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Open Access
Economics of production and marketing of mushroom in Dehradun district of Uttarakhand
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2020-12) Dhiman, Shivam; Gangwar, Ruchi Rani
Mushroom cultivation may be one of the important subsidiary enterprises for raising income and employment of small and marginal farmers. Thus, in view of the low level of farm income and employment in Dehradun District, mushroom may serve as an important source of additional income and utilize surplus family labour. Therefore, studies were needed to investigate economics aspects of mushroom production. The study was conducted in Vikasnagar, Sahaspur, Doiwala, and Raipur blocks of Dehradun District of Uttarakhand with the following objectives. 1) To work out the cost of and returns from mushroom cultivation. 2) To examine resource use efficiency of Mushroom production. 3) To identify the existing marketing channels and determine their marketing efficiency. 4) To identify and rank various constraints faced by mushroom growers. The data for fulfilling different objectives were procured for selected mushroom growers and various concerned offices (District Department of Horticulture). In total 60 number of growers were selected from the study area. The study revealed that the cost of production per bag was Rs 134.08. However, the yield of mushroom per bag was obtained 2.134 kg. The average price received per kg of mushroom by the mushroom grower in the study area was Rs 120. Net returns from mushroom cultivation were Rs 58 per kg. The value resource use efficiency for number of bags (1.36), straw (1.16), spawn (2.78), casing (1.69), and chemicals (1.46) came out to be greater than unity indicated under-utilization of these resources. However, for labour value of MVP/MIC came out to be less than unity revealed the over-utilization of the resource. With the presence of three marketing channels in the study area, the channel-II (4.40) was found more efficient as compared to channels-III (4.27). The most important and severe constraints prevail were marketing of produce and lack of non availability of suitable marketing for produce for the sale of mushroom at low prices. There is an urgent need for re-organizing the various agencies involved in promotion and development of production of mushroom production, need for adequate and well technical qualified staff for providing extension facilities, imparting necessary training and for supplying inputs and there should be a competitive market for the marketing of produce.
Open Access
A study of the impact of National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM) in Uttarakhand
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2020-12) Adhikari, Komal; Singh, Virendra
India is a country of villages and its development means the development of the people living in the rural areas. About two-third population of India resides in the rural areas. Due to fast growing population and mismatch between skills and requirements imbalances prevail in the employment opportunities. In view of wide spread poverty a number of schemes have been devised and implemented in the country over time with the objective of uplifting the standard of living of people residing in rural areas. The NRLM was launched by Government of India in the year 2011 with an aim to reduce poverty and to provide gainful employment and income generating opportunities and has been working in mission mode since April 2013. The mission insists on organizing the poor into their grass root level institutions. Uttarakhand, a hilly state, characterized by difficult geographical situations, and meager employment opportunities, therefore there is a need to provide with income generating activities to the people of the state to enable them to lead a better standard of living. Thus, NRLM has been implemented with the expectation that the mission would improve the livelihood of rural people. A multistage sampling technique was used to collect the primary data. From the two regions of state one district each from hills and plains were selected randomly. Further, from the selected districts one community development block was selected purposively with the highest number of self help groups operating under NRLM. From each selected community development block three SHGs were selected randomly; and from each SHG five participant-beneficiaries were selected; and a same number of non-beneficiaries were also selected from the same locality, thus making a sample of 120 respondents. The study was conducted using both primary and secondary data. Analysis was done using binomial logit regression model, livelihood index, Garrett ranking technique along with descriptive statistics. The average age of the participant-beneficiaries (37.35) was lower as compared to the non-beneficiaries (40.63) whereas the educational status of the non-beneficiaries was found to be better than participantbeneficiares. The average family size of the participant-beneficiaries (4.73 persons per family) was significantly larger than that of non-beneficiaries (4.25 persons per family). The average size of holding and annual income were found to be higher in case of non-beneficiaries. The logit model revealed that the family size and social backwardness had a positive relation with the probability of participation in the mission, whereas annual household income exhibited a negative relation with the same. The mission was found to have a significant positive impact on various aspects of livelihood viz. human capital, physical capital, social capital, financial capital and food security after participating in the mission. The findings revealed a poor linkage among the mission participants and the development institutions except banks. The most severe constraint faced by the participant-beneficiaries while participating in the mission was the insufficiency of training opportunities for skill enhancement along with inadequate support for the income generating activities The mission was found to be performing well at the ground level, as it included the deserving people as participants and had a positive impact on various aspects of the livelihood of participant-beneficiaries. Appropriate training facilities should be arranged for the participant-beneficiaries for skill enhancement. Needed facilities and raw materials should be provided along with arranging better marketing facilities for marketing of products produced under the mission.
Open Access
A study of financial inclusion of farmers in Uttarakhand with special reference to Kisan Credit Card Scheme
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2020-12) Dyundi, Ekta; Sharma, M.L.
Financial inclusion plays an important role in the overall economic development of the people and helps the masses to break the vicious cycle of poverty and become financially stable. It makes the people better aware of the various schemes launched by the government for the betterment of the people. In terms of agriculture, Kisan Credit Scheme was launched by the government in 1998 to cater the credit needs of the farmers. It also aimed to decrease the dependency of the farmers on the non-institutional sources of the credit. Uttarakhand has an un-tapped potential for variety of high-value crops which requires some external sources of credit. Since more than 85 per cent of the farmers in Uttarakhand are small and marginal, the need for credit becomes even higher. The farmers can take the advantages of such schemes only if they are aware if it for which financial inclusion is the key. In the backdrop of these problems, the present study was conducted in Uttarakhand. All the thirteen districts of the state were considered for the objectives for which the required information was based on secondary sources of data whereas, Haridwar and Udham Singh Nagar districts were considered for the objectives for which the required information was based on primary sources of data. Multistage sampling technique was used to collect the primary data pertaining to the year 2019- 20 from forty-eight KCC holders and forty-eight non-KCC holders across Haridwar and Udham Singh Nagar districts to find out the factors affecting the possession of KCC by the farmers. Time-series data was also collected from the year 2009-10 to 2019-20 to examine the coverage of financial inclusion and growth of institutional credit across the state. To achieve the various objectives of study, descriptive and econometric methods were used. The results revelated that people possessed only the basic knowledge regarding the various banking facilities but lacked the practical knowledge about the same. It was also revealed that only four districts of the state namely Dehradun, Nainital, Bageshwar and Champawat falls under high financial inclusion category based on the CRISIL score. Commercial banks recorded the highest growth rate in 10 years (35.15 %) in terms of growth of institutional credit towards agriculture as well in terms of distribution of KCC (16.09 %). Years of education, operating land holding size and economically active members of the family exhibited a positive relationship with the probability of possessing a KCC whereas income from the farm-sector possessed a negative relationship with the probability of possessing a KCC. Large farmers were found to be using the KCC most efficiently. Whereas on other hand, small category farmers were not able to reap the benefits of the KCC to the fullest. It is advised that more steps should be taken by concerned authorities in order in increase the level of financial inclusion. Farmers unwillingness towards the KCC should be tackled efficiently. For this some workshops should be organized for the farmers in which all their queries can be identified and a more friendly and comfortable environment can be created which will increase farmer’s participation under the scheme. Also, the KCC scheme should be extended to larger mass of people either by decreasing the rate of interest or increasing the repayment time.
Open Access
Growth and instability of oilseeds in India
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2020-12) Kalra, Lekha; Srivastava, S.K.
Oilseed sector plays an important role in the Indian agricultural sector covering an area of about 24507.90 thousand hectares, with total production of over 31459.30 thousand tons during 2017-18. The present study tried to analyse the growth and instability of oilseeds in India with the help of following objectives; i. To examine the status of production and consumption of edible oils, ii.To estimate the growth rates of area, production, productivity, import and export of major oilseeds and iii.To examine the level of instability in area, production, productivity, import and export of major oilseeds. Descriptive statistics like averages, percentages, etc are used to examine the status of production and consumption of edible oils, exponential growth function has been fitted for estimating compound annual growth rates, and Cuddy – Della Valle instability indices are constructed to measure the level of instability in area, production, productivity, import and export of major oilseeds in India during the period from 1970-71 to 2017-18 which is further divided on the basis of Technology Mission of Oilseeds as Pre TMO period from 1970-71 to 1985-86, TMO I from 1986-87 to 2001-02, TMO II from 2002-03 to 2017-18, overall TMO from 1986-87 to 2017-18 and overall period of study 1970-71 to 2017-18. In India total production of edible oils, without copra oil, increased142.67 per cent in 2017-18 over the year 1970-71, whereas, with copra the change during the same time period was 144.86 per cent. Soybean oil production over the entire study period increased to the tune of 9363.73 per cent, whereas, niger oil, safflower oil and sunflower oil production decreased as compared to the other edible oils. Total import of edible oil was quite high in all the specified periods, showing huge dependency on imported edible oil to meet out the domestic needs. Though India also exported edible oils but its proportion was less than 01 per cent to the total quantity imported in the years. Import of all the oilseeds except groundnut oil, niger oil and copra oil increased many folds from 1970-71 to 2017-18. Among all the edible oils with positive net import the soybean edible oil had lion’s share in all the years. Consumption of groundnut and copra edible oils was less than the production due to their net exports, whereas, reverse picture emerged with respect to soybean edible oil in all the respective periods. Total production of oil from edible oilseeds fell short of about 39 per cent to the total consumption in 2017-18 of edible oil processed from the 07 edible oilseeds which was fulfilled by the import of these edible oils, whereas, when copra oil was also taken into account then this dependency to domestic consumption on owned produced edible oil increased to more than 75 per cent. Despite huge increase in the population of the country per capita consumption increased remarkably from 6.51 kg/ year to 11.43 kg/ year without copra oil and 12.08 kg/ year to 17.68 kg/ year with copra oil in the year 1970-71 to 2017-18. Area of groundnut crop declined, which mainly forced the production to decline in all the major producing states, except West Bengal. The significant higher growth rate in area, production and productivity of soybean are found during overall TMO period in the states of Madhya Pradesh (undivided), Gujarat and country as a whole. Area, production and productivity of rapeseed and mustard increased remarkably as more CAGR was found in TMO period as compared to that of Pre TMO period. Linseed area (-4.59 from -1.78 per cent per annum) and production (-2.95 from -3.43 per cent per annum) declined in the country during TMO period compared to that of pre TMO period but productivity performed much better than the area and production. Sunflower area declined in all the major states as a well as country except in the state of Madhya Pradesh (undivided) during TMO period, whereas, in case of productivity of sunflower higher growth witnessed during TMO period in the country. Castor area and productivity grew in India along with in the states of Gujarat, Punjab and Rajasthan during all the specified periods, whereas, production of castor increased only in the states of Gujarat, Rajasthan and country as a whole. Niger area and production grew in major producing states of Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Madhya Pradesh (undivided) and Gujarat during all the phases of the study, whereas, productivity of niger grew in Assam, Gujarat, Bihar (undivided) and country as a whole. Sesame area increased in the states of Gujarat, West Bengal, Orissa and India, production grew in Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal and India during the entire study period while, productivity increased in all the periods in Tamil Nadu and Madhya Pradesh (undivided). In area, production and productivity of safflower West Bengal was the only states which performed better than the other major producing states. Compound annual growth rate in the import of groundnut, soybean safflower, castor and niger oilseeds increased in all the periods of the study, whereas, export of all the oilseeds increased in all the specified time periods taken in the study. The instability analysis reveals that higher fluctuations in the area of soybean is observed only in the state of Gujarat, while, production was less stable in Gujarat, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan production of soybean compared to the other major states. Production of groundnut in Gujarat was highly unstable as compared to the other states and so as productivity. Area, production and productivity of rapeseed and mustard were more fluctuating in the state of Tamil Nadu. Linseed area, production and productivity was found stable only in Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh (undivided), whereas, highly unstable in Punjab, Karnataka and West Bengal. Castor area and production was found unstable in Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra while, productivity was seen more fluctuating in Maharashtra. During the entire study period area and production of sunflower was not stable in any of the major producing states while productivity was unstable in the states of Maharashtra and Karnataka. Production of sesame was found stable in Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat. With respect to area and production of safflower West Bengal with more variations was found, whereas, in case of productivity West Bengal remained on the top in all the specified periods as compared to the other major states. Area, production and productivity of niger in Karnataka and Maharashtra was found comparatively less stable than that of the other states. Import of all the oilseeds was highly unstable during all the specified period, whereas, export was also unstable except in castor. Despite higher increase in the MSP of oilseeds than that of cereals, their less production compared to the consumption thereof in India calls for micro level of all aspects with respect to increase the oilseeds production in different states of the country to formulate suitable strategies related to development and adoption of technology, availability of quality inputs, remunerative price, market infrastructure, etc. to boost the oilseeds production in the country.
Open Access
An economic study of silk cocoon production and optimum enterprise mix in sericulture based farms in Tumkur district of Karnataka
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2020-12) Madhushree, K.S.; Anil Kumar
India is the second largest producer of silk in the world. Indian silk has greater demand in the world market due its superior quality and unique lustre. Despite high demand for silk there are many problems faced by sericulture farmers i.e. lack of skilled labours, high labour wages and high variable cost of production etc. In the back drop of these problems, the present study was attempted to analyse the cost of cocoon production, resource use efficiency, optimum enterprise combination in sericulture based farms and SWOT analysis of sericulture enterprise in Tumkur district of Karnataka. To achieve the objectives of the study, the primary data pertaining to the year 2019-20 was collected. The sampling design employed in the study covered 6 villages selected purposively from 2 taluks of Tumkur district with 90 sericulture farmers selected randomly. Simple mathematical and statistical tools like budgeting technique, regression analysis, and linear programming technique were employed to analyze the sample data. The results revealed that, majority of the farmers were belonging to the age group between 35 to 60; average size of land holding was 4.69 acres and average annual income of the sample farmers was Rs. 2,15,865.96 per annum, in which income from sericulture was highest with the share of 74 percent of total income. Total cost of cultivation of mulberry per acre per year was worked out to be Rs. 46,350.90. Total cost of cocoon production was Rs. 1,28,070.50 per year. Gross returns were worked out to be Rs. 2,87,772.50 per year. Net returns per year were estimated to be Rs. 1,59,701.70 with returns per rupee investment of 2.24. In cocoon production, the variables viz., quantity of feed, chawki, disinfectants and electricity were found to be positive and significant. The feed and disinfectants were found to be overutilized while chawki and electricity were underutilized. Optimum farm plan for sericulture based farms included ground nut, ragi, sericulture and dairy as against the existing plan which included ground nut, ragi, horsegram, sericulture and dairy. It was found that in the optimum plan the profit increased by Rs. 90,956.35 per year. Strengths of sericulture enterprise in the area were favourable climatic condition and shorter gestation period. Major weaknesses were reducing ground water level and moisture sensitivity of cocoon or silk material. Major opportunities identified were growing demand of silk worldwide and entrepreneurship opportunities. Threats of sericulture enterprise in the area were price fluctuations, and preference of synthetic fibres due to low cost. On the basis of the findings of the study it can be recommended that there is need to popularize the benefits of sericulture enterprise in the area as it turns out to be a profitable venture. Further, extension programmes should be organized to demonstrate the various cost effective management practices including optimum cropping pattern to increase the income of sericulture farmers.
Open Access
Study of procurement and processing of milk and milk products of Aanchal Milk Plant In Udham Singh Nagar district of Uttarakhand
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2020-11) Mandeep Kaur; Chaudhary, Shweta
This study is conducted in Udham Singh Nagar Dugdh Utpadak Sahakari Sangh Limited, Khatima. It is a district level milk co-operative union registered under the brand name ‘Aanchal’. Attempt has been made to work out cost and returns of major milk products, financial efficiency of the dairy co-operative plant, factors affecting the level of milk procurement and constraints faced in milk procurement and marketing of milk products pertaining for the year 2018-19. Descriptive statistical tools, costs and net returns, financial efficiency ratios, OLS regression technique and Garrett ranking technique are used for achieving the objectives. The total cost per kg accounted in curd production was estimated to be `46.52, `296.44 in butter production while `301.32 in paneer production and `361.01 in ghee production. Butter is the most profitable milk product. Raw material cost was observed to be an important item of total cost for the production of major milk products. The net returns per kg obtained from butter production were `113.55 and for paneer production were `23.67, `3.36 from curd production and `108.99 for ghee production. The operating ratio, fixed ratio and gross ratio values were observed to be less than one and the capital turnover ratio for the year 2016-17 was 2.64 which increased to 2.71 in 2017-18 and later increasing to 2.94 for the 2018-19. The magnitude of coefficients of multiple determination (R2) indicate that explanatory variables in the regression model were responsible for 97 percent. The major constraints faced in milk procurement were fluctuation in prices, untimely and improper compensation and high expenses of feed and in marketing of milk products were diversification in products, lack of advertisement and insufficient storage facilities. On the basis of findings of the study, major policy recommendations emerged are interventions are required to educate the milk producers about technicalities of the enterprise and for effectively implementing the policies devised for the dairy development of the state, there is a need to motivate greater number of people to join the dairy co-operative plant and provide diversification in the milk products and use advertising strategies to make consumers aware about the milk products. Customer market-oriented research is required to attract the consumers.
Open Access
Value chain analysis of vegetable pea in hilly region of Kumaon division of Uttarakhand
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2020-11) Joshi, Neha; Singh, H.N.
Agriculture is the mainstay of Indian economy thereby transformation in it is possible through the development of agriculture sector as a whole. Horticulture production as a sub-sector of agriculture plays a vital role in its development,by contributing 30.4 per cent to the GDP of agriculture. Diverse climatic conditions of Uttarakhand impart the state with distinctive advantages in terms of agriculture, particularly in horticulture. It contributes more than 30 per cent in state’s agricultural sector’s gross domestic product. Uttarakhand ranks 9th in terms of pea production in India. Superior quality of pea produced from hills attracts the consumer to pay premium prices for the produce. Multistage sampling was adopted in the study for the selection of 80 respondents. 60 pea producers were selected from 2 districts, Nainital and Almora of hilly region of Kumaon division and 10 wholesalers, 4 rural collectors, 3 local market traders and 3 retailers were selected purposively from Haldwani mandi, the major mandi dealing with the pea of hilly region of Kumaon divison. The study was directed towards achievement of three specific objectives viz, mapping of value chain of pe, to identify the determinants of market outlet choice decisions of the pea producers and two rank the onstraints faced by producer as an actor art various stages of value chain. Pea was discovered as low input requiring but high returns reaping enterprise in the study area. Input suppliers in form of wholesalers, private shopkeepers and some government department, producers, wholesalers or wholesaler cum commission agents, rural collectors, local market traders and retailers (itinerant and district retailers) were identified as actors of the value chain of pea in the study area. Producers were recognized as the major actor in terms of activities performed right from production to marketing. While wholesalers were identified as the major actor in terms of governance of chain. Wholesaler possess control over the chain as it was identified with properly coordinated network for collection of market information in terms of both demand and supply of pea produce from farmers and traders respectively. Channel 1: Producer - Wholesaler - District Retailers – Consumers, Channel 2: Producer - Wholesaler - Itinerant Retailers – Consumer, Channel 3: Producer - Rural Collectors – Wholesalers – District Retailers – Consumers, Channel 4: Producer – Rural Collectors – Wholesalers – Itinerant Retailers – Consumers and Channel 5: Producer - Local market traders – Consumers, were the identified marketing channels. Channel 1 was discovered as prime one in terms of disposal of 70 per cent of produce at second stage of marketing followed by channel 2. Channel 5 was discovered as shortest one, providing maximumproducers’ share in consumer rupee. Producers were discovered to incur highest marketing cost followed by rural collector,district retailer, wholesaler cum commission agent, itinerant retailers, and least by wholesaler and district retailers.Transportation cost appeared as prime reason of high marketing cost accrued by most of the actors. Total gross marketingmargin accounted highest in channel 3 and 4 due to large difference between the price recurved by producers and price paidby consumers to retailers. For identification of determinants of outlet decision of producers, multinomial logit model wasemployed. Its result indicated that quantity supplied and distance from the market impart positive significant impact onchoosing rural collector as the outlet, i.e. probability of choosing rural collector increases with 1.4 and 3.3 per centrespectively with the increase in per unit quantity supplied and per unit increase in distance from the market, while access tomarket information imparts negative significant impact i.e. probability of choosing rural collector over wholesaler as outletdecreases by 25.85 per cent as producer get access to market information. While in case of choosing local market trader asoutlet quantity supplied pose a positive impact i.e. probability of choosing local market trader as outlet increases by 1.07 percent with the increase in per unit of quantity supplied while access to irrigation and market information pose a negative impact and reduce the probability of choosing local market trader by 22.6 and 36.52 per cent respectively as producer getaccess to irrigation and market information.Regarding recommendations, a well organized input supply system and improvement in irrigation facilities wereidentified crucial, due to the constraints faced by actors at input supply and production stage of value chain andestablishment of small outlets near the production hotspots to encourage direct marketing and development of strongbackward and forward linkage for proper coordination within the actors of value chain to reap maximum benefit fromperfect value chain management can be drawn in the study area.
Open Access
Growth and instability in sugarcane production in Uttarakhand
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2020-10) Arya, Seema; Tripathi, A.K.
Area and production in Uttarakhand and Kuamon region of Uttarakhand registered declining growth during the study period whereas in Gharwal region registered increasing growth. Productivity of sugarcane in all the regions of Uttarakhnd registered increasing growth. This study has three objectives – (i) to analyse the growth rates, (ii) to measure the magnitude of instability, and (iii) to examine the trend and estimate the future projections of area, production and productivity of Sugarcane in Uttarakhand and two regions of Uttarakhand viz. Kuamon and Gharwal. This study makes use of time series data for area, production and productivity of Sugarcane for the different regions referring to the period 2000-01 to 2017-18 available from secondary sources. For the attainment of growth rates of the study, exponential equation was used, coefficient of variation and Cuddy Della Valle Index were used to measure the magnitude of instability in area, production and productivity of Sugarcane, ten growth models viz, linear, logarithmic, inverse, quadratic, cubic, compound, power, S-curve, growth and exponential were used to measure the trend and estimate the future projection of area, production and productivity of Sugarcane. The study revealed that the area and production of Sugarcane in Uttarakhand and Kumaon region registered negative and significant growth rate whereas Garhwal region registered positive and non-significant growth rate. Productivity of Sugarcane registered positive and significant growth rate in all the regions of Uttarakhand. Uttarakahnd and its two regions showed highest instability in the production of Sugarcane. For Uttarakhand and Kuamon region exponential function was found best fit model to fit trend line and for future projection of Sugarcane area, production and productivity. For Gharwal region S- curve model was found best fit for the fitting of trend line and future projection of area and production whereas linear model was found best fit for productivity of Sugarcane.
Open Access
Economics of production and marketing efficiency analysis of broiler in plains of Nainital district of Uttarakhand
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2020-09) Sharma, Gunjan; Chandra Dev
The study was conducted in the plains of Nainital district of Uttarakhand by taking a total sample size of 54 broiler farms with the objective of working out the costs of and returns from broiler production, estimating the performance efficiency of birds in the farm, estimating the factors affecting the profit, identifying various distribution channels and assessing their marketing efficiency and identifying the constraints in broiler production faced by the broiler producers. Primary data was collected from small, medium, and large farms for the year 2019-20. The results obtained regarding cost and returns from the broiler production show that the total cost per bird was highest for small (Rs. 166.53), followed by medium (Rs.152.14) and large farms (Rs.144.51). Among the different cost incurred the share of feed cost was highest (60.82) and that of depreciation on equipment was lowest (0.14) in the total cost of production per bird. Net return per bird was highest for large (Rs. 29.52), then in small (Rs. 29.26) and medium farms (Rs. 27.09). Feed consumption was highest in the small (3.16 kg), then in medium (2.90 kg) and large farms (2.84 kg). Feed conversion ratio was highest for small (1.48) followed by medium (1.44) and large farms (1.43). Mortality percent was found to be higher in small (4.79), then in medium (3.86) and large farm (3.57). Average age of marketing for small, medium and large farm were 41.98, 41.18, and 40.95 days respectively. The average body weight at marketing varied from 2.13 kg in small to 2.02 kg in medium and 1.99 kg in large farms. On an overall basis, variables such as price of purchased chicks, price of feed and sale price of broiler were found to be significantly increasing the profit of the farm with an R2 value of 0.947 for the farms under study. There were three marketing channels for broilers observed in the study area such as; i) Producer – Consumer ii) Producer – Retailer – Consumer and iii) Producer – Wholesaler – Retailer – Consumer. It was found that shorter channels provide more share to producer in consumer’s price with higher efficiency of marketing. All the farms faced the chief problem of disease outbreak and price fluctuation in the marketing. The key problem identified for wholesalers were high marketing cost and lack of marketing information and for retailers were non-remunerative prices and seasonal fluctuation of prices. The upbringing of proper extension service to provide technical knowledge along with the adequate marketing infrastructure to stabilize the price fluctuation and by providing subsidies on inputs such as quality chicks and feed at reasonable prices are the steps that governs the profitable broiler enterprise.

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