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ThesisItem Open Access Diversity of the Family Malvaceae Juss. (Sensu APG-III) in Pantnagar(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-07) Karnatak, Manish; Rawat, D.S.Angiosperm are the most diverse group on earth with 2, 73,174 species on earth. Malvaceae (sensu lato) with 250 genera, 4200 species, is the twelfth largest family of Angiosperms. Malvaceae (s.l.) of recent systems of classifications includes four traditional families Malvaceae (s.s.), Bombacaceae, Sterculiaceae, Tiliaceae which have been merged together. This Malvaceae is divided into 9 subfamilies i.e. Grewioideae, Byttnerioideae, Sterculioideae, Tilioideae, Dombeyoideae, Brownlowioideae, Helicteroideae, Malvoideae and Bombacoideae. A detailed floristic work carried out in Pantnagar during 2012- 2013 indicated that from these nine subfamilies, seven subfamilies (except Tilioideae, Brownlowioideae) are present in Pantnagar and represented by 25 genera, 40 species. The largest subfamily is Malvoideae, which is represented by 12 genera 22 species. Out of these 12 genera Hibiscus is represented by 5 species, Abelmoschus, and Sida each represented by 4 species while rest genera are represented by single species. The smallest subfamilies are Helicteroideae and Bombacoideae each represented by a single genus having single species. Among the total 40 species of Malvaceae (s.l.) 29 species are wild which indicates that major part of the flora (29 species) is made up of wild species while rests 11 are cultivated. Out of these 29 species, 7 species are invasive alien plant species. Nativity analysis indicates that most of the Malvaceae (s.l.) members occurring in the study area are Asian continent elements (47.5%, 19 species), followed by American elements (15%, 6 species), African elements (12.5%, 5 species), European element (2.5%, 1 species). Rest (22.5%, 9 species) are “wides” in relation to their origin.ThesisItem Open Access In vitro establishment of Polygonatum verticillatum (L.) All. and augmentation of its phytochemical profile using elicitors(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-11) Tiwari, Tanuja; Chaturvedi, Preetilants as a valuable and safe natural source of medicine have drawn much scientific and commercial attention in past few decades. Polygonatum verticillatum (L.) All., an Asparagaceae member, is an important and highly valued ‘Astavarga’ medicinal herb of North West Himalaya. Regeneration of the plant through seeds is a slow process in nature owing to epicotyl dormancy. Therefore, in the present study, an effort was made to break seed dormancy, increase seed germination potential and micropropagate P. verticillatum using epicotyl and sprouted buds. Among all storage conditions and PGRs, cold moist stratification of seeds (4±10C for 4 weeks) together with GA3 (100 mg/L) pretreatment followed by germination on GA3 (50 to 100 mg/L) supplemented MS medium was found most effective to improve seed germination. Maximum per cent germination (78±3.74) was achieved through elicitation using 50µM sodium nitroprusside (SNP). Maximum per cent bud induction (90±6.1) with maximum number of buds (7.0±0.45) and shoot length (7.10±3.18cm) was achieved from epicotyl explants inoculated in MS+TDZ(1.0mg/L)+NAA(0.5mg/L)+GA3(2.0mg/L). Microshoots inoculated in MS+KN (1.0mg/L)+IAA(0.5mg/L) and MS+IBA(1.0 mg/L) respectively showed maximum per cent microrhizome induction (95±5.0) and root induction (85±6.12). Sprouted bud explants inoculated in MS+TDZ (2.0mg/L)+NAA(1.0mg/L)+GA3(2.0mg/L) showed maximum per cent shoot induction(85±10.0). However, maximum per cent rooting (70±5.0) was achieved in MS+IBA (1.0 mg/L) and MS+NAA (1.0 mg/L)+KN(0.5mg/L). Plants raised through epicotyls and sprouted buds showed 80% and 56% survival rate respectively in garden soil. An effort was also made to investigate the effect of various chemical elicitors on phytochemical profiling of the plant. Maximum total chlorophyll content (1.67±0.05 mg g-1 fresh wt.), total phenolic content (14.71±0.47mg GAE g-1), total flavonoid content (14.66±0.17 mg QE g-1) and %DPPH radical scavenging activity (60.23±0.77) were achieved in SA (300 µM), JA (300 µL/L), SA (300 µM) and SNP (50µM) elicited plants respectively. Protein content (2.40±0.06 mg g-1 fresh wt.), peroxidase activity (1.33±0.03 unit min-1mg-1protein) and catalase activity (1.32±0.05 unit min-1mg-1protein) were augmented maximum in underground parts of JA (300 µL/L) and SNP (50 µM and 100 µM) elicited plants respectively, whereas SOD activity (4.79±0.13 unit min-1mg-1protein) was reported maximum in aerial parts of SA (300 µM) elicited plants. GC-MS analysis of differently elicited plants divulged remarkable (%) increase in medicinally important compounds. Diosgenin (anticancerous, antidiabetic), 9,12Octadecadienoic acid (z,z) (anti-inflammatory and antiarthritic), Gamma-sitosterol (antidiabetic) and Squalene (anticancerous, anti-tumor) increased to maximum viz., 68.11%, 89.67%, 78.87% and 81.82% respectively in SA treated plants. Guanosine (antiprotozoal), Palmitic acid (antioxidant), Vitamin E (antiinflammatory), 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid (anti-inflammatory) increased by 53.25%, 51.68%, 83.04%, 66.50% respectively in SNP elicited plants. 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyranone (anticancerous), Deoxy-d-mannoic lactone (antibacterial) increased by 23.56% and 66.67% respectively in JA elicited plants. The present investigation gave a complete reproducible protocol for in vitro establishment of P. verticillatum. Furthermore, elicitation study on the plant helped in augmentation and authentication of neutraceutical status of the plant.ThesisItem Open Access Diversity of the family Malvaceae Juss. (Sensu APG-III) in Pantnagar(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-07) Karnatak, Manish; Rawat, D.S.Angiosperm are the most diverse group on earth with 2, 73,174 species on earth. Malvaceae (sensu lato) with 250 genera, 4200 species, is the twelfth largest family of Angiosperms. Malvaceae (s.l.) of recent systems of classifications includes four traditional families Malvaceae (s.s.), Bombacaceae, Sterculiaceae, Tiliaceae which have been merged together. This Malvaceae is divided into 9 subfamilies i.e. Grewioideae, Byttnerioideae, Sterculioideae, Tilioideae, Dombeyoideae, Brownlowioideae, Helicteroideae, Malvoideae and Bombacoideae. A detailed floristic work carried out in Pantnagar during 2012- 2013 indicated that from these nine subfamilies, seven subfamilies (except Tilioideae, Brownlowioideae) are present in Pantnagar and represented by 25 genera, 40 species. The largest subfamily is Malvoideae, which is represented by 12 genera 22 species. Out of these 12 genera Hibiscus is represented by 5 species, Abelmoschus, and Sida each represented by 4 species while rest genera are represented by single species. The smallest subfamilies are Helicteroideae and Bombacoideae each represented by a single genus having single species. Among the total 40 species of Malvaceae (s.l.) 29 species are wild which indicates that major part of the flora (29 species) is made up of wild species while rests 11 are cultivated. Out of these 29 species, 7 species are invasive alien plant species. Nativity analysis indicates that most of the Malvaceae (s.l.) members occurring in the study area are Asian continent elements (47.5%, 19 species), followed by American elements (15%, 6 species), African elements (12.5%, 5 species), European element (2.5%, 1 species). Rest (22.5%, 9 species) are “wides” in relation to their origin.ThesisItem Open Access Diversity of bryophytes and pteridophytes in Pantnagar(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-08) Panthari, Divyansh; Chaturvedi, PreetiDuring past few decades, Pantnagar region in U. S. Nagar district (Uttarakhand) has faced lot of industrialization and urbanization activities. Change in land use patterns due to industrialisation and intensive agricultural practices, led to loss of large portion of microhabitats of the lower plants from the region. In order to prepare a complete database of the floristic diversity of the region, there is an urgent need for the conservation of these plants and their habitats. Conservation can be done by many methods viz., in vitro techniques, monitoring and assessment of rare and endemic plants. Taxonomical studies do play an important role in conservation practices by providing useful information regarding biodiversity and changing dynamics of the diversity with development. Lower plants were ignored for a long period of time, due to their small size and ignorance toward their ecological and economical value. Although, there are various previous attempts regarding taxonomical studies of bryophytes and pteridophytes across the world including India but the Indian studies are mainly confined to the hills. Detailed taxonomical studies of bryophytes and pteridophytes have been highly neglected in the agrarian landscapes of Tarai region. Therefore, the present study is an attempt to survey, collect and prepare check list of the bryophytic and pteridophytic flora of Pantnagar region including university campus, as well as various research centers. Total 34 species were reported, out of which 6 were liverworts, 27 were mosses and 1 was hornwort. Liverworts belonged to 4 genera and 4 families, mosses belonged to 17 genera and 10 families while hornworts belonged to 1 genera and 1 family. In mosses, 2 familis viz., Pottiaceae and Bryaceae were found to dominate in the study area by representing 10 and 7 species respectively. In liverworts, Ricciaceae was found to dominate with 3 species followed by Marchantiaceae, Aytoniaceae and Cyathodiaceae with 1 species each.7 species of pteridophytes belonging to 7 genera representing 7 families, 4 orders and 2 classes were reported from the study area. Equisetum sp. and Salvinia sp. were found to dominate the area. The other aspect of this study was to test total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity via DPPH and TAA assay in methanolic extract of three selected bryophytes. DPPH radical scavenging activity (%) and total antioxidant activity were found to be highest in Marchantia papillata (61.77±0.94) and Philontis hastate (8.27±0.38) respectively. Maximum phenolics (15.58±0.12unit) and flavonoid content (108.175±1.13unit) were reported from Marchantia papillata.ThesisItem Open Access Bryophyte diversity of Pithoragarh and Munsiyari regions of Western Himalaya(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-08) Raturi, Ashish; Chaturvedi, PreetiBryophytes, a group of species of smaller and apparently simpler stature are the oldest known land plants.The three major groups of bryophytes namely mosses, liverworts, and hornworts comprise the earliest lineages of land plants derived from green algal ancestors.Yet despite their huge diversity, phylogenetic importance and key function in the world’s ecosystem, study of various aspects of bryophytes lagged behind in comparison to larger land plants. It is probably because of their small size, apparently simpler and less exciting evolutionary stories and limited scientific consideration. Being primitive and cosmopolitan in nature bryophyte diversity have been adversely affected due to the growing industrialization, urbanizationand introduction of new agriculture practices. Hence, there is an emerging need of its conservation against manmade ecosystem. Present study was an attempt to survey and collect the bryoflora of Pithoragarh and Munsiyari region in Uttarakhand. Additionally, qualitative and quantitative screening of phytoconstituents of three selected bryophytes (Leucodon secundus, Plagiomnium integrum and Thuidium cymbifolium) and analysis of soil of bryophytes collection sites were also done. Total 36 species were collected; out of them 31 were mosses belonging to 18 families, 4 liverworts belonging to 4 families and single hornwort. Biochemical characterization was done in term of total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC)and antioxidant activity via DPPHand TAA assay. DPPH radical scavenging activity (%) was found highest in L.secundus(79.82±0.65) and lowest in P. integrum(56.63±0.28). Maximum total antioxidant activity (TAA) was reported in T. cymbifolium (88.57±0.70) while minimum in L. secundus(12.55±0.07). Total phenolic content was seen highest in T. cymbifolium(38.50±0.69mg GAE g-1) and least in L. secundus(6.23±0.17mg GAE g-1). Total Flavonoid Content was found highest in L.secundus(94.025±0.94mg QE g-1) and least in T. cymbifolium(28.2±0.29mg QE g-1).Soil analysis showed maximum pH (6.5) at site 4 and maximum Electric Conductivity (0.17kg/ha) at site 5.Total available nitrogen (292.69 ± 15.65kg/ha),total available phosphorous(52.12 ± 2.58kg/ha)and total available potassium (589.49 ± 2.30kg/ha)werefound highestat site 5.ThesisItem Open Access Influence of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] and their impact on rhizospheric microbial diversity(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-08) Anand Kumar; Sharma, A.K.ThesisItem Open Access Process development for the production of bioethanol from banana peels (Musa sapientum L.) using thermo-alkali-stable depolymerising enzymes(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-07) Heena Prakash; Sharma, A.KUse of cheap lignocellulosic biomass, such as banana peels, for bioethanol production, can simultaneously provide a solution to the major key global issues of the energy crisis and environmental pollution. In present study, the possibility of using waste banana peels for the production of ethanol has been investigated. To minimize the cost of ethanol production using enzymatic hydrolysis, the hydrolytic enzymes that are necessary for cellulose and hemicelluloses hydrolysis were produced in-house using a bacterial strain, Geobacillus stearothermophilus HPA19, isolated from an alkaline soil sample. The bacterium was able to produce cocktail of the thermo-alkali-stable xylano-cellulo-pectino enzymes using wheat bran (an agro-residue) as carbon source within 24 h peroid. These enzymes showed excellent stability at high temperature (80 ºC) and pH (10.0). The optimal temperature and pH for xylanase, FPase, pectinase are 80, 70, 80 ºC and 9.0, 8.0, 9.0, respectively. The metal ions Ni+2, Zn+2 promoted the relative activities of xylanase and FPase whereas Na+, Ca+2 and K+ promoted pectinase activity in the enzymes cocktail. After that application of this cocktail was assessed in the saccharification of banana peel. Reducing sugar obtained (37.06 mg/ml) after OVAT method is greatly influenced by enzyme dose [ratio 1:1:2], substrate concentration (10.0%), hydrolysis time (1 h) and hydrolysis temperature (70 ºC). Further Response Surface Methodology (CCD) was used to optimize saccharification. This led to a 2 fold increase in reducing sugar (54.14 mg/ml) giving a high saccharification efficiency of 54.14%. Under the optimum conditions of saccharification, ethanol was produced using yeast which gives highest ethanol production of 21.10 g/l and fermentation efficiency of 76.50% within 30 h. Thus, the study presented proved to be a comprehensive study, where in-house enzymes cocktail by a thermophilic bacteria G. stearothermophilus HPA19 was produced for bioconversion of banana peels into second generation bioethanol.ThesisItem Open Access Isolation and characterization of microalgae and their biomass production(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2016-06) Rawat, Deepti; Sharma, A.K.ThesisItem Open Access Diversity of the family caryophyllaceae Juss. in Uttarakhand(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2016-01) Satish Chandra; Rawat, D.S.
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