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ThesisItem Restricted AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF TURMERIC CULTIVATION IN PUNJAB(PAU Ludhiana, 2014) Devendra Kumar Mahawar; D. K., GroverThe present study was carried out to estimate the relative profitability of turmeric and its major competing crops/rotations along with marketing problems. The returns over variable cost per hectare were found to be the highest for the paddy-wheat (`87381) followed by turmeric-green gram (`84724), turmeric-fodder (`55983) and turmeric-fallow (`45380) crop rotations on the sample farms. The benefit-cost ratio was highest for the paddy-wheat crop rotation (2.78) followed by turmeric-green gram (1.72), turmeric-fodder (1.48) and turmeric-fallow (1.40). The returns from turmeric-green gram crop rotation were almost at par with paddy-wheat crop rotation. Thus farmers can go for this option to diversify their cropping pattern away from paddy-wheat rotation. Regression analysis has highlighted to increase expenditure on seed and weeding in order to further enhance the productivity/ profitability of turmeric. Weed management and scarcity of labour were the major biotic and abiotic constraints as reported by the sample farmers. Price variability and inadequate marketing facilities were the other constraints inhibiting the farmers to expand turmeric acreage. Such constraints need to be addressed properly to promote turmeric cultivation in the state.ThesisItem Open Access OPTIMIZATION OF COST OF ELECTRICITY GENERATED BY HYDRO POWER PLANT USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2014) Kaur, Amninder; Sawhney, B.K.Economic operation and control of interconnected power systems involves the solution of difficult optimization problems that require good computational tools. Evolutionary Computation is an area of Computer Science that uses idea from biological evolution to solve problems. Evolutionary computation is one such tool that has shown its ability in solving complex problems. It can be implemented in various forms such as genetic algorithms. The current work presents a prominence for the optimization of the cost of generating units of hydro power plant by genetic algorithms. To optimize the cost of generated electricity, it is important to ensure constant generation of electricity during a time period. A good quality of the electric power system requires both the frequency and voltage to remain at standard values during operation. The foremost task is to keep the frequency constant against the randomly varying active power loads, which are also referred to as unknown external disturbance. The objectives are to minimize the transient deviations in frequency and to ensure their steady state errors to be zeros, so that constant power can be generated. Once optimized power will be generated it will automatically optimize the cost of generated power because generated power and cost of generated power are directly proportional to each other. Genetic algorithm (GA) is used for optimization of integral gains and bias factors, which are applied to automatic generation control (AGC). Tie-line bias KI and frequency bias parameter B are optimized by using real coded GA. It is used to search for the optimal set of parameters (KI and B), which in turn optimize the frequency factor. Using GA results are obtained for given set of hydro units and optimized cost corresponding to each set of hydro generating unit.ThesisItem Open Access PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES IN SOME THERMOTOLERANT AND THERMOSENSITIVE CHILLI (Capsicum annuum L.) GENOTYPES(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2014) Kaur, Jaspreet; Ghai, NavitaThe present investigation was carried out to study the physiological and biochemical changes in some thermotolerant and thermosensitive chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) genotypes. Fourteen chilli genotypes viz., SL 461, PP 404, DL 161, MS 341, VR 521, PB 405, PS 403, SD 463, FL 201, AC 102, S 343, SL 462 and SL 464 along with sensitive check (Royal Wonder) were grown in a randomized block design with three replications during 2012-13. The observations on morpho-physiological and biochemical parameters and yield attributes were recorded between 45 to 105 days after transplanting (DAT) (high temperature period). On the basis of our studies, genotypes S 343, AC 102 and FL 201 were found to be relatively thermotolerant. However, high temperature markedly decreased the photosynthetic activity of chilli plants by decreasing the photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll and carotenoid content) in leaf chloroplasts of all the genotypes. The levels of ascorbic acid, total soluble sugars and total phenols increased in the leaves of all the genotypes with the maturity of the crop. Electrolyte leakage and proline content also increased with rise in temperature. Genotypes AC 102 and S 343 were able to accumulate the maximum ascorbic acid, proline, total soluble sugars and total phenols under heat stress conditions. Early flowering was observed in relatively thermotolerant genotypes as compared to sensitive check (Royal Wonder). High temperature also caused a reduction in pollen viability, fruit size and seed number per fruit. Decrease in fruit set percent and fruit weight led to reduction in the total yield per plant. Maximum yield was observed in genotype S 343 followed by FL 201.ThesisItem Open Access IDENTIFICATION OF MORPHO-PHYSIOLOGICAL TRAITS OF INDIAN MUSTARD (Brassica juncea) GENOTYPES IN RESPONSE TO NITROGEN APPLICATION(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2014) Bains, Khushmeet KaurThe present investigation was carried out on a set of forty-eight genotypes of Brassica juncea to assess the effect of nitrogen on physiological, growth and yield traits during two crop seasons. Leaf area revealed variability in the light harvesting capacity of genotypes manifested in terms of LAI, chlorophyll, PAR interception which were reduced under N-stress. During crop growth and development, chlorophyll content and LAI was highest at 90 DAS and PAR interception at 60 DAS. Under unfertilized conditions(N0) photochemical efficiency was much lower (0.677-0.744 mean 0.706) indicating more damage to PSII whereas higher values (0.708-0.775 mean 0.735) indicated only minor photoinhibition with fertilization. Improvement in photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) was 3.9%, photosystem activity (Fv/Fo) 13.3%, ETR 45.9% and root length 28.1% with fertilization(N100). Growth and yield attributes improved significantly with N. With N0 cultivars PBR-357, JT-152-1 and ELM-151 and with N100 JT-152-1, MLM-19, NPJ-79 and PBR-357 recorded highest seed yield. Yield improvements was less than 10% in MCP-632, PBR-357, JT-152-1 and ELM- 151 and were rated as promising/N-efficient genotypes. Oil content decreased while protein content increased significantly with fertilization. An increase of 20.4% in oil yield and 25.9% in protein yield was recorded with N100. Positive correlation existed between oil content and protein yield (r=0.630*) under N-deficient and with fertilization (r=0.612*). N uptake enhanced by 27.2% and had strong positive correlation with seed yield under N-deficient (r=0.988**) and fertilization (r=0.989**). Eruric acid ˂ 2% was found in cultivars K-109- 113, EC-564646, ELM-303, JM-06026, EKLA and JC-1359-23-558 which is a desirable quality trait.ThesisItem Open Access CHANGES IN VARIOUS ANTIOXIDANT PARAMETERS UNDER DIFFERENT ABIOTIC STRESSES IN WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L.)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2014) Lovlace KaurAntioxidant and phenolic metabolism were studied in two wheat cultivars PBW343 (ABA-lesser sensitive and drought sensitive), C306 (ABA-higher sensitive and drought tolerant) under different abiotic stresses and exogenous ABA supply. ABA regulation under stress involved decreases in lignin and/ or cell-wall ionically bound- peroxidases (CW-iPOX) in roots to increase root length, increases in nitric oxide (NO) signalling and detoxification mechanism, increases in proteolysis at early stage of stress to renew cellular proteins, decreases in oxidative toxicity (in terms of lesser superoxide anions radical (O2-.) and protein carbonylation) and decreases in secondary metabolism . This regulation showed poor working under water stress (WS) in PBW343 but improved on supplying ABA under WS. This regulation showed better working under salt stress (SS) / combined stress, CS (of salt plus water stress) than WS in PBW343. In C306 this regulation showed good working under WS where detoxification mechanism was almost uninduced. C306 roots showed a different ABA pathway for higher increases in root length under stresses which though involved decreases in lignin but increases in CW-iPOX and decreases in NO. Performance of C306 under SS/CS though was not varied higher from WS but it showed higher level of protein oxidation and higher level of secondary metabolism. Some salt-specific effects were seen in both cultivars, these were higher increases in NO, dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) and O2-.. Monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) and DHAR though were not ABA upregulated in both cultivars but their levels were higher in C306 than PBW343 under WS and were higher under SS/CS than under WS in PBW343.ThesisItem Open Access Identification, characterization and functional analysis of auxin efflux carrier gene TaPIN1 in Wheat(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2014) Kanwardeep SinghPolar auxin transport (PAT) through differentially located influx and efflux carriers’ controls many plant developmental processes. Present study is aimed at characterizing one such auxin efflux carrier gene (PIN1) in wheat using functional and translational genomics. In-silico analysis of the gene revealed the presence of conserved gene structure among monocots and dicots with six exons and five introns. Most divergent first two exons of the gene marked with monocot specific deletions/insertions code for the hydrophobic loop of the PIN1 protein. Intron evolution revealed the presence of conserved intron phases along with three ancient introns, out of which two introns showed intron sliding in some species. The proto-splice sites governed insertion of the first two introns in PIN1 gene emphasizes intron insertion after monocot-dicot divergence. Multiple amino acid sequence alignment ascertained the presence of conserved trans-membrane domains and motifs along with some species specific uncharacterized motifs in the central hydrophobic loop. Presence of the disordered protein region in the central loop and differences in the 3d structure of PIN1 protein highlights diversification of PIN1 gene among monocots and dicots as suggested by their phylogenetic analysis. BSMV-based Virus Induced Gene Silencing resulted in significant reduction of plant height (up to 30%) in wheat plants without effecting other plant traits like leaf elongation, tillering and anthesis etc. Copy number prediction and physical mapping of the PIN1 revealed the presence of atleast four copies on wheat chromosomes 6 and 7.These findings suggest the presence of functional orthologue of PIN1 gene in wheat, which can be further exploited as a candidate gene for alternate dwarfing system.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF EXOGENOUS PHENOLIC ACIDS ON ANTIOXIDANT RESPONSE IN WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L.)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2014) Anupam SharmaIn the present study, effect of exogenous salicylic acid (SA), gallic acid (GA) and ferulic acid (FA) on antioxidant response was investigated in wheat seedlings. For this, PBW 621 seeds were pre-treated with varying concentrations of SA, GA and FA and growth data was taken at 6th day after germination (DAG). In comparison to hydroprimed seedlings, application of 10-70 ppm of SA, 20-140 ppm of GA and 50-150 ppm of FA had growth promotory effects in wheat. Although at higher concentrations, SA (200 ppm) and FA (1000 ppm) inhibited seedling growth however GA even at 1000 ppm did not cause inhibitory effects. In comparison to water primed seedlings, 40 and 70 ppm of salicylic acid augmented antioxidant response by upregulating antioxidative enzymes viz. SOD, CAT, POX, APX and GR and increasing proline, ascorbate and total phenolic contents leading to reduced MDA content. Pretreatment with gallic acid (20-140 ppm) led to increase in the GR and APX activities along with the increase in proline, ascorbate and total phenolic contents. Wheat seedlings pre-treated with 100 and 150 ppm of FA showed upregulated CAT and POX activities which resulted in lower H2O2 content. Further, wheat seedlings pre-treated with 100 and 150 ppm of FA showed enhanced ascorbate and total phenolic contents. Therefore, lower concentrations of these phenolic acids i.e. 40 ppm of SA, 80 ppm of GA and 100 ppm of FA could be used to promote the antioxidant response in wheat. Antioxidant response, ferulic acid, gallic acid, salicylic acid, wheatThesisItem Restricted DEVELOPMENT OF SOFTWARE FOR DISEASE AND PEST MANAGEMENT OF WHITE BUTTON MUSHROOMS USING WEB TECHNOLOGY(2014) Pratibha GoyalThe cultivation of White Button Mushrooms is a carefully controlled biological system, however contamination with microorganisms, which are in ways, is inevitable. White Button Mushrooms are growing in Punjab and adjoining areas are carried out by seasonal growers with no almost environmental controls. In India majority of the mushroom holdings are lacking adequate compost preparation, pasteurization and proper environmental control facilities, which lead to the development of various diseases and pests sufficiently to a level to cause considerable yield loss. So this crop is always under threat of attack by diseases and pests. To diagnose these diseases and pests is difficult and subjected to expert opinion. This software is developed to automate the inspection of White Button Mushrooms and helps to identify diseases and pests. Diagnosing diseases and pests requires Microbiologist to describe the case. Moreover, there are some diseases which have similar symptoms making it difficult for non-experts to distinguish them correctly. This method of diagnosis and identification depends on comparison of the concerned case with the similar ones through one image or more of the symptoms and helps enormously in overcoming difficulties of non-experts. The proposed software will use colored images of defected mushrooms to detect and diagnose the disease and pest. It will help the farmers to identify any disease, any pest and make right treatment. This software is developed using ASP.Net and database using SQL Server 2008.ThesisItem Restricted REFASHIONING THE TRADITIONAL CRAFT OF PHULKARI THROUGH COMPUTER AIDED DESIGNING(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2014) Mandeep KaurThe present study entitled “Refashioning the traditional craft of Phulkari through Computer Aided Designing” was carried out in Ludhiana city. An interview schedule was prepared to document the motifs, fabrics, stitches and colours used in Phulkari products in the last five years (2009-2013) from forty consumers and twenty retailers. The results of the investigation revealed that most of the consumers possessing Phulkari products were females between 35-45 years of age and majority of the retailers offering Phulkari products were males between 35-45 years of age. The documentation revealed that majority of the products available with consumers and retailers were ornamented in the style of Phulkari instead of Bagh. The traditional flower motifs were used in the majority of the consumer and retailer articles. The other popular motifs used were of geometric shapes and leaves. The work was embroidered on chinon chiffon fabric in most of the consumer products whereas, on cambric fabric in most of the retailer products. Majority of the products documented from both consumers and retailers were embroidered with the darn stitch. The red colour was the most popular colour for both base fabric as well as the pat thread in the both consumer and retailer products. The Phulkari designs were then developed and simulated using Corel Draw X3, Adobe Photoshop and Corel Photo-Paint X3 softwares. Later ten fashion articles were prepared using the most preferred embroidery designs of Phulkari for belt, border, jacket, scarf, yoke, footwear, headband, bracelet, handbag and potli bag. On the basis of suitability of the base fabric used, footwear made using velvet and an embroidered strip of voile was preferred the most. The design of the potli bag superseded the designs of other fashion articles as per the consumers taste. According to the colour combination, green base with yellow and magenta coloured embroidery on the footwear was favored by most of the respondents. The footwear was outweighed by the consumers on the basis of the overall impact amongst the fashion articles. Majority of the respondents reported the quoted price for the fashion articles to be suitable. The results intended that the Phulkari fashion articles developed after visualisation of computerized simulated Phulkari patterns are commercially viable and thirty to forty percent profit can be incurred by making innovative fashion articles using Phulkari.
