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Open Access
Morphological and biochemical plant characters in relation to resistance against some sucking insect pests in Bt cotton
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Y. Krishnakumari Devi; Vijay Kumar
The studies on morphological and biochemical plant characters in relation to resistance against some sucking insect pests in Bt cotton were carried out at Entomological Research Farm, PAU, Ludhiana during 2014 and 2015. Experiment on incidence of sucking insect pests on different cotton cultivars, revealed that leafhopper population was significantly higher on Bt cotton cultivar, RCH 773 (4.70 / 3 leaves), whitefly and thrips on Bioseed 6588 (7.47 and 2.47 /3 leaves, respectively). However, lower population of leafhopper, whitefly and thrips was recorded on the desi cotton cultivar, FDK 124 (1.78, 3.25 and 0.83/ 3 leaves, respectively). Incidence of sucking insect pests was also significantly higher at 130 Kg nitrogen as compared to 100 and 65 Kg nitrogen per acre. The population of leafhopper, whitefly and thrips showed significantly positive correlation with maximum and minimum temperature whereas evening relative humidity and rainfall has significantly positive correlation with leafhopper only. However, leafhopper and whitefly showed significant positive correlation with evaporation. Sunshine hours showed significant negative correlation with thrips but positive with whitefly. In another experiment on effect of various morphological plant characters revealed significant positive correlation with leafhopper population and gossypol gland on midrib. However, leafhopper, thrips and whitefly showed significant positive correlation with leaf lamina thickness and highly significant positive correlation with leaf area. Among the biochemical plant characters revealed that higher amount of total phenol, flavonols, O-dihydroxy phenol, tannins, total sugar and reducing sugars were recorded in cultivars infested with sucking insect pests over uninfested condition. Significantly higher biochemical content were recorded at lower level of nitrogen (65 Kg) followed by 100 and 130 Kg per acre. Leafhopper population had significant positive correlation with reducing sugar whereas whitefly and thrips with total sugar. However, thrips population showed significantly negative correlation with O-dihydroxy phenol. In another experiment on detection of the presence of Cry toxin revealed that highest amount of Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab was detected at 60 days after sowing as compared to 120 days after sowing. Higher expression of Cry toxin was recorded at high level of nitrogen (130 Kg) followed by 100 and 65 Kg. ELISA analysis showed presence of Cry toxin (Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab) in leafhopper nymphs and whitefly adults fed on Bt cotton cultivars and traces in honeydew excreted by whitefly feeding on Bt cotton cultivars.
Open Access
Evaluation of cytoplasmic male sterile lines of chilli pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) and their utilization in heterosis breeding
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Meena, Om Prakash; Dhaliwal, M. S.
A total of 17 cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) lines were evaluated under the low (E1 and E3) and the high (E2 and E4) temperature regimes of 2014-15 and 2015-16. Based on pollen sterility and pollen release score, 10 lines namely CMS4611A, CMS4614A, CMS4622A, CMS4624A, CMS4626A, CMS46213A, CMS463D2A, CMS463D13A, CMS463D14A and CMS463L5A have been identified as temperature stable. The lines showed normal fruit and seed setting ability under the open pollination conditions, and have commercially acceptable fruit traits. The marker analysis of three selected CMS A- and their respective CMS B-lines showed that the genome recovery of the recurrent parent in CMS4611A, CMS4626A and CMS463D13A was estimated to be 98.8, 98.9 and 96.6%, respectively. Three CMS lines and 20 potential restorer lines were evaluated in a Line × tester mating design to estimate combing ability and heterosis over the better parent and two standard checks over three environments viz. the early season (E1), the main season (E2) and the late season (E3). Over the environments, the estimates due to GCA lines, GCA testers and SCA crosses were significant for all the 15 plant growth, yield and quality traits, except due to GCA lines for number of primary branches plant-1. The magnitude of the additive variance (σ2A) was more than the non-additive variance (σ2D) for all the traits studied except for number of primary branches plant-1 in E2, E3, and across the three environments; and for plant height, plant spread and number of fruits plant-1 in E3. The CMS line CMS463D13A and the testers SL 475, IS 268, PP 402, FL 201 and C 142 were identified for use in breeding to develop high yielding genotypes with superior horticultural traits for early, main and late season environments. Hybrids were identified for different crop seasons and for different purposes. Pooled across the environments, the cross CMS463D13A × IS 268 was good specific combiner for total yield palnt-1, number of primary branches plant-1, fruit weight, number of seed fruit-1, capsaicin content and SHU, and involved good × good GCA parents. The maximum mean better parent heterosis over environments was exhibited for total yield plant-1 (35.29%), followed by number of primary branches plant-1 (17.96%), number of seed fruit-1 (12.46) and number of fruits plant-1 (11.43%). The crosses CMS463D13A × SL 475, CMS463D13A × VR 523, CMS463D13A × YL 581 and CMS463D13A × IS 268 performed consistently superior over environments in respect of per se and standard heterosis for total yield plant-1, fruit weight and fruit length, and CMS463D13A × SL 475 for total yield plant-1, capsaicin content and SHU. These crosses are recommended for multi-location testing.
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Individual and Contextual Traits as Determinants of Delinquency amongst Juveniles
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Sharma, Neha; Sharma, Seema
The present study was undertaken to investigate the individual and contextual traits as determinants of delinquency amongst juveniles. The sample comprised of 120 respondents in 16-18 years of age range, selected from observation homes of six districts, from three cultural zones of Punjab. Further the sample was distributed over two sexes i.e. 80 juvenile delinquent boys and 40 juvenile delinquent girls. A self structured sheet was used to procure information regarding the socio-personal status of the respondents. Other scales used to collect the relevant information for the study were: Eysenck’s Personality Questionnaire (Eysenck and Eysenck 1975), Cognitive Style Inventory (Jha 1985), Social Maturity Scale (Rao 1986), Emotional Maturity Scale (Singh and Bhargava 1990), Children’s Perception of Parenting Style (Pyari and Kalra 2005), Peer Pressure Scale (Saini and Singh 2012). The results revealed that majority of respondents reported accepting, overprotective and autocratic type of parenting styles. Most of the delinquents had shown psychotic and introvert personality and the most common cognitive style among delinquents was undifferentiated style. Low levels of social and emotional maturity were found in most of the delinquents. As far as gender differentiations are concerned delinquent girls had more introvert personality as compared to delinquent boys whereas delinquent boys had shown more integrated cognitive style. The study further depicted a positive significant correlation between delinquency levels and psychoticism dimension of personality while a negative significant correlation was found between delinquency levels and extraversion dimension of personality among delinquent girls. A positive significant correlation in delinquent girls was found between delinquency levels and intuitive cognitive style. A positive significant correlation was also found between delinquency levels and peer pressure among delinquent boys and girls. A negative significant correlation was found between socio-emotional maturity and delinquency level among juvenile delinquent boys and girls.
Open Access
Adoption of Management Practices and Market Orientation by Non Profit Organisations (NPOs) in Punjab
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Rupinder Kaur; Babita Kumar
Nonprofit Organisations remain the continuous focus of researchers and practitioners from the last decades as their role and importance has been growing in various economies because they are serving the very important section (health care, education, social services, religion, etc.) of the society. Various studies have been conducted in non profit organisations to understand the working and marketing activities followed by this sector but there is a dearth of studies related to beneficiaries so far in nonprofit domain. The present study aimed to examine the adoption of management practices, market orientation of nonprofit organisations and attitude and perception of beneficiaries (towards services offered) of these social service organisations. Methodology developed by Bloom and Reenen was modified and adapted to study management practices and to examine market orientation, methodology developed by Modi, 2012 was used. To find the attitude and perception of beneficiaries, SERVPERF was modified to suit nonprofit sector. For studying the first and second objective, a sample of 100 social service organisations has been selected from four districts of Punjab(as they had the highest number of NPOs in social service sector) and for understanding the third objective, a sample of 300 beneficiaries (3 from each selected NPO) has been chosen. The findings of the study revealed that these NPOs have not adopted management practices and relationship between management practices and organisational performance was found to be weak. These organisations are market orientated to some extent and have a positive relationship with organisational performance. Beneficiaries have positive attitude with service quality and positive relationship was found between service quality and beneficiary satisfaction.
Open Access
Evaluation and molecular characterization of hygienic traits in honey bee (Apis mellifera Linnaeus)
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Mohindru, Bharathi; Chhuneja, Pardeep Kumar
Studies on ‘Evaluation and molecular characterization of hygienic traits in honey bee (Apis mellifera Linnaeus)’ were conducted at PAU, Ludhiana (India), during 2015-2017. The studies included screening of 100 A. mellifera colonies for comparative hygienic behaviour response, molecular characterization through genome wide and candidate gene based markers for hygienic behaviour, and validation of the selected hygienic colonies against Varroa destructor infestation. Out of the 100 colonies screened, 45 were hygienic, and 55 were non-hygienic out of which 42 were intermediary (71-80% removal of pricked brood) and 13 were the least hygienic (<71% emptying of pricked brood). After 24 h of brood pricking, mean brood removal was 83.65 per cent (range: 80.22-91.0 %) among 45 colonies while it was 73.05 per cent (range: 46.78-79.56%) in the remaining 55 colonies. In the seven selected most hygienic colonies, after 24 h, mean of 91.40 per cent brood was removed (range: 87.22-94.89%), while it was 47.63 per cent (range: 43.56-52.44%) in the three most non-hygienic selected colonies. The hygienic colonies took 20.6 h to express the hygienic trait while the non-hygienic colonies took 44.6 h. After 24 h of V. destructor inoculation into the brood in the hygienic colonies, 93.43 and 95.23 per cent mean of brood removal was recorded during autumn and spring, while in the non-hygienic colonies, it was only 61.90 and 77.24 per cent, respectively, to achieve cent per cent cleaning of cells, the hygienic colonies took a mean of 28 and 25.71 h, while non-hygienic colonies took 50.67 and 47.33 h, during autumn and spring, respectively. The five SSR markers, reported to be linked with hygienic behaviour, showed polymorphism, and did not differentiate the colonies among hygienic and non-hygienic groups. Out of the 40 SSR markers used to study the genetic diversity between the hygienic and non-hygienic colonies, 37 markers were polymorphic; the diversity index value ranged between 0.37-0.92, marker index value between 0.24-6.41 and the PIC value between 0.23-0.77. The clustering pattern between the hygienic and non-hygienic colonies for each of the three brood cycles produced by neighbour-joining dendrogram showed that the ten colonies (7 most hygienic and 3 most non-hygienic) divided into three clusters. The clustering pattern depicting all the three brood cycles together, also consisted of three clusters; cluster I with four hygienic colonies, cluster II with 3 hygienic and 2 non-hygienic colonies and cluster III consisted of one non-hygienic colony. The grouping pattern of all the colonies varied in all the three brood cycles except for two hygienic colonies (6H and 7H) which consistently formed one group. The newly designed 34 gene specific primers amplified all 300 genomic DNA samples from both the types of colonies with no length polymorphism observed between the hygienic and non-hygienic individuals. Sequencing of the three candidate genes revealed no variation, implying these as totally conserved genes. One gene GB19509 showed six differential SNPs between hygienic and non-hygienic colonies.
Open Access
Dynamics of self-esteem of children with learning disability
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Sati, Lata; Vig, Deepika
The present study explored the dynamics of self-esteem of children with learning disability. The total sample comprised of 80 formally diagnosed learning disabled children and their parents (fathers=80, mothers=80) selected from remedial centres/schools of Ludhiana, Chandigarh and Khanna. Self-esteem of children was assessed by using Self-Esteem Inventories (Coopersmith 1981). Academic anxiety of children was assessed by using Academic Anxiety Scale (Singh & Gupta 2009) whereas, emotional stability was evaluated by using Emotional Stability Test (Gupta & Singh 2003). Bisht Battery of Stress Scales (Bisht 2005) was used to assess school/ institutional related stress among learning disabled children. Perceived stress and social adjustment of parents was assessed by using Stress Profile (Nowack 1999) and Deva’s Social Adjustment Inventory (Deva 1990) respectively. ParentChild Relationship Scale (Rao 2001) was used to judge relationship of children with their parents. Perceived parental encouragement was assessed by using Agarwal Parental Encouragement Scale (Agarwal 1999). A self-structured checklist was developed to assess remedial teachers’ involvement and motivation. It was found that majority (67.50%) of the children showed medium level of self-esteem and had high academic anxiety, school stress and average level of emotional stability. Mothers were found to be more stressed in contrast to fathers. Parents were found to be socially well adjusted irrespective of self-esteem of learning disabled children. Mothers’ high loving and demanding nature in addition to object reward enhanced the self-esteem of the children. Majority (85.00%) of the children perceived high motivation from their remedial teachers. Correlation and regression analysis revealed that academic anxiety and school stress were significantly and negatively affecting the selfesteem of children whereas, symbolic reward by parents and teachers’ involvement and motivation were significantly boosting the self-esteem of the children.
Open Access
Effect of growth regulators on in vivo budding in roses (Rosa hybrida L.)
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Prabhjit Kaur; Grewal, H.S.
The present investigations entitled “Effect of growth regulators on in vivo budding in roses (Rosa hybrida L.)” were carried out on the Research Farm, Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, during 2014-16. The experiments were conducted to study the effect of auxin on the rooting of the budded cuttings and cytokinin on bud take in Rosa hybrida L. in two different cultivars, viz. First Red and Grand Gala. The mature shoots (>1 yr old) of rootstocks, viz. R. indica var. odorata, R. multiflora and R. bourboniana were used for making the stem cuttings. In Experiment I, rootstock cuttings (8-9 inches long, pencil thickness) were treated with different concentrations of IBA for rooting and budded with the scion of rose cvs. First Red and Grand Gala in December- February. In Experiment II, the rootstock cuttings were treated with IBA 1500 mg L-1 for rooting and budded with the scion of rose cvs. First Red and Grand Gala after treating with BAP concentrations in December- February. The type of rootstock and growth regulators treatments significantly (p<0.05) affected the plant growth and flowering of two rose cultivars. The per cent sprouting, survival, shoot length, plant height, number of leaves and flowers per plant were observed the highest in rootstock R. indica var. odorata, whereas, per cent rooting and number of branches were at par in R. indica var. odorata and R. multiflora. The IBA treatment T4 (2000 mg L-1) was found the best regarding per cent sprouting (85.00, 81.67) and rooting of cuttings (91.67, 96.67) survival (68.34, 65.00), shoot length (13.64 cm, 16.29 cm), plant height (20.60, 20.66 cm), number of branches (3.20, 2.84), leaves (9.61, 10.94) and flowers per plant (3.08, 2.07) in rose cv. First Red and Grand Gala, respectively. The best BAP treatment for per cent sprouting (91.66, 88.34), survival (86.67, 86.67), shoot length (15.01 cm, 17.94 cm), plant height (23.01 cm, 24.15 cm), number of branches (3.53, 3.39), leaves (9.95, 11.31) and flowers per plant (2.21, 2.50) was in T4 (BAP 20 mg L-1) in rose cv. First Red and Grand Gala, respectively. It was concluded that the rootstock R. indica var. odorata performed better for First Red and Grand Gala among the different rootstocks tested. The auxin and cytokinin improved the vegetative growth and flowering of the rose plants. The treatment of cuttings with IBA @ 2000 mg L-1 and scion bud with BAP @ 20 mg L-1 were the best for the plant growth and flowering of cv. First Red and Grand Gala budded on R. indica var. odorata rootstock.
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Development and nutritional evaluation of value added sweet products using bael fruit pulp (Aegle marmelos l.) and stevia powder for nutritional and health benefits
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Amarjeet Kaur; Brar, Jaswinder Kaur
Fifteen value added sweet products, seven milk based namely custard, kulfi, gajrela, shake, kheer, burfi, sandesh and eight cereal based products namely seviyan, dalia, atta biscuits,malpura, panjiri, pinni, cupcake and matthi were developed using different proportions of bael pulp/powder and stevia. For substituting one gram of sugar, five milligram of stevia was added in all the products. Organoleptic evaluation of the products was done and all the products were found to be highly acceptable at different levels. Incorporation of bael pulp in milk based value added sweet products i.e., burfi and kheer at 40%, kulfi, gajrella, shake at 20%, custard at 10%, whereas bael powder in sandesh at 15% was found highly acceptable. Percentage of sugar reduced in kulfi was 75 , kheer was 67, custard , shake and burfi was 60, sandesh was 50 and gajrella was 40 by using stevia powder in milk based bael products. Incorporation of bael pulp powder in cereal based value added products i.e., malpura 20%, panjiri, matthi, pinni and cup cake at 15%, atta biscuits at 10%, whereas bael pulp in dalia at 30% and seviyan at 25% was found highly acceptable. The percentage of sugar reduced in pinni 60, dalia 57, panjiri 55, seviyan and malpura was 50, matthi 40, atta biscuits and cup cake was 8 by using stevia powder in cereal based value added sweet products. Addition of bael pulp/powder resulted in significant increase in fibre content of all the products. The potassium content increased significantly in all the acceptable sweet products as compared to the control and the sodium content decreased significantly in the value added sweet products. Addition of stevia resulted in a significant decrease in energy content of all the acceptable products ranging from 3-20 per cent. The developed products were popularized among the self help groups of Ludhiana and Moga districts by delivering lectures and demonstration of value added sweet products. A significant increase in KAP score of self help groups was found after popularization of value added products using bael and stevia. Hence, it can be inferred from the results that incorporation of bael pulp (10-40%) and bael pulp powder (10-20%) and substitution of 40-75% sugar with stevia is recommended in all value added sweet products and the people should be encouraged to use bael and stevia in sweet products as they are natural, safe and have many therapeutic benefits.
Open Access
Growth and development of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes as affected by drought stress and PGRs
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Aparjot Kaur; Thind, S.K.
The most important challenge in production of most of the crops including wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is drought stress. Presently, growth and development of wheat genotypes (HD2967, PBW660, WH1105 and PBW658) as effected by drought stress and plant growth regulators like cytokinins [Kinetin (Kn) and Benzyl adenine (BA)] on various morpho-physiological and biochemical parameters under the lab conditions were studied to select the best concentration of Kn (@ 10, 20 and 40mg/L) and BA (@ 25 and 50mg/L). Drought stress in laboratory was induced by PEG-6000 creating -0.4MPa of stress. Under laboratory conditions, Kn@40mg/L and BA@50mg/L was performed better as compared to lower concentrations of Kn and BA tested and these were studied in combination with osmoprotectants like [Trehalose (Tre) and Glycine Betaine (GB)] in different combinations like Kn@40mg/L along with Tre@1mM, Kn@40mg/L along with Tre@ 1.5mM, BA @50mg/L along with Tre@1mM, BA @50mg/L along with Tre @ 1.5mM, Kn@40mg/L along with GB 50mM, Kn@40mg/L along with GB100mM, BA @50mg/L along with GB 50mM, BA @50mg/L along with GB 100mM in the field experiments on three wheat genotypes (HD2967, PBW660 and WH1105. Drought stress significantly reduced various morpho-physiological parameters like Relative Growth rate (RGR), Specific leaf area (SLA), Relative leaf water content (RLWC) and photosynthetic gas exchange parameters like net photosynthetic rate (NPR), transpiration rate (TR), stomatal conductance (SC) and intercellular CO2 concentration (ICC) at vegetative as well as flag leaf stage. Cytokinins along with different concentrations of osmoprotectants significantly decreased the negative effect of drought stress on various morpho-physiological parameters. Significant negative effect of drought stress was studied on biochemical parameters like Hill reaction activity, MDA content, membrane stability and cell viability. Drought stress significantly increased the photosynthetic pigments like chlorophyll and carotenoid content. Drought stress significantly increased the total soluble sugars, reducing sugars and decreased the non-reducing sugars. Enzymatic activities of various antioxidants like SOD, catalase, APx, DHAR and MDHAR were increased significantly under drought stress. Nonenzymatic ROS were alleviated significantly under drought stress and by application of cytokinins in combination with osmoprotectants. Under drought stress a significant reduction in yield contributing parameters like number of kernels per spike, number of productive tillers/m2, peduncle extrusion, thousand grain weight, grain yield/m2, biological yield/m2 and harvest index was recorded. Cytokinins in combination with different concentrations of osmoprotectants significantly ameliorated the negative effect of drought stress. From among the tested combinations, Kn@40mg/L in combination with Tre@ 1.5mM had more pronounced effect in ameliorating the adverse effect of drought stress on yield contributing parameters of selected wheat genotypes.

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