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ThesisItem Open Access Estimation of breeding values based on first lactation and herd life traits using different animal models in crossbred cattle(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2015-05) Lodhi, Geeta; Singh, C.V.The present investigation was carried on crossbred cattle maintained at Instructional Dairy farm of G.B. Pant university of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar .The data pertaining to 1003 crossbred cattle, progeny of 68 sires which was distributed over a period of 48 years from 1966 to 2010 cows with abnormal and incomplete records were excluded from the study. The following traits were considered for the present study i.e AFC, FLMY, FLP, FDP, FCI, FSP, LTMY, and LTLL. The Least Squares Mean of the traits under study were estimated as 1171.63 ± 21.94 days, 2642.45 ± 89.13 kg., 316.03 ± 5.38 days, 102.83 ± 6.32 days, 418.89 ± 7.23 days, 161.81 ± 9.04 days, 11648 .94 ± 737.87 kg and 1131.91 ± 62.21 days, respectively. The effect due to season of calving was observed to be non- significance on all the first lactation and lifetime traits .The effects due to period of calving were found to have significant influence on first service period ,while highly significant influence on AFC, LTMY and LTLL. However, non-significant influence were observed on FLMY, FLP, FDP and FCI, in contrast different genetic groups were found to have significant effect on AFC, FLMY, FLP and highly significant effect on LTMY, FSP and LTLL, while non- significant effects on FDP and FCI, respectively. Sire effects was highly significant on AFC, LTMY and significant on FLMY, FLP and FCI while non- significant effect on FDP. The heritability estimates for AFC, FLMY, FLP, FDP, FCI, FSP, LTMY and LTLL were observed as 0.24 ± 0.12, 0.34± 0.12, 0.188 ± 0.92.0.448 ± 0.13, 0.607± 0.13, and 0.756± 0.13 respectively. The genetic and phenotypic correlations between first lactation and lifetime traits were ranged from low to high. The estimated breeding values of sires estimated for age at first calving, first lactation milk yield and lifetime lactation length by LSM showed small genetic variance in compare to D, BLUP, REML and DFREML methods. While for FLP, FDP, FCI, FSP and LTMY, BLUP showed small genetic variance in compare to D, LSM, REML methods, therefore LSM and BLUP was considered as the most efficient methods out of all four methods of sire evaluation used in the present study. The product moment correlations ranged from 0.522 (BLUP with LSM) to 0.960 (BLUP with REML) and rank correlations ranged from 0.566 (LSM with BLUP) to 0.956 (BLUP with REML) respectively. The rank of sires for different sire evaluation methods revealed that 4-5% of top sires almost had similar rank for all the methods. These results suggested that for improvement of lifetime productivity of animals, sires should be selected on the basis of their Daughter’s first lactation milk yield.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic studies on prediction of lactation yield based on test day values in Sahiwal and crossbred cattle(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-06) Girimal, Dhanraj Gurubasappa; Kumar, D.The present investigation was carried out for studying the different fortnightly test day milk yield traits, first lactation milk yield traits, prediction of first lactation yield on the basis of single test day milk yield and stepwise backward elimination method and comparing the different sire evaluation methods. The records of 799 daughters of 58 sires in crossbred cattle and 166 daughters of 19 sires in Sahiwal cattle maintained at Instructional Dairy Farm, G.B.P.U.A& T, Pantnagar were utilized for this study. The least squares means along with standard errors of AFC, FL305DMY, FLL, FLPY and fortnightly test day milk yield (FTDY-1 to FTDY-21) traits were observed as 1445.34±30.77 days, 1716.04±78.47 kg, 248.45±9.84 days, 8.84±0.15 kg and 4.29±0.5, 5.34±0.7, 7.71±0.6, 7.63±0.8, 7.45 ±0.10, 7.11±0.90, 7.08±0.10, 6.87±0.75, 6.34±0.08, 6.34±0.08, 6.12±0.64, 6.34±0.12, 5.96±0.54, 5.65±0.12, 5.28±0.10, 4.74±0.10, 4.24±0.11, 3.49±0.84, 3.28±0.07, 2.93±0.47, 2.73±0.03 and 2.50±0.03 kg respectively, in Sahiwal cattle. The corresponding figures for crossbred cattle were observed as 1376.15±24.19 days, 2657.69±63.18 kg, 283.93±4.94 days and 13.18 kg. 4.48± 0.13, 5.6±0.2, 9.53±0.48, 9.35±0.6, 8.7±0.45, 8.6±0.6, 8.35±0.08, 7.83±0.3, 7.6±0.7, 7.11±0.08, 6.56±0.45, 6.08±0.32, 5.71±0.8, 5.27±0.21, 5.26±0.18, 4.98±0.78, 5.13±0.21, 4.51±0.74, 5.03±0.11, 4.75±0.02 and 4.49±0.81 kg respectively. The heritability estimates of AFC, FL305DMY, FLL and FLPY traits in case of Sahiwal and crossbred cattle indicated that some improvement can be made in these traits by selecting the cows for these traits up to some extent. However, the major improvement in these traits can be done by good managemental practices at the farm. The heritability estimates for early test day milk records were lower in magnitude and later in the middle of lactation, the values were found to be comparatively higher in magnitude. All the genetic and phenotypic correlations between FL305DMY and different test day milk yield found to be positive in direction. The genetic and phenotypic correlations among test day milk yield revealed that the data on test day milk yields can be utilized for extending the incomplete records and also utilized under various selection programmes. The step wise regression was best fitted for predicting the FL305DMY followed by regression and ratio method. The fitting of step wise multiple regressions, the higher estimates of accuracy of prediction for FL305DMY were found in the middle part of the lactation (FTDY8 to FTDY-10 in Sahiwal and FTDY-7 to FTDY-11 in crossbred cattle). The multiple regression equations with six variables viz. peak yield, FTDY-2, FTDY-6, FTDY-8, FTDY-10 and FTDY-15 in case of crossbred cattle and peak yield, FTDY-2, FTDY-3, FTDY-6, FTDY-10, and FTDY-11 in case of Sahiwal were considered more appropriate for prediction of first lactation 305 day milk yield with high accuracy. The BLUP method was found to be superior for selecting the sires for first lactation milk yield followed by LSM and Simple daughter average method.ThesisItem Open Access Molecular characterization of udaipuri goat of Uttarakhand(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2016-06) Sarma, Momi; Shahi, B.N.ThesisItem Open Access Single nucleotide polymorphism identification of beta-2 microglobulin (β2M) gene in murrah buffaloes(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2016-06) Verma, Uma Kant; Sunil KumarThesisItem Open Access Genetic studies on first lactation and life time traits and sire evaluation using animal models in Sahiwal cattle(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2015-08) Singh, Jaswant; Singh, C.V.The present study was undertaken on 1367 first lactation records of Sahiwal cattle maintained at GLF, Chak Ganjaria, Lucknow (U.P.) over a period of 71 years (1944-2014). The study was conducted on least squares means, genetic and phenotypic parameters of first lactation and lifetime traits, performance evaluation of pooled lactation traits, breeding value estimation of sires, relationship between EBV’s for first lactation and lifetime traits using daughter’s average, least-squares and best linear unbiased prediction methods of sire evaluation and effectiveness of sire evaluation methods. The overall least-squares means for first lactation traits viz. AFC, FLMY, FLP, FDP, FSP and FCI were 1287.12 ± 6.81 days, 1941.16 ± 27.66 kg, 321.60 ± 2.80 days, 195.57 ± 4.07 days, 231.34 ± 4.88 days and 514.86 ± 4.82 days, respectively. The heritability estimates for these first lactation traits were 0.39 ± 0.16, 0.25 ± 0.08, 0.27 ± 0.08, 0.06 ± 0.10, 0.15 ± 0.10 and 0.10 ± 0.10, respectively. The overall least-squares means for lifetime traits viz. LTMY, LTLL and ADMY were 9262.50 ±272.92 kg, 1534.28 ± 36.84 days and 5.94 ± 0.10 kg, respectively. The heritability estimates for these lifetime traits were 0.17 ± 0.07, 0.14 ± 0.07 and 0.49 ± 0.09, respectively. The genetic and phenotypic correlations among all the first lactation and lifetime traits were observed to be moderate to high. The overall least-squares means for the pooled lactation traits viz. LL, TMY, DP, SP and CI were 300.77 ±1.58 days, 1815.192 ± 12.87 kg, 163.74 ± 2.31 days, 192.60 ± 2.35 days and 475.64 ± 2.78 days, respectively. The breeding value of 112 Sahiwal sires with three or more number of daughters for all the first lactation and lifetime traits using three sire evaluation methods viz., D, LSM and BLUP were estimated. The overall breeding values for FLMY were 1711.63 kg (D), 1941.16 kg (LSM) and 1890.08 kg (BLUP), respectively. For LTMY the overall breeding values were 8803.58 kg (D), 9262.50 kg (LSM) and 9815.95 kg (BLUP), respectively. The accuracy, efficiency and stability of EBV’s of sires for the first lactation and lifetime traits were compared by different methods to judge their effectiveness. The estimated breeding values of sires for all the first lactation traits by D, LSM and BLUP revealed that EBV’s of sires estimated by leastsquares method showed smaller genetic variation in comparison to D and BLUP methods. The LSM was adjudged as the most efficient method of sire evaluation. The LSM had minimum error variance for most of the first lactation and lifetime traits and considered to be more superior over other two methods i.e. D and BLUP. The product moment correlations among the estimated breeding value of sires for first lactation traits by D , LSM and BLUP methods ranged from medium to very high and highly significant (P < 0.01) in all the three methods of sire evaluation. The rank correlations among the breeding value of sires estimated from first lactation milk yield and lifetime milk yield were medium to high and highly significant (P < 0.01). Therefore, the daughters of the sires selected on the basis of high first lactation milk yield would tend to produce higher lifetime milk yield. However, the rank of sires for different traits revealed that 6-7% of top sires almost had similar rank and thus suggested that to improve lifetime productivity major culling of bulls should be done on the basis of their daughter’s standard first lactation milk yield.ThesisItem Open Access DUS characterization of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) genotypes by morphological and molecular markers(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2012-08) Priyanka; Rawat, R.S.The present study was carried out on 28 wheat genotypes with the objectives: (i) To provide a detailed description of morphological DUS descriptors for wheat varieties over two years as per the DUS guidelines of PPV & FR Authority. (ii) To determine the relative extent of distinctiveness, uniformity and stability of morphological DUS descriptors. (iii) Characterization of the varieties by molecular markers to supplement the morphological DUS descriptors. The field experiments were conducted in the Rabi seasons 2009-10 and 2010-11 at N. E. Borlaug Crop Research Center and Wheat Grain Quality Laboratory, at G. B. Pant University and Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar. Among the 30 visually assessed DUS descriptors, each 4 were monomorphic and dimorphic and the rest 22 were polymorphic. Out of the 8 measurable characteristics, each 2 were monomorphic and dimorphic and the rest 8 were polymorphic. No intra varietal variation was observed for any of the visual characters in two consecutive years in different wheat genotypes confined the uniformity and stability of genotypes. COYD analysis was made on 8 measurable DUS descriptors of wheat. COYD analysis was complemented with Modified Joint Regression Analysis (MJRA). The slope of the MJRA curves in both the years and regression coefficient indicated that all the considered characters were not completely independent and they are interacting with each other as well as with environment. COYU analysis revealed that all the genotypes were more or less uniform for measurable characters. However seven genotypes crossed the acceptable limits, as the standard deviation for different characters was not yet acceptable after two yeas with the probability of 5%. PCV and GCV showed differences in their magnitude which indicates less stability of these characters. On the basis of eight grouping characteristics nine genotypes were distinguished but all genotypes were not discriminated. Thus to supplement the morphological descriptors, molecular marker analysis was conducted using SSR markers. UPGMA cluster analysis distinguished those genotypes which were not discriminated by the morphological DUS descriptors. The present investigation revealed that all twenty eight genotypes were distinguished with help of molecular and morphological markers. It is concluded that molecular markers may be used as additional descriptors for establishing distinctiveness of wheat genotypes. According to PPV & FR Act 2001, for plant variety protection varietal DUS description is essential. Thus the varieties satisfying the DUS criteria can be registered with PPV & FR authority.