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ThesisItem Open Access Dynamics of soil phosphorus in relation to carbon under different cropping systems(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2016) Dhram Prakash; Benbi, D.K.Dynamics of phosphorus in soils were studied in relation to nutrient management and land-use practices. The nutrient management practices evaluated included source (rock phosphate and single superphosphate) and rates of P application in rice-wheat system; and integrated nutrient management (INM) and organic farming practices in basmati-wheat system in field experiments conducted at the research farm of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. The land-uses studied included ricewheat, maize-wheat, cotton-wheat and poplar based agroforestry systems at farmers’ fields in different districts of Punjab. After seven cycles of rice-wheat cropping, farmyard manure (FYM) and rock phosphate (RP) application increased available P and soil organic carbon (SOC) by 72% and 98%, respectively over control. Inorganic P constituted the largest proportion (88-92%) of total P in soil and relative abundance of different inorganic P fractions in soils followed the order Ca-Al associated > Fe associated > humic bound > water soluble P. In basmati-wheat system, application of recommended rates of NPK and adoption of INM improved available P in soil over unamended control by 75 and 100%, respectively. The comparison of three organic sources revealed that available P was the highest in soil receiving 400 kg N ha-1 through FYM followed by rice straw compost and the lowest in vermicompost-amended plots. Application of FYM significantly increased inorganic, organic and total P, SOC and labile C pools compared to INM treatments. The INM increased inorganic, organic and total P by 77, 82 and 78%, respectively over NPK. Humic-bound organic P constituted major proportion (39.5-49.5%) and water soluble organic P comprised the smallest proportion (0.83-2.5%) of organic P in soils under basmati-wheat system. Beneficial effects of different treatments on soil properties were higher in surface soil (0-7.5 cm), which decreased with soil depth. Generally, soil P fractions were positively correlated with soil C pools. Cumulative P released in 96 hours of equilibration increased with manure and fertilizer application either alone or in combination. Phosphorus release kinetics were best described by Elovich and power function equations (R2≥0.98). Results of land-use studies showed that agroforestry systems had relatively higher proportion of organic P (27%) compared to sole cropping (6-7.7%). Soil organic C was the highest (0.58%) under agroforestry and was significantly correlated with soil P fractions under sole cropping systems. Soil properties viz. clay, organic C, CaCO3 and available P content significantly influenced soil P sorption and release kinetics. Phosphorus release decreased with increase in clay and CaCO3 content. On the contrary, P release increased with increase in available P and organic C. The results suggested that P availability will be higher in coarse-textured, non-calcareous soils having higher levels of organic C and available P. Therefore, for efficient P management it is important to take into account soil texture, the existing soil P level, organic C content and calcareousness of soil. Practices that increase SOC content and ameliorate CaCO3 could lead to improved P use efficiency.ThesisItem Restricted Linkage map construction in guava F1 population of Allahabad Safeda x Arka Kiran using molecular markers(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Jindal, Manish; Mittal, AmandeepGuava is a perennial fruit tree grown in tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. As of now, there are about 160 cultivars available in India. Crop improvement work attempted in India has resulted in release of several superior selections or hybrids. However, the maximum area under guava cultivation is occupied by Allahabad Safeda. Being a cross-pollinated tree (25.7 to 41.3 % cross pollination) guava has a heterozygous genome. Molecular mapping can help us to find the relative positions of the markers as well as the markers co-segregating with the trait of interest that could finally be transferred to the cultivated species. In the present study we have attempted Linkage map construction in guava. A cross between white fleshed Allahabad Safeda and colored fleshed Arka Kiran was attempted in Fruit Science, PAU. We genotyped Allahabad Safeda and Arka Kiran using 167 genomic SSR, 22 EST based and 5 apple color specific markers. Forty eight markers showed polymorphism out of 194 total markers. Polymorphic markers applied on a population of 73 F1 individuals showed segregation. Pattern of marker segregation in the population was scored and analysed with software, MAPDISTO version 1.7.7.0.1.1 (XL 2007) and a genetic linkage map was constructed using stringency parameters of LOD score and recombination frequency set to 3.0 and 0.35, respectively. Out of 48 polymorphic markers, thirty markers were mapped on different linkage groups of guava genome and 6 linkage groups were obtained. The genetic linkage map covered a total of 538.68 cM of the guava genome. Fruits were not set on 2 year old F1 trees so color segregation was studied on leaves as a proxy for fruit color trait. Color in young and mature leaves was measured using miniature leaf spectrometer. The data recorded in terms of anthocyanin reflective index 1 (ARI1) was analysed with the help of mapping software. Two markers mPgCIR93 and mPgCIR21 were mapped to linkage group 2 on positions 54.3 cM and 10.3 cM for leaf color traits at young and mature stage.ThesisItem Restricted Pretreatment of paddy straw for cultivation of Vplvariella (Bull.ex Fr.) Singer(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Swarthi K.; Sodhi, Harpreet SinghTwo strains of Volvariella volvacea, VV3 and VV6 were evaluated for their mycelia growth rate and yield potential on pretreated paddy straw as substrate under Punjab conditions. Mycelial growth studies on Nutrient agar (NA) and Potato Dextrose agar (PDA) inoculated with Bacillus sp. and Delftia sp. separately revealed that bacteria had no antagonistic effect on the growth of V. volvacea. The mycelia growth rate of V. volvacea on PDA inoculated with bacterium was statistically at par with control and covered plate in 5 days whereas on NA mycelia growth covered the plate in 8 days. The effect of pretreatment of paddy straw on its chemical composition was studied with 6 different pretreatments: urea 1% (w/w), urea 0.5% (w/w), urea 0.5% (w/w)+Delftia sp. 0.5% (v/w), urea 0.5% (w/w) +Bacillus 0.5% (v/w), Delftia sp. 0.5%, Bacillus sp. 0.5% (v/w) and water 0.5% (v/w) as control. The pretreated paddy straw was analysed for proximate principles at a periodic interval of 5 days upto 20 days. Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF), Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF), Cellulose, hemicelluloses, Acid Detergent Lignin (ADL), Ash content and crude protein content were analysed. A significant decline in NDF value from 75.7% to 46 % and 34.4% was observed when urea 0.5% + Bacillus 0.5% + Delftia 0.5% were used as pretreatment of paddy straw respectively.The ADF value was significantly reduced to 23% and 33% when urea 0.5% +Delftia 0.5% and urea 0.5% + Bacillus 0.5% were used to treat paddy straw. A significant reduction in cellulose content was observed from 40% to 25% to 20% with urea 0.5%+ Delftia 0.5% and urea 0.5% + Bacillus 0.5% respectively. The hemicelluloses content recorded maximum reduction to 11.45% from 23.4% with urea 0.5% + Delftia 0.5%. There was a rapid decline in ADL with urea 0.5% + Delftia 0.5% and urea 0.5% + Bacillus 0.5% from 12.3% to 4.3% and 7% respectively. The ash and crude protein content increased with all the pretreatments. Studies on mycelia growth rate on pretreated paddy straw revealed that the addition of bacteria along with urea had improved the growth rate of both the strains of V. volvacea indicating the significant role of bacterial pretreatment in the mycelia growth of V.volvacea. Cultivation of V.volvacea strains on pretreated paddy straw had shown the maximum yield was obtained from pretreated paddy straw from VV6 (14.84 kg/ q dry straw) followed to strain VV3 (13.82 kg/q dry straw) on pretreated paddy straw. The yield from untreated (control) paddy straw was 10.5 kg/q dry straw from VV3, 12.5 kg/q dry straw from VV6. Present study revealed that pretreatment of paddy straw with urea 0.5%+Delftia sp. 0.5% gave better yield than untreated paddy straw.ThesisItem Open Access Role of social media (YouTube) in promoting Agri-Business in Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2016) Harneet Kaur; Ramandeep SinghThe study was done to understand the Role of social media (YouTube) in promoting Agri-Business in Punjab. For purpose of study, sample of sixty respondents i.e. ten administrators and fifty subscribers were taken on the basis of convenience. Some of issues like time spent on YouTube, purpose of using YouTube, duration of videos and reliability of content of YouTube was examined. Also problem faced by respondents was investigated like buffering issues, irrelevant topic given to the videos and irrelevant content of videos. Despite of this, YouTube is a powerful tool for promoting Agri-Business as it helps in skill development and learning new ways of doing activity in effective way. On the whole, YouTube has got a great potential to promote Agri-Business in PunjabThesisItem Open Access A study of consumer awareness and evaluation of a selected awareness programme(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2016) Wasal, Himanshu; Dharni, KhushdeepThe present study was undertaken with the objectives to study the awareness and attitude of consumers regarding a selected awareness campaign and to evaluate the selected awareness campaign from the perspective of consumers. For fulfilling the objectives of the study both primary and secondary data have been collected. Primary data has been collected from 200 respondents with the help of a pre structured questionnaire. Sample constituted 50 respondents each from four categories, i.e., students, housewives, business persons and service class. Secondary data has been collected from website of Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Government of India. Respondents considered “Jago Grahak Jago” as informative campaign. They were having relatively more awareness about vegetarian/non-vegetarian mark and relatively less awareness about silkmark and handloom mark. Major dimensions used by the respondents for evaluating “Jago Grahak Jago” were quality of content, knowledge quotient and entertainment value. Respondents rated the campaign as useful with a mean score of 3.81 out of a maximum of 5 and on basis of overall quality, gave a mean score of 7.26 out of 10.ThesisItem Open Access Workplace environment and its effect on employee performance in hosiery industry in Ludhiana city(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2016) Babneet Singh; Goyal, PratibhaA work environment can be identified as the place where one works. The work environment has a significant impact upon employee performance and productivity. The objectives of study covers work environment factors of hosiery industry and the effect of workplace environment on the performance of employee in hosiery industry of Ludhiana. The study analyzed the influence of workplace environment on workers performance. The study adopted the descriptive survey research design. The random sampling technique was used to select 100 respondents. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data that were analyzed with mean values and simple percentages. The results showed that workplace factors and good communication network at workplace have effect on worker’s morale, efficiency, and productivity. It was recommended that industrial social workers should advocate with management to create a conducive workplace environment and good communication network that will motivate its workforce for healthy living and improved efficiency.ThesisItem Restricted Conflict Resolution Practices: A Comparative Study of Nestle and Verka(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2016) Bhullar, Jashandeep Kaur; Kapur, SandeepThis research aims to compare the nature of conflicts faced by the employees working in cooperative and private sector organizations, reasons for such conflicts, impact of such conflicts and the strategies adopted by these organizations for resolving conflicts. Data has been collected from two different organizations operating in milk products manufacturing in Punjab using questionnaires with the sample size of 100 from each organization. The collected data has been analysed using descriptive statistics, and charts. Findings suggest that most of the times conflicts arise in these organizations between management and itself, and their nature are interpersonal and functional. While comparing Nestle and Verka it was found that there was significant difference in terms of conflict causing parameters such as lack of communication from leaders, misperception, difference in opinions, individuals stress, pressure and competition, refusal to seek leave and weak leadership . Conflict had negative impact on personal bonding and leads to strikes and rebels in private organization (Nestle), and positive impact on decision making and productivity in co-operative organization (Verka). Management of these organizations tries to resolve these conflicts and the most commonly used strategies for this purpose were the authoritative and avoiding in private organization (Nestle) and authoritative and compromising type strategies in co-operative (Verka).ThesisItem Restricted A study of adoption and usage of mobile banking in Ludhiana city(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2016) Karamjeet Kaur; Sachdeva, Y.P.The study was undertaken to understand the adoption and usage of mobile banking and factors influencing adoption and usage of mobile banking in Ludhiana city. For achieving the objectives of study exploratory research was followed. For the purpose of study customers using mobile banking were selected i.e. total 100 customers were selected conveniently. Primary data has been collected with the help of pre-structured questionnaire. Data obtained was analyzed by various statistical techniques like mean, standard deviation, ANOVA, z test, t-test. It was concluded that mobile banking was used mostly by male respondents as compared to female respondents and most of them were students. They were having relatively more awareness about bill payments and relatively less awareness about international remittance. Most of the respondents use mobile banking services on the weekly basis and more than half of the respondents were satisfied by the services of mobile banking.ThesisItem Open Access Management Control Systems: A Case Study Of Guru Nanak Dev Thermal Power Plant, Bathinda(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2016) Thind, Arshdeep Singh; Aggarwal, NavdeepManagement Control Systems are very important part of an organisation for its smooth functioning, coordination between executives, budget preparation, etc. This study attempted to find out the effectiveness of management control systems with special focus on management reporting system. For this purpose senior executives of the Guru Nanak Dev Thermal Power Plant, Bathinda were chosen as respondents. It was found that management control systems are working smoothly at Guru Nanak Dev Thermal Power Plant, Bathinda. The management reporting system not only was helpful in providing timely information to different departments, but also assured the sovereignty of the information provided. The biggest impact of management control systems is that it helps in preparation of budget on annual, half yearly and quarterly basis. Management control systems also helpful in reviewing the annual performance of the thermal power plant, each department as well as the performance of individual employees.
