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Open Access
Formulation of nano apatite from eggshell for efficacy assessment in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-07) Pradeep Ram; Rajeew Kumar
Nano hydroxyapatite was formulated from eggshell using standard methodology and characterized by DLS and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The characterisation results proved the nanoscale size of synthesized hydroxyapatite. The efficacy of nano hydroxyapatite along with nano rock phosphate was assessed on wheat seed germination and seedling growth indices. The experiment was conducted under laboratory condition with 5 treatments including nano hydroxyapatite and nano rock phosphate at 50 and 100 ppm along with control (water soaking). Experiment was conducted in completely randomized block design with 4 replications. To find out the optimum concentration of nano hydroxyapatite and nano rock phosphate, experiments were conducted under pot condition with 3 doses of fertilizers (RDF, 50% RDF and control) and 4 concentrations of nanoparticles spray (0, 150, 300 and 450 ppm). Experiments were conducted in completely randomized block design with 3 replications. To assess the efficacy of nano hydroxyapatite and nano rock phosphate on wheat field experiments were conducted with 9 treatments viz; RDF, RDF + spray of nano hydroxyapatite (nHA)/nano rock phosphate (nRP) at 30 DAS, RDF + spray of nHA/nRP at 30 and 60 DAS, 50% RDF, 50% RDF + spray of nHA/nRP at 30 DAS and 50% RDF + spray of nHA/nRP at 30 and 60 DAS, Control, Control + spray of nHA/nRP at 30 DAS, Control + spray of nHA/nRP at 30 and 60 DAS. Experiments were conducted in randomized block design with 3 replications. Laboratory experiment revealed that wheat seed treatment either with nano hydroxyapatite or nano RP at 100 ppm improved the seedling growth parameters and seedling growth vigour of wheat. However, the germination percentage was not affected significantly due to the nanopatricles seed treatment. The results of pot experiment revealed that spray of nano hydroxyapatite and nano RP gives the highest plant height and tillers/pot when applied at the rate of 300 ppm. The field experiment results of the both the experiments on nano hydroxyapatite and nano RP revealed that RDF+ spray of nano hydroxyapatite at 30 and 60 DAS and RDF + sprays of nano RP at 30 and 60 DAS reported better growth parameters, growth indices, physiological parameters, yield attributes, yield, nutrient uptake, nutrient use efficiency and economic return. While comparing the nano hydroxyapatite and nano RP, nano hydroxyapatite recordedbetter growth parameters, growth indices, physiological parameters, yield attributes, yield, nutrient uptake and nutrient use efficiency. While both the nanoparticles remain significantly at par with each other. RDF+ sprays of nano hydroxyapatite at 30 and 60 DAS proved the best nutrient management tool for wheat in term of productivity, nutrient use efficiency and economic return.
Open Access
Studies on organic, inorganic and integrated modes of production under basmati rice (Oryza sativa L.)-based cropping systems in Mollisols
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-08) Nanda, Gangadhar; Singh, D.K.
The field experiment entitled “Studies on organic, inorganic and integrated modes of production under basmati rice (Oryza sativa L.)-based cropping systems in Mollisols” was conducted in a long-term field trial going on since 2004-05 at G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar during two consecutive years (2016-17 and 2017-18). The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three modes of production (organic, inorganic and integrated) in main plots and four basmati rice-based cropping systems (basmati rice-vegetable pea + coriander, basmati rice-chickpea + coriander, basmati rice-potato and basmati rice-wheat) in sub-plots replicated thrice. During 13th and 14th cycle, organic mode of production was superior over inorganic modes of production in terms of growth, yield attributes and yield of basmati rice, system productivity, economics ( net return and B:C ratio), energetics (net energy and energy use efficiency) and resource use efficiency (production efficiency and land use efficiency) during both the years of experimentation. Organic mode had better soil physical properties (water holding capacity and bulk density), chemical properties (pH, EC, available N, P, K and S and DTPA extractable Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn) and biological properties (dehydrogenase, acid and alkaline phosphatase activity) along with higher soil organic carbon sequestration and its rate than inorganic mode of production. Legume included cropping systems basmati rice-chickpea + coriander and basmati rice-vegetable pea + coriander improved the growth and yield attributes and yield of basmati rice than basmati rice-wheat cropping system during both the years. Basmati rice-vegetable pea + coriander and basmati rice-chickpea + coriander cropping systems also improved the system productivity in terms of rice equivalent yield with higher profits (net return and B:C ratio) than basmati rice-wheat cropping system during both the years. These legume included cropping systems also involved lower energy consumption and therefore recorded higher energy use efficiency than basmati rice-wheat cropping system during both the years. Further, these cropping systems were superior in terms of production efficiency. Basmati rice-chickpea + coriander and basmati rice-vegetable pea + coriander also improved soil physical properties (water holding capacity and bulk density), chemical properties (pH, available N, P, K and S and DTPA extractable Fe, Mn and Cu) and biological properties (dehydrogenase, acid and alkaline phosphatase activity) along with higher soil organic carbon sequestration and its rate than basmati rice-wheat cropping system. Organic mode of production in long run has been found to enhance basmati rice productivity and also the system productivity. Inclusion of legumes in the system viz., chickpea/vegetable pea have shown promise to replace wheat during rabi season.
Open Access
Crop geometry and weed management practices in aerobic rice (Oryza sativa L.)
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-07) Kaushik, Vasundhara; Singh, S.P.
A field experiment was conducted during kharif season of 2017 at of N.E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre of G.B. Pant University of Technology, Pantnagar (Uttarakhand) to evaluate “Crop Geometry and Weed Management Practices in aerobic Rice”. The experiment was aimed to optimize row spacing vis weed management in aerobic rice and the impact of treatments on weed and crop growth and ultimately on yield of crop. The soil of the experimental site was silty clay loam having organic carbon (0.84 %), available nitrogen (180.2 kg/ha), available phosphorous (18.2 kg/ha) and potassium (210.5 kg/ha). Rice variety: “Pant dhan 18” was sown on June 9th 2017 and harvested on 12 Oct 2017. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with four replications to evaluate twelve treatments (three row spacing in the main- plot 20cm, 25cm and 30cm and four weed management practices in sub-plots i.e. weedy check, Preemergence application of pendimethalin 1000 kg fb post-emergence penoxsulam 22.5g/ha, post-emergence application of cyhalofop-butyl 150 g/ha and weed free). Echinochloa colona , Cyperus iria, Cyperus difformis , Alternanthera sessilis were the major weeds recorded in the experimental plot. Pre-emergence application of pendimethalin 1000 kg/ha fb penoxsulam 22.5 g/ha along with the row spacing of 25 cm was found most effective in reducing the density as well as the dry matter accumulation of weeds as compared to the sole application of the post-emergence herbicide cyhalofop-butyl + penoxsulam 150 g/ha and rest of the treatment. The yield and yield attributing characters were influenced according to the effectiveness of the treatments. Among the different row spacing 25cm spacing recorded the highest the grain yield (4.2t/ha) followed by the 20cm row spacing (4.0t/ha) while among the weed management practices sequential application of pendimethalin 1000 kg/ha applied as pre fb post-emergence application of penoxsulam 22.5 g/ha recorded highest grain yield (4.4 t/ha) fb the cyhalofop-butyl + penoxsulam 150 g/ha applied as post-emergence (4.3t/ha). The highest benefit cost ratio was recorded in pre and post emergence application of pendimethalin 1000 kg/ha and penoxsulam 22.5 g/ha followed by the post –emergence application of cyhalofopbutyl + penoxsulam 150 g/ha which suggest that sequential application of pre and post- emergence herbicide along with the 25cm row spacing was found to be effective in controlling the weeds and also give higher yield under aerobic rice.
Open Access
Performance of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop as affected by tillage and innovative residue management under rice-wheat cropping system
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-07) Chauhan, Varsha; Dhyani, V.C.
The present investigation was conducted during Rabi season of 2017-18 at NEBCRC of GBPUAT, Pantnagar (29o N, 79o E and at an altitude of 243.83 mm) to study the performance of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) as affected by tillage and innovative residue management under rice-wheat cropping system. The soil of the experiment site was silty clay loam in texture having medium organic carbon (0.70), medium available nitrogen (256 kg/ ha), medium available phosphorus (20.2 kg/ ha), medium available potassium (190.8 kg/ ha) with neutral (7.3) soil reaction. The experiment consisting of 7 establishment methods and residue management viz., conventional transplanted rice followed by conventional tillage wheat without residue CTR-CTW(NR), conventional transplanted rice followed by conventional tillage wheat with residue as biochar @ 3 t/ha CTRCTW (BRW), zero tillage rice followed by zero tillage wheat with residue recycling @ 30% ZTR-ZTW(RR), direct seeded rice followed by zero tillage wheat without residue DSR-ZTW(NR), direct seeded rice followed by zero tillage wheat with residue recycling DSR-ZTW(RR), direct seeded rice followed by zero tillage wheat with biochar in rice and wheat seasons DSR-ZTW(BRW) and direct seeded rice followed by zero tillage wheat with biochar only in rice season DSR-ZTW(BR). The wheat variety WH-1105 was sown on 16 november at 22.5 cm row spacing and with seed rate of 100 kg/ ha. Recommended dose of NPK 150, 60, 40 kg/ha uniform for all the treatments under experiment. Highest grain yield of wheat was obtained in CTR-CTW(NR) which was at par with CTR-CTW (BRW), DSR-ZTW (BRW), DSR-ZTW (BW) and DSR-ZTW (NR). All these treatments were statistically superior with rest all other treatments. The superiority of these treatments was due to higher spikes/m2 at the time of harvesting and similar trend was also observed in NDVI value, chlorophyll content and Relative Chloropyll Content value. Except spikes/m2 and grain weight/spike, all yield contributing characters were at par in treatments. Significantly higher shoot number, NDVI value was observed in CTW treatments compared to ZTW treatments indicating slow growth during initial period (30 days), however in later crop stage shoot growth got recuperated in DSR-ZTW (RR), DSR-ZTW (BRW) and DSR-ZTW (BR) treatments. Greatest shoot decline was seen in conventionally tilled plots during 60-90 days stage.DSR-ZTW (RR), DSR-ZTW(BRW) and DSRZTW (BR) treatment although had significantly lower shoot count at 30 days however biomass was at par with CTR-CTW treatments. Treatments however failed to influence phenology of crop. NPK content was non-significantly affected by treatments, however total N uptake, grain and straw N uptake and grain K uptake was significant due to treatments. CTR-CTW (NR), CTR-CTW (BRW), DSRZTW ( BRW) and DSR-ZTW (BR) were at par in terms of total N uptake. All treatments remained at par with respect to grain k uptake except ZTR-ZTW (RR). ZTR-ZTW (RR) treatment remained poor with respect to growth, yield attributes, physiological parameters and ultimately yield. Zero tillage plots had higher available N compared to CTR-ZTW treatments in soil with maximum value was achieved in DSR-ZTW (BRW) plots. Tillage in CTR-CTW treatments had higher cost of cultivation further escalated by biochar treatments. CTRCTW (NR) treatment fetched higher gross and net returns with only 6.8 and 7.3 % higher net returns compared to CTR-CTW (BRW) and DSR-ZTW (BR) treatments.Highest B:C ratio was recorded under CTR-CTW(NR), DSR-ZTW(NR) andDSR-ZTW(BR) treatments. On the basis of this one season study, it can be concluded that Benefit cost ratio was similar in CTRCTW (NR), DSR-ZTW (NR) and DSR-ZTW (BR). CTR-CTW (NR), CTR-CTW (BRW), DSR-ZTW (NR) and DSR-ZTW (BR) had statistically similar yield. Future research lies in evaluating treatments under study on long term basis to have clear cut recommendation about tillage and residue management and their impact on soil properties.
Open Access
Impact of integrated weed management on dry direct seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.) under irrigated ecosystem
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-06) Kashyap, Suryakanta; Singh, V. Pratap
A field experiment was conducted during 2017 at N.E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre of Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, to evaluate "Impact of integrated weed management on dry Direct Seeded Rice (Oryza sativa L.) under irrigated ecosystem". The experiment was conducted with the objectives to find out the suitable integrated method of weed management for reduction of weeds, good crop growth, higher yield and economics of different weed management treatments. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replication and twelve treatments stale seed bed with shallow tillage fb post emergence application of penoxsulam (PoE) at 22.5g/ha, stale seed bed with shallow tillage fb pre emergence application of pendimethalin (PE) at 1000 g/ha along with 1 hand weeding (HW) 30DAS, stale seed bed with shallow tillage fb application of preemergence application of pendimethalin fb 1 mechanical weeding (MW) with conoweeder at 25 DAS along with 1HW at 45 DAS, mulch (wheat straw of 4t/ha) fb post emergence application of penoxsulam at 22.5g/ha fb 1HW at 45 DAS, post emergence application of penoxsulam at 22.5g/ha fb 1HW at 45 DAS, Sesbania line sowing with pre-emergence application of Pendimethalin fb 1 mechanical weeding fb 1HW at 45 DAS, Sesbania broadcasting fb brown manuring with 2,4-d at 500 g/ha (brown manuring with) along with 1 HW at 45 DAS, stale seed bed with shallow tillage fb Sesbania line sowing fb preemergence pendimethalin fb brown manuring with 2,4-D at 500 g/ha fb1 HW at 45 DAS, pre emergence application of pendimethalin fb penoxsulam (PoE) fb 1HW 45 DAS, pre-emergence application of pendimethalin fb penoxsulam (PoE) fb 1HW 45 DAS (20cm), weedy check and weedy free. All the treatments were in 25 cm except one. The main weed species observed in the experimental field were Echinochloa cruss:galli, Echinochloa colona, Leptochloa chinensis, Cyperus irea, Cyperus difformis, Ammania baccifera and Alternanthera sessilis. However maximum reduction in weed density and dry matter accumulation was recorded under recommended practice with narrower spacing (20cm) followed by pre emergence application of pendimethalin fb penoxsulam(PoE) fb 1HW 45 DAS at 25 cm spacing which was statistically at par with stale seed bed with shallow tillage fb application of pre-emergence application of pendimethalin fb 1 mechanical weeding (MW) with conoweeder at 25 DAS along with 1HW at 45 DAS, mulch fb penoxsulam (PoE) fb 1HW at 45 DAS, Sesbania line sowing with pre-emergence application of Pendimethalin fb 1 mechanical weeding fb 1HW at 45 DAS and stale seed bed with shallow tillage fb Sesbania line sowing fb pre-emergence pendimethalin fb brown manuring with 2,4-D at 500 g/ha fb1 HW at 45 DAS. Higher yield and yield attributing characters were recorded under pre emergence application of pendimethalin fb penoxsulam(PoE) fb 1HW 45 DAS at 25 cm spacing which was statistically at par with stale seed bed with shallow tillage fb application of pre-emergence application of pendimethalin fb 1 mechanical weeding (MW) with conoweeder at 25 DAS along with 1HW at 45 DAS, mulch fb penoxsulam (PoE) fb 1HW at 45 DAS, Sesbania line sowing with pre-emergence application of Pendimethalin fb 1 mechanical weeding fb 1HW at 45 DAS and stale seed bed with shallow tillage fb Sesbania line sowing fb pre-emergence pendimethalin fb brown manuring with 2,4-D at 500 g/ha fb1 HW at 45 DAS. Whereas, benefit cost ratio was found higher (2.1) under pre emergence application of pendimethalin fb penoxsulam(PoE) fb 1HW 45 DAS at 25 cm spacing which was statistically at par with stale seed bed with shallow tillage fb application of pre-emergence application of pendimethalin fb 1 mechanical weeding (MW) with conoweeder at 25 DAS along with 1HW at 45 DAS, mulch fb penoxsulam (PoE) fb 1HW at 45 DAS and Sesbania line sowing with pre-emergence application of pendimethalin fb 1 mechanical weeding fb 1HW at 45 DAS.
Open Access
Sowing dates and differed mulching study in sweet corn (Zea mays L.var. saccharata) in spring season
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-06) Dehury, Shraddhanjali; Bhatnagar, Amit
Field experiment was conducted at N.E.B. Crop Research Centre, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar during spring season 2016 to study the effect of different sowing dates and time of application of rice straw mulch @5t/ha on growth, yield and economics of sweet corn (Zea mays L. var. saccharata). The soil of experiment plots was sandy loam in texture with neutral in reaction, organic carbon (0.65%), available nitrogen (289 kg/ha) and available phosphorus (29.1 kg/ha) and available potassium (245.3 kg/ha). The experiment consisted of 12 treatments; having 4 sowing dates (8th, 18th, 28th February and 10th March) and 3 time of mulch application (no mulch, mulch application after 2nd and 3rd irrigation) was laid out in Split Plot Design with three replications. Sowing dates were accommodated in main plots and mulch treatments in sub plots. The plant height, leaf area per plant, dry matter accumulation per plant, crop growth rate, relative growth rate, net assimilation rate, cob length, cob girth, husked cob yield, dehusked cob yield, biological yield, TSS in grains, production efficiency and economics were influenced significantly by sowing dates. Crop sown on 8th February being at par with 18th February resulted in significantly more husked cob yield (15870 kg/ha), dehusked cob yield (11427 kg/ha) and total soluble solids (15.59 brix) than that of other sowing dates. Irrigation water use efficiency remained at par among all sowing dates but water productivity was significantly highest in first sowing date and was significantly lower in last sowing date. The maximum gross return (Rs. 171406/ha), net return (Rs. 110361 /ha) and B:C (1.80 ) were obtained under 8th February which was at par with 18th February but significantly superior to rest of sowing dates. Application of rice straw mulch after 2nd irrigation being at par with mulch application after 3rd irrigation resulted into better growth and produced significantly more husked cob yield (15497 kg/ha), dehusked cob yield (11128 kg/ha), production efficiency, irrigation water use efficiency and water productivity than without mulch. TSS in grain was not affected significantly by mulch application. The maximum gross return (Rs. 166932/ha), net return (Rs. 105337/ha) and B:C (1.71) were recorded under mulch application after 2nd irrigation that was significantly higher than without mulch but remained statistically same with mulch application after 3rd irrigation.
Open Access
Effect of mulch and sulphur sources on the productivity and quality of yellow sarson (Brassica rapa L. var. yellow sarson)
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-07) Panwar, Shobhit; Mahapatra, B.S.
Studies on “Effect of mulch and sulphur sources on the productivity and quality of yellow sarson (Brassica rapa L. var. yellow sarson)” were conducted during rabi season of 2017-18 at N.E.B. Crop Research Centre, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar. The investigation was conducted on a silty clay loam soil in split plot design with three levels of maize stover mulch in main plots and four sulphur sources viz. gypsum, bentonite sulphur, iron pyrite and elemental sulphur in sub plots with three replications. The yellow sarson variety used in the experiment was Pant Peeli Sarson-1. Recommended doses of NPK were applied for the crop. The results revealed that treatment combination of maize stover mulch @ 5t /ha and bentonite sulphur resulted significantly higher plant height, number of primary branches, dry matter accumulation, root dry weight, siliquae per plant, seeds per siliqua, length of siliquae and 1000-seed weight over other treatment combinations. Significantly higher seed yield, stover yield and biological yield were found under mulching @ 5t/ha and bentonite sulphur compared to remaining treatment combinations. Quality parameters viz. oil and protein yield were found significantly higher under mulching @ 5t/ha and bentonite sulphur. Nutrient content in plant and soil were found higher under mulching and bentonite sulphur. Minimum weed dry matter was observed under mulching @ 5t/ha at 60 DAS. No influence of sulphur was noticed on weed dry matter at 60 DAS. The net returns and B: C ratio was found highest in the 5 t/ha maize stover mulch and bentonite sulphur combination. From the above study it could be inferred that application of maize stover mulch @5 t/ha and bentonite sulphur produced maximum yellow sarson yield and showed highest B: C ratio under tarai conditions of Uttarakhand with recommended doses of NPK to Pant Peeli Sarson-1.
Open Access
Effect of fodder crop based intercropping system on bioenergy production potential
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-05) Tiwari, Sapana; Kewalanand
A field experiment was conducted at the Sorghum Agronomy Block of Instructional Dairy farm, Nagla, Govindh Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (U. S. Nagar), Uttarakhand (India) during 2016-17. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design. Treatments consisted of sole ryegrass, oat, barley and berseem, ryegrass + berseem (1:1), ryegrass + berseem (2:2), oat + berseem (1:1), oat + berseem (2:2), barley + berseem (1:1), barley + berseem (2:2) were tested in four replications. The system green fodder yield of sole oat was significantly higher than remaining treatments at first and second cuttings while at third cutting ryegrass + berseem (1:1) out yielded over remaining treatments. Number of tillers, system dry fodder yield, dry matter content, crude protein yield, digestible dry matter yield, total digestible nutrient, relative feed value, green fodder productivity, dry fodder productivity, digestible dry matter productivity and crude protein productivity was highest due to ryegrass + berseem intercropping system. Highest acid detergent fibre content was found in the fodder of sole barley, neutral detergent fibre content was highest in sole oat fodder. Nitrogen content, crude protein content and cell content was highest in sole berseem fodder. NDF was positively associated with green fodder yield, dry fodder yield and digestible dry matter yield but significantly negative with crude protein yield. ADF was negatively correlated with all the yields. There existed negative association between dry matter digestibility and green fodder yield but positive with other yields. Biogas production was highest from sole oat fodder followed by oat + berseem, The time taken for complete digestion was highest for cowdung substrate and least for berseem. Heat from biomass combustion was highest for ryegrass + berseem (1:1) fodder. On the basis of present investigation it can be concluded that ryegrass + berseem intercropping system is best for quality and quantity fodder production while oat alone or oat + berseem planting pattern was best for biogas production
Open Access
Influence of crop diversification and in-situ residue management using organics on rice performance (Oryza sativa L.) and soil health
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-07) Chaudhary, Sanyogita; Chaturvedi, Sumit
A field experiment was conducted during the Kharif season of 2017 at N. E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, US Nagar, Uttarakhand situated at 29◦N, 79◦29E and at an altitude of 243.86 above mean sea level, to evaluate the effect of crop diversification and residue management techniques through organics on rice growth and rice productivity, soil health, economics and energetics. Experiment was conducted in Split Plot Design with three cropping sequences viz. rice-wheat, rice-vegetable pea-maize and rice-yellow sarson-groundnut in main plot and five residue management techniques viz. farmer’s practice, 30% residue recycling, 30% residue recycling + FYM @ 5 t ha-1, 30% residue recycling + Biogas slurry @ 2 t ha-1 and 30% residue recycling + Vermicompost @ 2 t ha-1 replicated thrice. Superior growth, yield parameters and yield of rice were recorded under rice yellow sarson-groundnut followed by rice-vegetable pea-maize cropping sequence as compared to rice-wheat sequence. However, among residue management techniques the maximum growth and yield parameters were recorded in vermicompost+30% residue recycling followed by FYM @ 5 t ha-1+ 30% residue recycling whereas, the benefit cost ratio was highest in C2T4 (biogas slurry @ 2 t ha-1 + 30% residue recycling under rice vegetable pea-maize cropping sequence) (2.55). The maximum savings of fertilizer-N (33.82 kg ha-1) and partial factor productivity (71.5 kg grain/kg of N applied) was observed in vermicompost @ 2 t ha-1 + 30% residue recycling under rice-yellow sarson-groundnut as compared to rice-wheat sequence without residue and organics (33.5 kg grain/kg of N applied, PFP). However, highest net energy returns was observed under C2T4 (biogas slurry @ 2 t ha-1 + 30% residue recycling under rice-vegetable pea-maize cropping sequence) (175173 MJ/ha). Therefore, diversification of rice-wheat sequence as rice-yellow sarson-groundnut and rice-vegetable pea-maize along with 30 percent residue management through organics viz., vermicompost @ 2 t ha-1, biogas slurry @ 2 t ha-1 and FYM @5 t ha-1 may be advocated for increasing rice productivity, improving soil health, profitability and conserving energy.

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