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Open Access
Effect of cow urine decoction of some plants on growth and development of Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach)
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2009-06) Mathur, Vaibhav; Singh, C.P.
The present investigation was undertaken to study the effect of cow urine decoction of 33 plant species on growth and development of Lipaphis erysimi (KALTENBACH) at three different concentrations. Among different CUDs used Achyranthus aspera, Ageratum conyzoides, Cyperus rotundus, Duranta erecta, Allium sativum, Cynodon dactylon and Cyperus rotundus were found to be most effective for reducing nymphal period, nymphal survival, pre reproduction period, reproduction period, post reproduction period, fecundity per female and total life span respectively. Various parameters of growth indices were showed that the nymphal index was minimum for Hibiscus rosa-chinensis. Azdirachta indica was found to be least suitable for growth and development of aphids having lesser Howe’s index, survival index and success index value. Reproduction index was lowest in Nerium indicum at all concentrations (i.e.1%, 3% and 5%). On the basis of growth and development indices it was concluded that Azdirachta indica was the best among all CUDs used. Thus it was concluded that all the above CUDs were found to be less suitable for growth and development of aphid with respect to the control.
Open Access
Studies on the efficacy of various flours as pollen substitutes and availability of pollen resources for the honey bees Apis mellifera L.
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2009-08) Mohammad Yasin; Srivastava, Poonam
Studies on evaluation of various flours as pollen substitutes and availability of pollen resources for A. mellifera honey bees were conducted at G. B. P. U. A. & T. Pantnagar during 2008-09. Seven flours were taken viz. Arhar, Maize, Rice, Wheat, Soyabeen, Bajra and Gram as pollen substitutes for A. mellifera. All the flours were mixed with honey and dried yeast to make a total of 14 treatments (7 flours + honey and 7 flours + Dried yeast). Soyabean flour + honey and Bajra + dried yeast treatments were found to be best in reference to visitation of bees and weight loss in flours due to foraging by bees. Arhar + honey and Rice + dried yeast combination were found to be least preferred pollen substitute for A. mellifera. Microscopic analysis of pollen samples was carried out by preparing pollen slides from comb cells and reference slides from flowers of various groups of plants at Pantnagar and surrounding area. On the basis of analysis of pollen samples collected from A. mellifera colonies during different months of the year, a total of 45 pollen resources were available for the bees. Among these, A. mellifera preferred to forage on Mustard followed by Broccoli, Arhar and Bottlebrush flowers. Mustard pollen was available for the longest period from November to March. Availability of Broccoli pollen was observed during September to January, Arhar pollen from November to February and Bottle brush pollen in the months of October, November and April. Analysis of honey was also carried out to identify the pollen sources for honey bee colonies in a particular locality. In honey sample analysis Mustard pollen was present in all honey samples followed by Rose and Gurhal. Mustard pollen was found during February to April while Rose and Gurhal pollen were found in the months of February and March. Among the other physical properties, colour of extracted honey varied from white to golden to amber (optical density 0.105 to 1.009). The mean moisture content was measured as 19.00 per cent in different honey samples. The mean refractive index of the extracted honey was 1.4760. The mean specific gravity of honey was 1.3720. The mean pollen density of honey was 43333 pollens/g. The mean optical density of 20 percent honey solution of honey was 0.44. The mean pH of extracted honey was 4.18.
Open Access
Studies on nesting behaviour and floral resources of stingless bee Trigona laeviceps Smith at Pantnagar
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2009-07) Joshi, Sanjay Kumar; Khan, M.S.
The studies were carried out during 2008-09 at G.B.P.U.A. & T. Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India, to study the nesting behavior, floral resources and foraging activity of stingless bee Trigona laeviceps Smith. The nesting behaviour of T. laeviceps is different from Apis bees. A total of 64 colonies (42 terrestrial and 22 arboreal) were located and one colony was hived in apiary for studying nesting behavior and nest structure. Terrestrial colonies were associated with residential (16 sites, 19 colonies) and non residential sites (19 sites, 23 colonies). In the terrestrial structures colonies were located at a height between 10 to 50 ft with preferred nest entrance in East direction (13 colonies, 30.9%). Maximum number of colonies (22; 52.3%)were located at a height between 11 to 20 ft. Arboreal colonies were associated with living trees having preformed cavities in trunks of varying girth (5-25 ft). Banyan (Ficus bengaleiensis) (girth 22.5 ft) and Shishum (Dalbergia sishoo) (girth 8.0 ft) were most preferred shelter tree species where in each 6 colonies were located. On arboreal shelters colonies were located at a height between 1 to 30 ft with preferred nest entrance in south, west and south-west directions (5; 22.7% colonies in each). Maximum number of colonies (17; 77.2%) was located at a height between 1 to 10 ft. Observations on T. laeviceps colony hived in apiary revealed that most parts of colony were built with a mixture of wax and propolis known as cerumen. Brood cells were supported by the pillars made of cerumen. Brood cells, honey cups and pollen cups were oval in shape but different in size with diameter of 2.4 mm, 5.0 mm and 6.5mm per cell/cup respectively. Extensive surveys were made in Model Floriculture Centre, Vegetable Research Centre, Crop Research Centre, Garden Section and various university parks from September 2008 to May 2009 to find out the floral resources visited by stingless bee, T. laeviceps. A total of 43 plants were recorded which included 23 ornamental plants, 10 vegetable plants, 7 forest and avenue trees and 3 crop plants. Since more ornamental and vegetable plants were visited by stingless bees, so the scope to utilize these bees for pollination is envisaged. Microscopic analysis of sample pollen slides was also in accordance with the surveys. The foraging activity of T. laeviceps was observed during Feb-May, 2009. Foraging activity started at 9.00 AM with a gradual rise in activity reaching its first peak at 11.00 AM (87.2 bees). A decline in activity was observed at 12.00 PM (83.81 bees) then increased until it reached its second peak at 3.00 PM (81.36 bees). There was very low activity at 6.00 PM (40.82 bees). The maximum number of pollen foragers was observed in the morning (10.00 AM, 59.46 bees) and the nectar foragers (5.00 PM, 48.13 bees) after mid day. It reveals that T. laeviceps prefers to collect pollen during morning hours and nectar after mid day.
Open Access
Potentiality of Canthecona furcellata (Wolff.) for the management of Lepidopterous pests of economic importance
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2009-06) Nebapure, Suresh Mahadev; Agnihotri, Meena
Predatory bug, Canthecona furcellata (Wolff.) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is a natural control agent which has been recorded feeding on larvae of many Lepidopterous pests. Studies on the biology of C. furcellata on three lepidopterous insects revealed that maximum fecundity of C. furcellata was 220.8 eggs per female when fed on Corcyra cephalonica Stainton and minimum 121.8 eggs per female on Spilarctia obliqua Walker. while 150 eggs per female on Spodoptera litura. The activity of bug was observed on the Lepidopterous pests in various crops ecosystems viz., soybean(Glycin max(L.)Merr.), blackgram(Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper), greengram(Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek), redgram(Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.), dhaincha(Sesbania bispinosa Wt.), groundnut (Arachis hypogaea Linn.), sesame(Sesamum indicum Linn.), castor (Ricinus communis L.), maize (Zea mays L.), brinjal (solanum melongela L.), bhendi(Abelmoschus esculentus (L.)Moench.), and on the plantation tree poplar(Populus deltoides Bartr.ex.Marsh). Studies on population dynamics of C. furcellata revealed its maximum population in Cajanus cajan during 40th standard week. The overall populations of bug in various crops were recorded maximum during 38th standard week. During this period the maximum and minimum temperatures were 29.1 and 22.0 °C and relative humidity was 89 %. Studies revealed that cloudy weather conditions with optimum temperature were favourable for population build up of bug. C. furcellata was observed predating on lepidopterous pests viz., Spodoptera litura, Spilarctia obliqua, Helicoverpa armigera, Trichoplusia ni, Maruca testulalis etc. Studies on predation potential of C. furcellata on different larval instars of S. litura and S. obliqua revealed that the adults were excellent predator in comparison to its nymphal instars.
Open Access
Bio ecological studies of major insect pests of pigeon pea and effect of newer insecticides on pests of pigeon pea and chickpea and their natural enemies
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2009-01) Khulbe, Pooja; Ram Ujagir
Open Access
Study on life table of Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach), a key pest of oleiferous Brassicas
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2009-06) Hasan, Wajid; Singh, C.P.
The experiments on life table and population dynamics of mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach) were conducted during rabi season (2007-08 and 2008-09) at Crop Research Centre and Economic Entomology Laboratory of the Department of Entomology, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, U.S. Nagar, Uttarakhand to understand the impact of external key mortality factors upon L. erysimi and the source of resistance. The survivorship were stair step curve of type I on all Brassica species at all temperature (15, 20, 25oC) and photo periods (6, 9 hrs). On B. campestris, intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm) was observed maximum 0.1707 for L. erysimi at field 2008-09 followed by 0.1631 at 250C and 6hrs photophase, 0.1615 at 200C and 6hrs, 0.1592 at 250C and 9hrs, 0.1513 at field 2007-08, 0.1282 at 200C and 9hrs, 0.1168 at 150C and 9 hrs and lowest 0.0964 at 150C and 6 hrs. On B. juncea, it was higher 0.1922 at 250C and 9hrs followed by 0.1908, 0.1599, 0.1486, 0.1436, 0.1426, 0.1376 and 0.1245 at 150C and 9hrs, at field 2008-09, at 250C and 6hrs, at 200C and 9hrs, at 200C and 6hrs, at field 2007-08 and at 150C and 6hrs, respectively. On B. carinata, rm was recorded higher 0.1651 at 150C and 9hrs followed by 0.1590 at 200C and 9hrs, 0.1451 at field 2008-09, 0.1417 at 250C and 6hrs, 0.1412 at 200C and 6hrs, 0.1402 at 250C and 9hrs, 0.1311 at field 2007-08 and lowest 0.1068 at 150C and 6hrs. On B. napus, the highest rm was 0.1644 at 200C and 9hrs followed by 0.1581 at field 2008-09, 0.1569 at 200C and 6hrs, 0.1529 at field 2007-08, 0.1448 at 250C and 6hrs, 0.1425 at 150C and 9hrs, 0.1343 at 250C and 9hrs and lowest 0.1222 at 150C and 6hrs. It was maximum 0.1389 at 250C and 6hrs followed by 0.1358, 0.1321, 0.1258, 0.1205, 0.1114, 0.1069 and 0.0469 at 250C and 9hrs, at field 2007-08, at 200C and 9hrs, at field 2008-09, at 200C and 6hrs, at 150C and 9hrs and at 150C and 6hrs, respectively on E. sativa. On B. nigra, it was recorded as highest was 0.1496 at 200C and 6hrs followed by 0.1411 at field 2008-09, 0.1383 at 200C and 9hrs, 0.1379 at field 2007-08, 0.13465 at 250C and 6hrs, 0.1327 at 250C and 9hrs, 0.1275 at 250C and 9hrs and lowest 0.0873 at 150C and 6hrs. The ‘rm’ for L. erysimi on B. juncea was the highest followed by B. alba, B. campestris, B. carinata, B. napus, B. nigra and lowest on E. sativa. Based on intrinsic rate of increase ‘rm’ it can be concluded that B. juncea was the most suitable oleiferous Brassica for L. erysimi while development on E. sativa least suitable. The incidence of L. erysimi appeared on genotypes of B. juncea from 51th standard week which gradually increased and reached at its peak (39.45, 87.07 aphid per 10 cm central shoot) in 5th standard week. Thereafter, population started to decline significantly and reached at its lowest, 4.16, 0.07, in 10th standard week during 2007-08 and 2008-09, respectively. The population for L. erysimi exhibited negative correlation with maximum and minimum temperature, rainfall, wind velocity, evaporation whereas positive with afternoon and morning relative humidity. The values of coefficient of determination (R2) were high (0.92 to 0.99) which indicated that the population of L. erysimi was significantly governed by the weather parameters.
Open Access
Pathogenicity and mass multiplication of entomopathogenic fungi against some lepidopteran pests
(2009-09) Bhatt, Shikha; Kanaujia, K.R.
Fungi against some Lepidopteran Pests. The studies on pathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin, Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin against some lepidopteran insects, growth and sporulation of fungi on different vegetables, grains, synthetics and agro wastes, compatibility with different fungicides, insecticides and essential oils, interaction of fungi with insecticides for the management of Spilarctia oblique (Walker), preparation of formulation and assessment of conidial viability at different temperature and storage were conducted. In bioefficacy test strain ITCC- 6264 of B. bassiana was found more virulent than respective isolates against S. obliqua and S. litura while ITCC- 6265 isolate of M. anisopliae found more virulent against both the test insects. Among entomogenous fungi B. bassiana has more potential to kill both of the test insects. For growth and sporulation of B. bassiana, potato dextrose broth and bean broth, bajra + 1% yeast, kondrytiev, CDA and wheat bran + 10% molasses were found best, while for M. Anisopliae Ipomoea batata, sorghum, goral and SDA were found most suitable. Among different plant protecting chemicals bavistin, captan, mancojeb, Chlorothalonil, dadeci, jatropha, neem proved relatively safer to B.bassaina while bayleton, profenophos, neem, jatropha, patchouli proved relatively safer to M. anisopliae. dadeci, profenophos, triazophos and quinalphos could be used with both entomogenous fungi for managing S. obliqua. Temperature 250C and 300C were found best for growth and sporulation of B. bassiana and M. anisopliae respectively. Maximum conidial germination was recorded at 100% RH levels for both the isolates. Storage temperature 40C was found best for the maintenance of conidial viability. Conidial viability decreased with the increase in storage temperature. Talc and sorghum flour maintained higher viability.
Open Access
Influence of variable temperatures and some plant oils on the biological attributes of Trichogramma spp.
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2009-05) Madhukar, Firake Dnyaneshwar; Khan, M.A.
The experiments were conducted in the Biological Control Laboratory, Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar U.S. Nagar, Uttarakhand. More than a thousand scientific papers have been published on Trichogramma and its use as a biological control agent, making it one of the most researched natural enemies in the world. But the information in regards to performance of Trichogramma spp. with different temperatures and plant oils is scanty. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of variable temperatures and some plant oils on biological attributes of Trichogramma spp. When egg, larval and pupal stages of Trichogramma spp. were exposed to different temperature shocks, developmental period decreased with increasing temperature shock levels from 20+10C to 30+10C and increased from 35+10C to 40+10C. Per cent adult emergence of parasitoids decreased when parasitized eggs exposed from 25+10C to 40+10C at egg stage and at larval stage. When pupal stage exposed, per cent adult emergence decreased from 20+10C to 40+10C. Fecundity of the progeny and also female longevity were decreased with increasing temperature shock levels from 20+10C to 40+10C. Females in the progeny of both the T. poliae and T. chilonis always outnumbered the males in all the treatments. Pupal stages of the parasitoids were found comparatively tolerant to high temperature shocks as there was high adult parasitoid emergence and higher fecundity and longevity of emerging females compared to egg and larval stage. When different days old blackened eggs were exposed to variable temperatures daily, developmental period of both the parasitoids were decreased with increasing temperature shock levels from 20+10C to 30+10C and developmental period increased at 35+10C and 40+10C to all four exposing days. Per cent adult emergence, female longevity and fecundity of the progeny decreased with increasing high temperatures from 20+10C to 40+10C. Daily different temperature shocks of 20+10C to 40+10C for six hours to females of both the parasitoids, emerged from parasitized host eggs reared at ambient temperature reduced the fecundity and female longevity. Proportion of females in the progeny was always more than the males in all the treatments, being highest at 20+10C and lowest at 35+10C. When parasitoids were exposed to different temperatures with different combinations of female parasitoid densities, no any significant interaction was found in respect of developmental time, per cent parasitization, adult emergence, female longevity and per cent females in the progeny. Per cent parasitization and adult emergence were found lowest in Neem oil treatment followed by Pongamia oil, Palmarosa oil and Mentha oil treatment each at 2 % concentration. More parasitization was observed in case of unirradiated host eggs as compared to U.V. irradiated ones. Residual toxicity of plant oils were decreasing with increase in time after treatment and their increasing order of toxicity are Neem oil > Pongamia oil > Palmarosa oil > Mentha oil at same concentration.
Open Access
Medicinal plants and plant oils as growth regulators against Bombyx mori (Linn.) and Spodoptera litura (Fab.) and bioefficacy of some insecticides against pest species
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2009-08) Basera, Anju; Srivastava, R.P.
Present investigation was undertaken to determine the growth regulating activity of medicinal plants and plant oils against Bombyx mori (Linn.) and Spodoptera litura (Fab.) and bioefficacy of some insecticides against S. litura. All the experiments were conducted in Bioactive Plant Natural Product (BPNP) Lab. of the Department at room temperature. The culture of the test species were maintained in the lab on fresh mulberry (garden maintaiend) and castor leaves. Two of the nine medicinal plant extracts viz., S. media and P. ovata (aq. 1% conc. dry wt. basis) showed growth promoting activity as reflected by a significant increase in feeding, growth and developmental parameters againt B. mori. However at this conc. these extracts could not significantly increase the economic parameters. Seven plant oils (1% acetone solution) viz., neem, castor, karanja, eucalyptus, jatropha, camphor and thyme oil adversely affected the growth, development and economic parameters of B. mori. They prolonged the larval development and reflected the different levels of toxicity (70-86%) against full grown worms of B. mori with non- significant effect on economic parameters. Amongst the nine plant oils viz., neem, castor, karanja, eucalyptus, jatropha, camphor, citronella, lemongrass and turmeric tested against S. litura all the plant oils except E. citrodora and C. camphora at 1% conc in acetone exhibited the antifeedant activity. These oils also extended the larval period. At 1% conc. some of the oils viz., C. flexuosus and C. Longa caused 16.6 and 13.3% mortality, respectively which was significantly higher than control. All the four medicinal plant extracts viz., Jatropha curcas, Artemisia annua, Cnicus benedictus and Syzygium cumuni significantly reduced the feeding at both conc. (5 and 10% aq.). The maximum antifeedant activity was observed in S. cumuni (92.18%). In addition, these plant extracts also showed IGR activity which resulted in terminal larval mortality to the tune of 23.3% in S. cumuni at 5% conc. Two plant oils viz., karanja and jatropha when added to the synthetic pyrethroids viz., cypermethrin, lambdacyhalotrhin and alphametrhin synergized their insecticidal activity and increased their speed of action (LT value). The plant oils have potenital to potentiate the toxicity of three synthetic pyrethroids against S. litura. For example at 24 hours after exposure synergistic effect of karanja oil with cypermethrin, lambdacyhalothrin and alphamethrin was 8.8, 4.0 and 1.9 times, respectively and with jatropha oil it was 5.3, 10.5 and 2.0 times, respectively. In the present investigation the sublethal doses of synthetic pyrethoids viz., cypermethrin, lambdacyhalothrin and alphamethrin influenced growth and dvelopment of S. litura adversely. Addition of plant oils (karanja and jatropha at 1%, emulsified with teepol 1%) to synthetic pyrethroids further intensified its effect on growth, development and toxicity viz., cypermethrin, lambdacyhalothrin and alphamethrin caused terminal larval mortality of 40,40 and 35 %, respectively. When these insecticides were mixed with karanja and jatropha oil mortality ranged from 45-55%. A chronic feeding experiment conducted against 8d old larvae of S. litura wit LC30 four insecticides viz., indoxacarb (0.0001%), methomyl (0.017%), imidacloprid (0.2%) and thiamethoxam (0.1%) revealed that the larvae consumed less food when leaves treated with tested insecticides were offered as food as compared to untreated. the consumption was reduced by 20.90, 19.23, 17.60 and 14.53% at LC30 of indoxacarb, methomyl, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam, respectively over control. Sublethal dose of these insecticides were effective in delaying the development of S. litura and extended the developmental parameters significantly. For example larval period was extended by 1.85d over control (13.45d) by indoxacarb. Another experiment conducted on the effect of food plant viz., soybean, brinjal and castor on susceptibility of 6d old larvae of S. litura to three neonicotinoids (indoxacarb, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam) and one carbamate (methomyl) insecticide reflected that the larval mortality was significantly associated with host plants on which larvae were reared. The larvae of S. litura reared on soybean and castor became more susceptible (hihger RT, lower LT values at LC50) to the tested insecticides and those reared on brinjal were relatively tolerant (higher LT value and lower RT value at LC50). For example the RT values on soybean for different insecticies were 2.9, 1.8, 1.3 and 2.7 when the larvae were exposed to the LC50 doses of indoxacarb, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam and methomyl respectively; on castor the RT values were 2.5, 1.8, 1.6 and 2.2; and on brinjal the values were 1.9, 1.3, 1.0 and 1.8 against the respective insecticide.

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