COD, PO4 -1, NH4 +-N, NO3 --N and TN were 7.1, 490, 3, 6, 262, 180, 82, 14, 80, 2.1, 3.18, 3.36 and 8.35 ppm, respectively with their percentage reduction by 5.33, 20.98, 71.43, 77.25, 66.00, 65.19, 67.65, 78.71, 71.56, 79.06, 76.84, 73.08 and 71.79 %, respectively. After this treatment those parameters were beyond their discharge permissible limits were reduced within the permissible limits. The trend of biomass production by Canna and Pistia was inversely proportional as the concentration of cadmium, chromium and lead was increased from 5 to 150 ppm. When the concentration of these heavy metals was beyond the 100 ppm both the plants died due to phytotoxicity. Maximum concentration of Cd, Cr and Pb such as 58.69, 35.61 and 67.77 ppm, respectively were found in root of Canna and 10.13, 6.22 and 15.74, respectively in shoot of Canna which were higher as compared to these metals concentration in the root and shoot of Pistia.
Open Access
Macrobenthic community structure of artificially aerated lake Naukuchiatal
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-07) Shivangi; Mishra, Ashutosh
Physico-chemical parameters of water, soil analysis and macro benthic community structure of artificially aerated Lake Naukuchiatal, situated at 290 19 N’ latitude, 79037’ E longitude and an altitude of 1220 m above mean sea level was studied for a period of 8 months from October 2017 to May 2018. Three sites viz., S1 (near pump house), S2 (near lake resort) and S3 (Chanauti) were selected on the basis of anthropogenic activities and fortnightly sampling was done at surface and at the depth of 32m at each sites. The important physicochemical parameters of water such as water temperature, water transparency, total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, free carbon dioxide, pH, DO, total alkalinity, nitrate and phosphate of the lake were analyzed which varied from 15.05-22.25°C, 166-260.5cm , 77.2-117 mg L-1, 165-230.10μScm-1 , 0-3.5 mg L-1, 7.25-9.03, 1.52-11.13 mg L-1, 82.5-115.85 mg L-1, 0.11- 0.25 mg L-1 and 0.01- 0.13 mg L-1 respectively. The soil quality parameters viz., soil texture, soil conductivity, soil pH, organic matters and organic carbon of lake were analyzed which varied from sand % 20.08, silt % 32.15, clay % 47.78%, 282.5-373.5 μScm-1, 7.65-8.55, 0.79-1.09% and 0.5-0.66% respectively. Recorded macrobenthic fauna was comprised of three phyla Arthropoda, Annelida and Mollusca.The macrobenthic species composition of Lake Naukuchiatal consists of total number of 7 taxa belonging to order Oligochaeta, Diptera and Gastropoda, Mollusca.The population density of macrobenthic invertebrates in Lake Naukuchiatal varied between 133.3 ind.m-2 (December) and 688.6 ind.m-2 (January) with an average of 133-252 ind.m-2.Groupwise distribution of macrobenthic diversity reveal that Diptera was most dominant group in term of population density followed by Mollusca, Oligochaeta and Decapoda. The dominant species during investigation were Tubifex tubifex, Branchiura sp.,Chironomus chironomus, Chaoborus, Lymnaea acuminate and Gyraulus convexiusculus. The result shows that the ecological status of the water body at present is favorable for growth and production of aquatic organisms. The study concludes that the ecosystem of artificially aerated Lake Naukuchiatal is better for aquatic organisms and Lake is more diverse for macrobenthic organisms and it was observed that the maximum diversity of macrobenthos in the Lake was found during the month of November followed by January, April, and October.
Open Access
Use of bio-coagulants for the removal of water pollutants from pulp and paper industry
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-07) Shivam Kumar; Srivastava, R.K.
The present study was done in order to use various bio-coagulants for the removal of water pollutants from pulp and paper industry wastewater. Different bio-coagulants were prepared from various plant spp. such as Opuntia sp., Agave americana and Moringa oleifera by drying and subsequent grinding. Initial concentrations of various parameters in the pulp and paper industry wastewater were analyzed to determine the pollutants characteristics in wastewater. The prepared bio-coagulants were used to remove water pollutants that include BOD, COD, sodium, potassium and chloride present in the wastewater sample. Waste water treatment was carried out using different dosages of all theabove prepared bio-coagulants (2g, 4g, 6g, 8g and 10g) in 1 litre of the wastewater sample at three different contact times (60 min, 90 min and 120 min). Maximum adsorption was recorded using bio-coagulants at 10g dosages L-1 of the sample at 120 min contact time. It was found that all the bio-coagulants have almost higher removal efficiency for water pollutants as compared to the chemical (alum) coagulant. The removal efficiencies of various pollutant levels were also analyzed statistically by using regression analysis. Based on the results obtained, it may noted that use of such bio-coagulants is a cost effective, ecofriendly, and more efficientmethod for the removal of water pollutants from pulp and paper industry wastewater.
Open Access
Characterization and evaluation of biochar for removal of water pollutants from pulp and paper industry
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-06) Priyanka, B.; Srivastava, R.K.
The present study was done in order to evaluate the use of biochar for the pollutants removal from pulp and paper industry wastewater. Different feedstock i.e. rice husk (RH) and coconut coir (CC) were pyrolysed to prepare biochar i.e. rice husk biochar (RH BC) and coconut coir biochar (CC BC) respectively. The analyses of both biochars were carried out to study their physico-chemical properties. The initial concentrations of various parameters in the pulp and paper industry wastewater were also analyzed to determine the pollutants load in the wastewater. The prepared biochars were used as adsorbents for the adsorption of water pollutants which include sodium, potassium, total kjeldahl nitrogen, chloride, lead and iron present in the wastewater sample. Nearly 15 treatments were carried out using different dosages of biochar i.e. 2g, 4g, 6g, 8g and 10g in 1 litre of the wastewater sample at three different retention times of about 2 hours, 3 hours and 4 hours. Maximum adsorption was achieved using RH BC at 10g dosages per litre of the sample at 4 hours retention time. It was found that RH BC has the higher efficiency towards the water pollutants removal compared to the CC BC. The removal efficiencies of various pollutant levels were statistically checked using regression analysis method. By various treatments given, the higher concentration of the pulp and paper industry wastewater was reduced and brought it under to meet the permissible limits for its discharge into the inland surface water resources. Based on the results obtained, it was found that the above biochar is a cost effective for the removal of water pollutants.
Open Access
Community structure and carbon pool of oak and pine forests in Garhwal Himalaya
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-06) Rawat, Nalin; Singh, Vir
The present study was conducted in temperate Himalayan forests in district Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India to understand community structure and total carbon pool of Oak and Pine forests. Among tree species, the total density of 780 ind/ha and percent frequency of 280 was recorded in summer, winter and spring seasons for Oak type forest. The highest density was for Quercus oblongata (560ind/ha) and the lowest for Lyonia ovalifolia (40 ind/ha). In the Oak type forest IVI of Q. oblongata and Rhododendron arboreum tree species recorded highest values of 165.84 and 58.02, respectively. The Pinus roxburghii was the exclusive tree species in the Pine forest community. Pinus roxburghii provided a total density of 500 ind/ha and 100 percent frequency in all the three seasons. IVI of Pinus roxburghii was 300 in all the three seasons. Physico-chemical properties of the soil, i.e., soil moisture content (SMC), soil pH, soil organic carbon (SOC), soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (N), available phosphorus (P) and available potassium (K) were analyzed for three different depths viz., 0-15 cm, 15-20 cm and 20-30 cm in both the forests types. SMC was highest during winter season in both the forest types which showed a decreasing trend with increased soil depth. The pH was slightly acidic to neutral in both the forests. SOC and SOM values were higher under Oak forests in summer season followed by spring and the least in winter season. N showed a slight difference between different seasons in both forest sites and was found maximum in winter season. P and K values were found maximum in summer season and minimum in spring season. Most of the physicochemical properties were recorded higher under Oak forests than in Pine forests and showed a decreased trend with increasing soil depth. Total carbon stock of Pine type forest (387.37 Mg C/ha) was higher than that of Oak forests (178.99 Mg C/ha).
Open Access
Bioremediation of heavy metals in Yamuna river water of Delhi region
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-06) Goswami, Meera; Singh, Vir
River Yamuna, a lifeline to Delhi, has been subjected to immense due to rapid industrialization and the large amount of domestic wastewater entering into the river. The restoration of river water quality has been a major challenge to the environmental managers. The present research is about the pollution aspects of river Yamuna at Delhi (Capital of India). Water samples from the Yamuna river flowing across Delhi Region were collected at nine sites selected based on satellite imageries. Temperature of the Yamuna river ranged between 18.3ºC and 18.7ºC and pH between 6.9 and 7.3. All the sampling sites have foul smell and blackish colour. Dissolved oxygen (DO) in the river varied from 0.8 mg/l to 6.5 mg/l, with minimum value at 1.6 km downstream from Okhla barrage. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) varied from 1.8 mg/l to 70 mg/l. Highest BOD value was of the water sampled from near Geeta colony. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) ranged between 64 mg/l and 224 mg/l with highest COD of the water taken from near Geeta colony. All the water samples were found as E. Coli positive and the E. Coli counts ranged between 10000 and 360000. The concentrations of lead in all the collected water samples were above the permissible limits while the concentration of copper was highest in the water sample from 3.2 km downstream from Okhla barrage (2.537mg/l). In total 24 isolates were recovered from water samples. Six bacterial isolates were studied for the heavy metal remediation on the basis of their morphology like growth, size and texture. After the treatment of polluted water with isolated bacteria, Bacillus altitudinis was recovered from sample taken from near Okhla barrage. It was more efficient to remediate high concentrations of the heavy metals. (lead as well as copper). Using Statistical tachniques, it is found that after treatment with bacterial isolates a significant change occurred in the water samples containing copper as well as lead.
Open Access
Phytoremediation of soil polluted with heavy metals using tomato and spinach
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-05) Arya, Meenakshi; Singh, Vir
The present study determines heavy metals (Cu, Pb and Zn) accumulation in different parts of tomato and spinach along with the adverse effects of these heavy metals on the physic- chemical characteristics of soil. Tomato and spinach are well known hyperaccumulators. It was observed that the presence of heavy metals in the soil decreases the soil organic contents. The pH of soil was significantly (p<0.05) higher in normal soil and lower in the contaminated soil. Along with the pH soil respiration was also significantly (p<0.05) reduced in contaminated soil, whereas there was no significant difference (p>0.05) in soil dehydrogenase activities. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were found significantly low (p<0.05) in the contaminated soil than in the normal soil. However, there was no significant variation in the organic carbon content of both the soils. When we examined the concentration of heavy metals in the shoots of both plants, with the help of Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer, the concentration of Cu and Pb was found high in the shoots of contaminated tomato and low in the shoots of tomato when grown with spinach in the same control soil pot. But Zn did not vary significantly (p>0.05) in all the treatments. In roots of these plants, Cu and Pb was recorded maximum in the roots of treated spinach and Zn was accumulated in higher amounts by the roots of treated tomato.

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