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ThesisItem Open Access Effect of cow urine decoction of some plants on growth and development of Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach)(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2009-06) Mathur, Vaibhav; Singh, C.P.The present investigation was undertaken to study the effect of cow urine decoction of 33 plant species on growth and development of Lipaphis erysimi (KALTENBACH) at three different concentrations. Among different CUDs used Achyranthus aspera, Ageratum conyzoides, Cyperus rotundus, Duranta erecta, Allium sativum, Cynodon dactylon and Cyperus rotundus were found to be most effective for reducing nymphal period, nymphal survival, pre reproduction period, reproduction period, post reproduction period, fecundity per female and total life span respectively. Various parameters of growth indices were showed that the nymphal index was minimum for Hibiscus rosa-chinensis. Azdirachta indica was found to be least suitable for growth and development of aphids having lesser Howe’s index, survival index and success index value. Reproduction index was lowest in Nerium indicum at all concentrations (i.e.1%, 3% and 5%). On the basis of growth and development indices it was concluded that Azdirachta indica was the best among all CUDs used. Thus it was concluded that all the above CUDs were found to be less suitable for growth and development of aphid with respect to the control.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on the efficacy of various flours as pollen substitutes and availability of pollen resources for the honey bees Apis mellifera L.(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2009-08) Mohammad Yasin; Srivastava, PoonamStudies on evaluation of various flours as pollen substitutes and availability of pollen resources for A. mellifera honey bees were conducted at G. B. P. U. A. & T. Pantnagar during 2008-09. Seven flours were taken viz. Arhar, Maize, Rice, Wheat, Soyabeen, Bajra and Gram as pollen substitutes for A. mellifera. All the flours were mixed with honey and dried yeast to make a total of 14 treatments (7 flours + honey and 7 flours + Dried yeast). Soyabean flour + honey and Bajra + dried yeast treatments were found to be best in reference to visitation of bees and weight loss in flours due to foraging by bees. Arhar + honey and Rice + dried yeast combination were found to be least preferred pollen substitute for A. mellifera. Microscopic analysis of pollen samples was carried out by preparing pollen slides from comb cells and reference slides from flowers of various groups of plants at Pantnagar and surrounding area. On the basis of analysis of pollen samples collected from A. mellifera colonies during different months of the year, a total of 45 pollen resources were available for the bees. Among these, A. mellifera preferred to forage on Mustard followed by Broccoli, Arhar and Bottlebrush flowers. Mustard pollen was available for the longest period from November to March. Availability of Broccoli pollen was observed during September to January, Arhar pollen from November to February and Bottle brush pollen in the months of October, November and April. Analysis of honey was also carried out to identify the pollen sources for honey bee colonies in a particular locality. In honey sample analysis Mustard pollen was present in all honey samples followed by Rose and Gurhal. Mustard pollen was found during February to April while Rose and Gurhal pollen were found in the months of February and March. Among the other physical properties, colour of extracted honey varied from white to golden to amber (optical density 0.105 to 1.009). The mean moisture content was measured as 19.00 per cent in different honey samples. The mean refractive index of the extracted honey was 1.4760. The mean specific gravity of honey was 1.3720. The mean pollen density of honey was 43333 pollens/g. The mean optical density of 20 percent honey solution of honey was 0.44. The mean pH of extracted honey was 4.18.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on nesting behaviour and floral resources of stingless bee Trigona laeviceps Smith at Pantnagar(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2009-07) Joshi, Sanjay Kumar; Khan, M.S.The studies were carried out during 2008-09 at G.B.P.U.A. & T. Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India, to study the nesting behavior, floral resources and foraging activity of stingless bee Trigona laeviceps Smith. The nesting behaviour of T. laeviceps is different from Apis bees. A total of 64 colonies (42 terrestrial and 22 arboreal) were located and one colony was hived in apiary for studying nesting behavior and nest structure. Terrestrial colonies were associated with residential (16 sites, 19 colonies) and non residential sites (19 sites, 23 colonies). In the terrestrial structures colonies were located at a height between 10 to 50 ft with preferred nest entrance in East direction (13 colonies, 30.9%). Maximum number of colonies (22; 52.3%)were located at a height between 11 to 20 ft. Arboreal colonies were associated with living trees having preformed cavities in trunks of varying girth (5-25 ft). Banyan (Ficus bengaleiensis) (girth 22.5 ft) and Shishum (Dalbergia sishoo) (girth 8.0 ft) were most preferred shelter tree species where in each 6 colonies were located. On arboreal shelters colonies were located at a height between 1 to 30 ft with preferred nest entrance in south, west and south-west directions (5; 22.7% colonies in each). Maximum number of colonies (17; 77.2%) was located at a height between 1 to 10 ft. Observations on T. laeviceps colony hived in apiary revealed that most parts of colony were built with a mixture of wax and propolis known as cerumen. Brood cells were supported by the pillars made of cerumen. Brood cells, honey cups and pollen cups were oval in shape but different in size with diameter of 2.4 mm, 5.0 mm and 6.5mm per cell/cup respectively. Extensive surveys were made in Model Floriculture Centre, Vegetable Research Centre, Crop Research Centre, Garden Section and various university parks from September 2008 to May 2009 to find out the floral resources visited by stingless bee, T. laeviceps. A total of 43 plants were recorded which included 23 ornamental plants, 10 vegetable plants, 7 forest and avenue trees and 3 crop plants. Since more ornamental and vegetable plants were visited by stingless bees, so the scope to utilize these bees for pollination is envisaged. Microscopic analysis of sample pollen slides was also in accordance with the surveys. The foraging activity of T. laeviceps was observed during Feb-May, 2009. Foraging activity started at 9.00 AM with a gradual rise in activity reaching its first peak at 11.00 AM (87.2 bees). A decline in activity was observed at 12.00 PM (83.81 bees) then increased until it reached its second peak at 3.00 PM (81.36 bees). There was very low activity at 6.00 PM (40.82 bees). The maximum number of pollen foragers was observed in the morning (10.00 AM, 59.46 bees) and the nectar foragers (5.00 PM, 48.13 bees) after mid day. It reveals that T. laeviceps prefers to collect pollen during morning hours and nectar after mid day.ThesisItem Open Access Potentiality of Canthecona furcellata (Wolff.) for the management of Lepidopterous pests of economic importance(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2009-06) Nebapure, Suresh Mahadev; Agnihotri, MeenaPredatory bug, Canthecona furcellata (Wolff.) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is a natural control agent which has been recorded feeding on larvae of many Lepidopterous pests. Studies on the biology of C. furcellata on three lepidopterous insects revealed that maximum fecundity of C. furcellata was 220.8 eggs per female when fed on Corcyra cephalonica Stainton and minimum 121.8 eggs per female on Spilarctia obliqua Walker. while 150 eggs per female on Spodoptera litura. The activity of bug was observed on the Lepidopterous pests in various crops ecosystems viz., soybean(Glycin max(L.)Merr.), blackgram(Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper), greengram(Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek), redgram(Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.), dhaincha(Sesbania bispinosa Wt.), groundnut (Arachis hypogaea Linn.), sesame(Sesamum indicum Linn.), castor (Ricinus communis L.), maize (Zea mays L.), brinjal (solanum melongela L.), bhendi(Abelmoschus esculentus (L.)Moench.), and on the plantation tree poplar(Populus deltoides Bartr.ex.Marsh). Studies on population dynamics of C. furcellata revealed its maximum population in Cajanus cajan during 40th standard week. The overall populations of bug in various crops were recorded maximum during 38th standard week. During this period the maximum and minimum temperatures were 29.1 and 22.0 °C and relative humidity was 89 %. Studies revealed that cloudy weather conditions with optimum temperature were favourable for population build up of bug. C. furcellata was observed predating on lepidopterous pests viz., Spodoptera litura, Spilarctia obliqua, Helicoverpa armigera, Trichoplusia ni, Maruca testulalis etc. Studies on predation potential of C. furcellata on different larval instars of S. litura and S. obliqua revealed that the adults were excellent predator in comparison to its nymphal instars.ThesisItem Open Access Efficacy of some insecticides against major insect pests of soybean and their impact on natural enemies (Spiders and Coccinellids)(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2007-07) Panda, KshirodraKumar; Shri RamThe present investigation was carried out at CRC of Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Distt. Udham Singh Nagar (Uttarakhand) to check the “Effectiveness of some chemicals as well as cow urine based insecticides against insect pests of soybean and their impact on coccinellids and spiders.” Soybean is an important legume providing 43 per cent protein and 20 per cent oil. It is attacked by 273 insect pests, hampering the crop production. Thus it is necessary to control them. Result showed that overall defoliator population (tobacco caterpillar, green semilooper, Bihar hairy caterpillar) was effectively checked by indoxacarb @ 150 ml/ha, chlorpyrifos @ 0.3% and Kamdhenukitnashi @ 1% and 2%. Bihar hairy caterpillar(Spilarctia obliqua) was effectively controlled by Kamdhenukitnashi @ 1% and 2%. While, larval population of Spodoptera litura was brought down by Kamdhenukitnashi @ 8% and indoxacarb @ 150 ml/ha. Similarly, indoxacarb @ 150 ml/ha and chlorpyrifos @ 0.3% provided good control of larval population of Thysanoplusia orichalcea. Imidachlorpid @ 250 ml/ha and Kamdhenukitnashi @ 1% and 2% were very effective treatments against whitefly. Seed treatment with the Thiamethoxam @ 3 g/kg seeds reduced the stem fly infestation effectively. Imidachlorpid @ 250/ha, indoxacarb @ 150 ml/ha and Kamdhenukitnashi @ 8% showed good performance against the girdle beetle infestation. Among different treatments Kamdhenukitnashi @ 2% and indoxacarb @ 150 ml/ha were comparatively safer for spiders while, Thiamethoxam seed treatment @ 3 g was safer for coccinellids. Maximum grain yield was recorded from the plots with chlorpyrifos seed treatment @ 4 ml/kg seeds. Also, treatments with Kamdhenukitnashi displayed some yield boosting chgaracteristics. Benefit cost ratio was higher in chlorpyrifos seed treatment and Kamdhenukitnashi spray @ 1, 2, 5 and 10%. Thus, from present investigation it is revealed that use of Kamdhenukitnashi can become a important eco-friendly components of the integrated pest management module for insect pests associated to soybean crop.ThesisItem Open Access Efficacy of some botanicals and other chemicals against Varroa jacobsoni (Oudemans) infesting Apis mellifera L. colonies in Pantnagar (Uttrakhand)(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2007-07) Joshi, Kaushlesh; Srivastava, PoonamThe mite Varroa jacobsoni Oudemans (Arachnida: Acari: Varroidae) now have serious problem in world beekeeping due to its parasitic relationship with Apis mellifera L. This mite was first described by Oudemans in 1904 from Apis cerana indica F. in Java/Sumatra (Indonesia) and in 1963 from A. mellifera in Philippines. The mite is brown, leathery in appearance and is 1.05-1.09 mm long and 1.50-1.58 mm wide. It feed on the haemolymph of the developing honey bee larva, pupa and the adult bee. The mite can easily penetrate the intersegmental membrane and gain access to the blood. It causes decreased brood and deformed bees which result in annihilation of entire bee stocks. Population dynamics studies revealed that varroa mite, V. jacobsoni had peak population during autumn season from 39th SW to 52nd SW, whereas lowest mite population was recorded in rainy season from 25th SW to 35th SW. However, the mite population in a hive greatly depends on temperature, time of the year, colony strength and brood area. A series of experiment were conducted the management of mite (V. jacobsoni) population in honey bee (A. mellifera) colonies with various botanical oils, plant extracts and some chemicals. The fumigation of different botanicals and formic acid were evaluated @ 5 ml per hive. The mean mortality varied significantly in different treatments. The overall mean mite mortality of 15 days showed that the eucalyptus oil, neem oil and formic acid gave better results. Studies on the effect of different plant extracts as dust revealed that maximum mite mortality was found with tobacco powder, sugar powder, wheat flour, sulphur dust and cumin powder. The spray of Tetmosol and acetic acid showed promising results for the control of V. jacobsoni in A. mellifera colonies. It was observed that the effect of spray of Tetmosol was significantly different from all other treatments which performed consistently better than other treatments. These oils, Plant extracts and chemicals can be applied singly or as a mixture of different compounds to improve efficacy. However the use of botanicals and plant extracts fit very well into Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program as alternating use of chemical control to avoid the development of resistance against varroa mite in honey bee colonies.ThesisItem Open Access Comparative study and compatibility of neem seed kernel extract with synthetic and bio-pesticides, and its efficacy with different additives against major insect pests of soybean(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2006-06) Pande, Rachna; Shri RamThe present investigation was carried out at CRC of Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Distt. Udham Singh Nagar (Uttaranchal) to check the “Comparative effectiveness and compatibility of Neem Seed Kernel Extract with Synthetic and bio-pesticides and its efficacy with different additives against major insect pest of soybean.” Soybean is an important legume providing 43 per cent protein and 20 per cent oil. It is attacked by 273 insect pests, hampering the crop production. Thus it is necessary to control them. Result showed that NSKE 5 per cent with additives, synthetic and bio-pesticides proved to be some what effective in controlling leaf defoliators and also having impact to reduce adults while fly population and per cent plant infestation by stem fly and girdle beetle. The yield was higher in all the treatments than control so it can be concluded that all the treatments have some yield promoting capacity too. Neem seed Kernel Extract 5 per cent have showed better result when was used in combination with Dipel, triazophos and adjuvants like teepol, velvet and sandovit than alone. NSKE 5 per cent with Dipel effectively controlled the larvae of Spilarctia obliqua, and with triazophos reduced the population of Spodoptera litura, Thysanoplusia orichalcea and stem fly infestation. NSKE 5 per cent with teepol & velvet the population of Thysanoplusia orichalcea and girdle beetle infestation, respectively. Thus, looking into the over all picture of the present investigation and need of the time, it can be concluded that NSKE 5% fortified with sandovit, NSKE 5% mixed with Dipel and also the NSKE 5% itself can become a important eco-friendly components of the integrated pest management module for insect pests associated to soybean crop.ThesisItem Open Access Responses of chickpea selections against Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) attack(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2006-08) Nandini Kumari; Ram UjagirField screening of 22 International Nursery chickpea genotypes and 33 least susceptible genotypes along with check cultivars against H. armigera was carried out at Crop Research Centre of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar during Rabi seasons of 2004-05 and 2005-06. Screening under natural filed conditions revealed that among 22 least susceptible chickpea genotype and mean egg population/plant varied between 1.0 and 3.1 during Rabi 2004-05, while in Rabi 2005-06 egg population/plant varied between 1.2 and 2.5 eggs/plant. The mean larval population varied between 2.5 and 4.5 larvae/plant during 2.004-05 and 1.7 and 3.3 larvae/plant during 2005-06. Among 33 least susceptible chickpea genotypes the egg population per plant varied between 1.7 to 3.1 eggs/plant during Rabi 2004-05. During 2005-06 the egg population varied between 1.5 to 2.8 eggs/plant, whereas the mean larval population varied between 3.4 to 6.4 larvae/plant during 2004-05 and 2.4 to 5.2 larvae/plant during 2.005-06. Mean pod borer damage in case of 22 least susceptible genotype varied from 54.0% to 76.9% and in case of 33 least susceptible genotypes it varied from 12.0% to 49.9% screening lead to the identification of RIL 85, RIL 51, ICC 67, ICC 16261 and ICC 506 as less susceptible. In case of 33 least susceptible genotypes, IC 269160, IC 269161, IC 269272, IC 269307, IC 269375 and IC 269399 were found to be least susceptible. Rest of the genotype were reported either moderately susceptible or highly susceptible against H. armigera. Grain yield obtained during 2005-06, ranged from 1185.2 kg/ha to 3148.1 kg/ha in case of 22 least susceptible genotypes. In case of 33 genotypes, it ranged from 9.3 to 29.8 g/6 plants. The cultivars, RIL 51 and IC 269327 gave significantly greatest grain yield. The results of laboratory experiments showed that among 22 selection chickpea genotypes maximum larvae, 68.0% survived on ICC 16207 and minimum 20.0% on ICCC 37. The larval period varied from 13.0 days to 15.6 days and larval weight ranged from 0.12 g to 0.18 g. Pupation varied from 40% to 60% and pupal weight varied from 0.16 g to 0.22 g. Among 33 least susceptible chickpea genotypes, maximum larvae 72.5% survived on IC 269159 and minimum 45.0% on IC 269160, IC 269161 and IC 269195. The larval period varied from 13.0 days to 15.6 days and larvae weight ranged from 0.64 g to 1.14 g. Pupation varied from 40% to 80% and pupal weight varied from 0.15 g to 0.26 g. The entries RIL 5\85, RIL 51, ICC 67, ICC 16261, ICC 506, IC 269311 and IC 269375 proved resistant on the basis of multicomponent analysis and can be used as sources of resistance against H. armigera.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on population dynamics and efficacy of plant extracts, microbial and chemical pesticides against major pests of rice and their natural enemies(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2006-06) Madhukar, Firake Dnyaneshwar; Karnatak, A.K.The experiments were conducted in rice variety Pant Dhan – 4, at Crop Research Centre of G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, during Kharif, 2005. Several experiments were carried out preparing to behavioural activities of rice pests in respect of their eco-friendly management. It was observed that, the yellow stem borer population had two peaks, one at middle of crop growth period and other at following stage of crop. Maximum activity of leaf folder, brown plant hopper was observed from end of August upto middle of September while highest incidence of green leafhopper observed from second week of August upto first week of September. The spiders and Coccinellids were significantly visible from end of June and its population reached to highest peak during end of August. Among various plant extracts, Neem seed extract (2%) was observed as most superior and had significant effect on both rice pests and natural enemies while camphor extract (2%) was least effective. Regent was most effective against yellow stem borer while Dimilin showed better results against leaf folder. Confidor and Regent were found most superior against hoppers. Dipel was safest insecticide for Coccinellids and spiders while Dimilin was found harmful for them. Thimet was least effective against rice pests but had adverse effect on natural enemies.