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Open Access
Response of kharif maize (Zea mays L.) to differential placement of fertilizer doses and potassium splitting
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-07) Pandey, Deepak; Bhatnagar, Amit
A field experiment was conducted during the kharif season 2016 and 2017 at the Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar to examine the effect of differential fertilizer placement, potassium splitting and nutrient doses on maize. The experiment consisting of two K split (100% as basal and 50% as basal + 50% at earthing up), eight nutrient doses (75-75-75, 75-75-100,75-100-75, 75-100-100, 100-75-75,100-75-100, 100-100-75 and 100-100-100 per cent of recommended NPK) under differential fertilizer placement depths (50% fertilizers at 10-12 cm and 50% in furrows at 5 cm depth) along with a farmers’ practice treatment (100% recommended NPK dose and furrow application of fertilizers at 5 cm with whole K as basal) was laid out in factorial randomized block design with three replications. The recommended dose of nutrients was 150:60:40 kg N:P2O5:K2O/ha. Planting geometry was 75 cm × 20 cm and crop was grown as per recommended practices. The soil of the experiment site was silty clay loam in texture having medium organic carbon (0.71%), low available nitrogen (234.9 kg/ha) and medium available P (20.7 kg/ha) and K (212.4 kg/ha) contents with neutral pH (7.2). Split application of K had significant impact on growth parameters, yield attributes and yield over its 100% basal application. It resulted in 6.1 and 4.7 per cent increase in grain yield over 100% basal application during 2016 and 2017, respectively. Application of K in splits also fetched higher gross return, net return and B:C ratio than its basal application. Application of 100% NPK being on par with all the nutrient doses in which 100% N was used with either 75 or 100% P and K, produced significantly more growth parameters and yields than the lower doses. Average increment in grain and stover yields under 100% NPK dose was 40.6 and 33.1, respectively over 75% NPK. Economics of cultivation viz. gross return, net return and B:C ratio were also found significantly higher under 100% recommended NPK dose which was at par with 100% N +75% PK, 100% NK+ 75% P and 100% NP+ 75% K. Crop performance in terms of growth, yield attributes and yield was also found significantly higher under differential fertilizer placement with and without K split application than farmers’ practice. Research findings of this study revealed that splitting of potassium in two equal parts i.e. 50% basal and 50% at earthing up in kharif maize is the better option against its whole application in basal in terms of productivity, profitability and nutrient use efficiency under silty clay loam soils of Pantnagar. Differential placement of fertilizers (50% in root zone at 10-12 cm and 50% in seed zone in furrows at 5 cm) can help in saving of 25% recommend dose of P and K.
Open Access
Rice residue management for wheat under different tillage systems in Indo-Gangetic plains (India)
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-07) Sirazuddin; Singh, V.Pratap
Field experiments entitled “Rice Residue Management for Wheat under Different Tillage Systems in Indo-Gangetic Plains (India)” were conducted in D-2 block of Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (Uttarakhand) during 2017-18 and 2018-19. The objectives of the investigation were to study effect of tillage systems and residue loads on the growth and productivity of wheat, weed species and biomass, properties of soil and energy consumption and economics of different treatments. Field experiments were laid in strip plot design with three tillage systems viz. conventional tillage, reduced tillage and zero tillage systems in vertical strip and three residue loads viz. no residue, 3 and 5 t/ha in horizontal strips and replicated thrice. Rice variety (Narendra Dhan 359) and wheat variety (UP 2628) were used during the study. Tillage systems and residue loads did not influence emergence count and plant height of wheat significantly during both the years. CTW recorded higher plant dry matter and root growth of wheat than ZTW. Tillage systems did not affect number of spikes/m2, length of spike, number of grains per spike, grain weight/spike and 1000-grain weight significantly during both the years. Residue load of 3 t/ha being at par with no residue recorded significantly more number of grains/spike than 5 t/ha during both the years. ZTW recorded comparable grain as well as system grain yield with CTW and RTW. Residue load did not influence the grain and system grain yield significantly during both the years. In the first year, CTW and RTW recorded more population of all major BLWs than that of Phalaris minor. In second year, in tilled plots Phalaris minor dominated BLWs. In ZTW, Coronopus didymus was the most dominating weed species during both the years. The total weed dry matter was the lowest with ZTW in both the years. Tillage system ZTW recorded the higher bulk density and soil moisture than RTW and CTW. Residue load did not influence the bulk density and soil moisture significantly. ZTW recorded 9.11 and 6.19% higher organic carbon stock than CTW and RTW, respectively. ZTW and 5 t/ha residue load recorded the highest dehydrogenase activity in soil. ZTW saved 59.5% fuel against CTW. ZTW consumed 73.77% less mean energy compared to CTW. Combination of ZTW with 3 t/ha residue load recorded higher energy use efficiency, energy productivity and lesser specific energy. ZTW incurred 33.56 and 29.79% lower cost of cultivation than CTW in the first and second year, respectively. Management of rice residue i.e. 3 or 5 t/ha, involved 8.97 and 8.08% more cost of cultivation than no residue in the first and second year, respectively. Tillage practice ZTW and treatment no residue recorded higher system B: C ratio than respective controls.
Open Access
Agronomic biofortification of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with zinc
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-09) Praharaj, Subhashisa; Singh, Rohitashav
A field experiment entitled “Agronomic biofortification of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with zinc” was conducted during rabi season of 2017-2018 and 2018-19 in the E-2 block of Norman E. Borlaug, Crop Research Centre (CRC) of G.B Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District, Udham Singh Nagar (Uttarakhand). The experiment was conducted with 12 treatments and 3 replications in a randomized block design. The treatments consisted of different zinc fertilization practices which includes the following: T1 (control) , T2 (soil application @ 25 kg ZnSO4.7H2O) , T3 (Nutri priming with 0.3% ZnSO4.7H2O), T4 (T2+T3), T5 (foliar application of 0.5% ZnSO4.7H2O), T6 (foliar application of 0.5% ZnSO4.7H2O + 1% urea), T7 (T2+T5), T8 (T3+T5), T9(T4+T5), T10 (T2+T6), T11 (T3+T6) and T12 (T4+T6). Results suggested that the treatments where zinc was applied through soil application, alone or in combination with other application methods (T2, T4, T7, T9, T10, T12) performed significantly better over rest of the treatments in all the growth, yield attributing characters and yield parameters. However there was no significant difference among these (T2, T4, T7, T9, T10, T12) treatments. Foliar application and nutria-priming treatment was ineffective in bringing significant improvement in growth, yield attributing characters and yield of the crop. Foliar application was very effective in improving grain zinc concentration. Soil application was also effective in improving grain zinc concentration, however they were less effective than foliar application. Combined application of soil and foliar application (T2 + T5 or T2+T6) was found to be the best treatment as they resulted in yield enhancement and grain zinc enrichment. Combined application of soil and foliar application also showed higher benefit cost ratio compared to other treatments. Considering widespread zinc deficiency in soil as well as human diet, agronomic biofortification approach can help in improving both productivity and grain zinc concentration of wheat. This will help in addressing the issue of hunger and malnutrition to a great extent.
Open Access
Effect of seed priming and foliar nutrition on yield and seed quality of timely and late sown wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-07) Reena; Verma, Omvati
The present investigation was carried out during rabi season of 2016-17 and 2017-18 at Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar. The experiment was laid out on wheat variety UP-2565 in spilt plot design with three replications. Main plot treatments consisted of two date of sowing viz. timely (Nov 28) and late (Dec 28) and seed priming treatment consisted of seed priming with 2.0% KCl for 12 hours and non primed seed. Sub plot treatment consisted of foliar spray of nutrients viz. 0.5% ZnSO4, 0.5% CaCl2, 0.5% KNO3 and 2.0% urea along with no spray treatment. Foliar sprays were done at maximum tillering and 80% flowering stages. The results revealed that delay in sowing from Nov 28 to Dec 28 resulted significant reduction in grain yield (22.9 and 24.0% during 2016-17 and 2017-18, respectively). Late sown crop experienced significantly higher canopy temperature, lower relative water content and nitrate reductase activity recorded at 15 days after anthesis. Commencement of phenological pahses viz. days to booting, heading, anthesis and physiological maturity occurred earlier in late sown wheat crop as compared to timely sown crop. Nutrient uptake was also significantly reduced in late (Dec 28) sown crop than timely (Nov 28) sown crop. Seed quality in terms of germination, seedling length, seedling dry weight, seedling vigour index, dehydrogenase and alpha amylase activity reduced in produce of late sown wheat crop, whereas, seed protein content was significantly higher in late sown wheat crop. In contrast to this, starch content was higher in timely sown wheat in comparision to late sown wheat. Among seed priming treatments, 2.0% KCl for 12 hours significantly improved field emergence, speed of emergence and plant stand per square metre upto 30 days of sowing. Thereafter, seed priming had no significant effect on crop growth, yield, nutrient uptake and seed quality. Among foliar spray, urea spray @ 2.0% and ZnSO4 @ 0.5% recorded higher grain yield and seed quality in comparision to other foliar treatments. In general foliar application of nutrients particularly urea increased nutrient uptake by the wheat crop. Foliar spray of 2.0% urea in timely (Nov 28) sown crop was found most effective combination to improve quantity and quality of seed. It was also the most remunerative treatment giving the highest net return with B: C ratio. Though, foliar spray of nutrients was less effective in late (Dec 28) than timely (Nov 28) sown wheat, foliar treatment in late sown wheat significantly improved the yield over no spray. Foliar spray of 2.0% urea in late sown wheat recorded maximum grain yield which was at par with spray of 0.5% ZnSO4 in late and no spray in timely sown wheat crop. Thus, foliar spray of urea @ 2.0% and ZnSO4 @ 0.5% at maximum tillering and 80% flowering stage were economically more effective for both the sowing dates and can compensate the yield and quality loss
Open Access
Standardization of irrigation schedule and nutrients dose for drip irrigated direct seeded scented rice (Oryza sativa L.)
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-07) Samartha; Singh, Gurvinder
A field experiment was conducted in C5 block of the Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (Uttarakhand), India during two consecutive kharif seasons of 2016 and 2017 to standardize the irrigation schedule and nutrients dose for drip irrigated direct seeded scented rice. The soil of the experimental site was sandy loam in texture, neutral in reaction (pH 7.3), medium organic carbon (0.72%), low in available nitrogen (237.9kg/ha) and medium in available phosphorus (18.1kg ha-1) and available potassium (184.4kg/ha). The bulk density of the top 0-15 cm soil was 1.52 Mg/m3. The basic infiltration rate was 1.3 cm/hour. The experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design (Factorial RBD) and comprised of 9 treatment combinations with three levels of drip irrigation scheduling based on CPE losses in previous 48 hours and three nutrient doses (50%, 75% and 100% of recommended NPK ) with one control (DSR with flood irrigation) replicated thrice. The dripper discharge rate was 2.2 LPH. In flood irrigated DSR, irrigation was given at 3 days after disappearance of pooled water. The recommended dose of NPK was 100:60:40 kg/ha. Entire P and K and 25% N were applied as basal whereas remaining N was applied in 10 equal splits through urea. In control, entire P and K was applied as basal while N was top dressed in 3 splits. Rice variety “Pant Basmati-1” was used. Drip irrigation level at 150% CPE recorded the maximum value of all growth parameters like plant height, tillers per m2, shoot dry matter accumulation, leaves per m2, LAI, root: shoot, root volume and weight density with maximum SPAD and NDVI value. Drip irrigation at 150% CPE produced significantly higher grain (4.60 t/ha in 2016 and 5.38 t/ha in 2017) and straw yield (7.25 t/ha in 2016 and 8.7 t/ha in 2017) than 100% CPE but remained at par with 125% CPE irrigation level during both the years. The maximum gross, net returns and benefit: cost ratio were observed at 150% CPE level during both the years. Crop irrigated at 100% CPE level saved 75.9 and 58.6% irrigation water whereas 125% CPE saved 69.8 and 48.4% against the flood method in 2016 and 2017, respectively. The maximum NPK uptake by grain and straw was found at 150% CPE. The energy use efficiency was found maximum with 150% CPE. Increasing the NPK levels increased the rice growth parameters. Crop nourished with 100% NPK produced significantly higher grain yield than 50% NPK with an increase of 12.4 and 16.0% in 2016 and 2017, respectively. It also recorded maximum straw yield during both the years. Crop fertilized with 100% NPK level fetched significantly higher gross return, net return and benefit: cost ratio than lower nutrient levels during both the years. The fertigation level of 100% NPK recorded the maximum water productivity, energy use efficiency and NPK uptake by grain and straw. The flood method of direct seeded rice recorded minimum value of all growth parameters. Drip irrigated rice produced significantly higher grain yield with an increase of 20.4 and 19.3% in comparison to flood method in 2016 and 2017, respectively and straw yield was found statistically at par with flood method. Drip irrigated rice gave significantly higher water productivity, gross and net returns and benefit: cost ratio than flood method. The NPK uptake by grain and straw and energy use efficiency was found higher with drip method. On the basis of finding at present study it can be inferred that in a sandy loam soil, direct seeded rice should be drip irrigated at 125% CPE level and should be fertigated with 75% NPK.
Open Access
Response of spring sweet corn (Zea mays L. var. saccharata) to irrigation scheduling and moisture conservation practices under different sowing methods
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-06) Datta, Debarati; Subhash Chandra
Field experiments were conducted during spring season of 2017 and 2018 at C5 block of Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar to investigate the effect of irrigation levels, sowing methods and moisture conservation practices on spring season sweet corn hybrid variety Sugar-75 in a sandy loam soil. Irrigation was applied at three ratios (IW/CPE of 1.0, 1.2 and 1.4). Sowing was done in flat beds and furrows and moisture conservation practices viz., biochar @ 3.0 t ha-1 and mulch @ 6.0 t ha-1 were adopted. The experiment was laid out in Split plot Design with two factors in main plot and one factor in subplot having total eighteen treatments with three replications. Increasing irrigation frequency favorably affected the growth and yield attributes. For husked cob, green fodder and biological yields, sweet corn responded significantly upto IW/CPE 1.4 in 2017 and was at par with 1.2 in 2018. The stressed plots (IW/CPE 1.0) were at par with IW/CPE 1.2 and resulted in better quality with respect to TSS and non reducing sugars. The protein content was found to be non significant due to irrigation levels. The highest B: C was obtained in IW/CPE 1.4 and was at par with 1.2 during both the years. The consumptive use of water was the highest with IW/CPE 1.4 (mean) while WUE and IWUE with IW/CPE 1.0. Soil quality with respect to bulk density, pH, EC, nutrient content and microbiological activities were mostly improved under higher moisture regimes. Furrow sowing method resulted in a significant increase in the growth parameters, nutrient uptake, soil health, yield attributing characters, water use parameters and B: C as compared to flat method. Furrow sowing saved 25% irrigation water. With respect to husked cob yield, furrow method registered an increase in yield to the tune of 8.2 and 7.5%, respectively during two years. Importantly irrigation at IW/CPE 1.2 in furrow sowing was at par with IW/CPE 1.4 in flat sowing. The crop quality was better in furrow sowing as compared to flat sowing with non significant differences. Among the moisture conservation practices, biochar and mulch recorded superior value in terms of growth, yield attributes, dehusked cob yield, green fodder, biological yield, TSS, nutrient uptake, IWUE as compared to control. Mulch resulted in highest B: C while the lowest was with biochar. Soil properties viz., pH, organic carbon, bulk density, microbial activities were significantly improved with biochar followed by mulch. Thus, in northern India sweet corn needs to be irrigated at IW/CPE 1.2-1.4 in spring season. Furrow sowing and use of mulch and biochar further augmented the performance of sweet corn in a sandy loam soil.
Open Access
Integrated nutrient management for yield and quality assessment in Kalmegh [Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Wall. ex Nees]
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-05) Verma, Himanshu; Negi, M.S.
A field experiment was conducted during kharif seasons of 2017-18 and 2018-19 at Medicinal Plants Research & Development Centre (M. R. D. C) of the G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar (Uttarakhand) to study the effect of organic manures and fertility levels on yield, quality, N, P & K contents, and uptake and economics of the kalmegh [Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees]. The soil of the experimental site was sandy clay loam in texture having high organic carbon, low available nitrogen, high available phosphorus and medium in exchangeable potassium with slightly alkaline in reaction. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three levels of organic manure and four fertility levels replicated thrice. The organic manures [no organic manure (control), vermicompost @ 5 t/ha and poultry manure @ 5 t/ha] were taken in main plots while the fertility levels [0: 50: 50, 50: 50: 50, 75: 50: 50 and 75 (37.5 + 37.5): 50: 50 kg N, P2O5 and K2O per hectare] were taken in the sub plots. Application of the organic manures and fertility levels influenced the growth characteristics, yield attributes, quality and economics of the crop significantly during both the years of experimentation. Significantly higher dry herbage and andrographolide yields were recorded with application of vermicompost @ 5 t/ha along with 75 kg N/ha in two splits during both the years of study. The highest net returns were recorded with application of vermicompost @ 5 t/ha along with 75 kg N in two splits per hectare followed by poultry manure @ 5 t/ha along with 75 kg N in two splits. On the basis of the two years study, it can be concluded that vermicompost shall be applied @ 5 t/ha along with 75 kg N/ha in two splits (37.5 kg as basal + 37.5 kg as top dressing at 25 days after transplanting), 50 kg P2O5 and 50 kg K2O per hectare for getting higher herbage yield of kalmegh along with quality in terms of andrographolide yield and higher net return.
Open Access
Formulation of nano apatite from eggshell for efficacy assessment in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-07) Pradeep Ram; Rajeew Kumar
Nano hydroxyapatite was formulated from eggshell using standard methodology and characterized by DLS and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The characterisation results proved the nanoscale size of synthesized hydroxyapatite. The efficacy of nano hydroxyapatite along with nano rock phosphate was assessed on wheat seed germination and seedling growth indices. The experiment was conducted under laboratory condition with 5 treatments including nano hydroxyapatite and nano rock phosphate at 50 and 100 ppm along with control (water soaking). Experiment was conducted in completely randomized block design with 4 replications. To find out the optimum concentration of nano hydroxyapatite and nano rock phosphate, experiments were conducted under pot condition with 3 doses of fertilizers (RDF, 50% RDF and control) and 4 concentrations of nanoparticles spray (0, 150, 300 and 450 ppm). Experiments were conducted in completely randomized block design with 3 replications. To assess the efficacy of nano hydroxyapatite and nano rock phosphate on wheat field experiments were conducted with 9 treatments viz; RDF, RDF + spray of nano hydroxyapatite (nHA)/nano rock phosphate (nRP) at 30 DAS, RDF + spray of nHA/nRP at 30 and 60 DAS, 50% RDF, 50% RDF + spray of nHA/nRP at 30 DAS and 50% RDF + spray of nHA/nRP at 30 and 60 DAS, Control, Control + spray of nHA/nRP at 30 DAS, Control + spray of nHA/nRP at 30 and 60 DAS. Experiments were conducted in randomized block design with 3 replications. Laboratory experiment revealed that wheat seed treatment either with nano hydroxyapatite or nano RP at 100 ppm improved the seedling growth parameters and seedling growth vigour of wheat. However, the germination percentage was not affected significantly due to the nanopatricles seed treatment. The results of pot experiment revealed that spray of nano hydroxyapatite and nano RP gives the highest plant height and tillers/pot when applied at the rate of 300 ppm. The field experiment results of the both the experiments on nano hydroxyapatite and nano RP revealed that RDF+ spray of nano hydroxyapatite at 30 and 60 DAS and RDF + sprays of nano RP at 30 and 60 DAS reported better growth parameters, growth indices, physiological parameters, yield attributes, yield, nutrient uptake, nutrient use efficiency and economic return. While comparing the nano hydroxyapatite and nano RP, nano hydroxyapatite recordedbetter growth parameters, growth indices, physiological parameters, yield attributes, yield, nutrient uptake and nutrient use efficiency. While both the nanoparticles remain significantly at par with each other. RDF+ sprays of nano hydroxyapatite at 30 and 60 DAS proved the best nutrient management tool for wheat in term of productivity, nutrient use efficiency and economic return.
Open Access
Studies on organic, inorganic and integrated modes of production under basmati rice (Oryza sativa L.)-based cropping systems in Mollisols
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-08) Nanda, Gangadhar; Singh, D.K.
The field experiment entitled “Studies on organic, inorganic and integrated modes of production under basmati rice (Oryza sativa L.)-based cropping systems in Mollisols” was conducted in a long-term field trial going on since 2004-05 at G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar during two consecutive years (2016-17 and 2017-18). The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three modes of production (organic, inorganic and integrated) in main plots and four basmati rice-based cropping systems (basmati rice-vegetable pea + coriander, basmati rice-chickpea + coriander, basmati rice-potato and basmati rice-wheat) in sub-plots replicated thrice. During 13th and 14th cycle, organic mode of production was superior over inorganic modes of production in terms of growth, yield attributes and yield of basmati rice, system productivity, economics ( net return and B:C ratio), energetics (net energy and energy use efficiency) and resource use efficiency (production efficiency and land use efficiency) during both the years of experimentation. Organic mode had better soil physical properties (water holding capacity and bulk density), chemical properties (pH, EC, available N, P, K and S and DTPA extractable Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn) and biological properties (dehydrogenase, acid and alkaline phosphatase activity) along with higher soil organic carbon sequestration and its rate than inorganic mode of production. Legume included cropping systems basmati rice-chickpea + coriander and basmati rice-vegetable pea + coriander improved the growth and yield attributes and yield of basmati rice than basmati rice-wheat cropping system during both the years. Basmati rice-vegetable pea + coriander and basmati rice-chickpea + coriander cropping systems also improved the system productivity in terms of rice equivalent yield with higher profits (net return and B:C ratio) than basmati rice-wheat cropping system during both the years. These legume included cropping systems also involved lower energy consumption and therefore recorded higher energy use efficiency than basmati rice-wheat cropping system during both the years. Further, these cropping systems were superior in terms of production efficiency. Basmati rice-chickpea + coriander and basmati rice-vegetable pea + coriander also improved soil physical properties (water holding capacity and bulk density), chemical properties (pH, available N, P, K and S and DTPA extractable Fe, Mn and Cu) and biological properties (dehydrogenase, acid and alkaline phosphatase activity) along with higher soil organic carbon sequestration and its rate than basmati rice-wheat cropping system. Organic mode of production in long run has been found to enhance basmati rice productivity and also the system productivity. Inclusion of legumes in the system viz., chickpea/vegetable pea have shown promise to replace wheat during rabi season.

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