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ThesisItem Open Access CHEMISTRY AND INSECTICIDAL POTENTIAL OF PARTHENIN AND ITS TRANSFORMATION REACTION PRODUCTS AGAINST Tribolium castaneum (Herbst).(PAU Ludhiana, 2012) Ramandeep Kaur; K. K., ChahalThe present investigation deals with Chemistry and insecticidal potential of parthenin and its transformation reaction products against Tribolium castaneum (Herbst).The shade dried and powdered leaves of Parthenium hysterophorous were extracted in chloroform using Soxhlet extraction method. Parthenin was isolated by column chromatography using chloroform:acetone (5%) solution as the eluent. Parthenin was subjected to reaction with diazoester which resulted into the formation of two compoundspyrolysis product and diazoester adduct. Parthenin on reactions with dry hydrochloric acid gas and formic acid gets converted into anhydroparthenin. Parthenin on irradiation with microwave gets converted into anhydroparthenin. Parthenin and its derivatives were characterised on the basis of melting point, TLC, FT-IR and 1H NMR. Parthenin and its derivatives were tested for their bioefficacy against adults of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) by releasing them in wheat grains spiked with various concentrations of test compounds viz. 1,000, 2,000, 4,000, 5,000, 10,000 and 20,000 μg g-1 of wheat respectively. The observations of mortality were noted every 24 hours till complete or constant mortality was obtained. The corrected per cent mortality was calculated using Abbott’s formula. All the compounds exhibited complete mortality at the spiking level of 10,000 and 20,000μg g-1. Parthenin was found to be most potent followed by anhydroparthenin, pyrolysis product and diazoester adduct.ThesisItem Open Access Handling and Storage Management of Seed Potato - A Case Study of Selected Farms(PAU Ludhiana, 2012) Chamkaur Singh; Ramandeep Singh Major AdvisorThe present study was undertaken for studying the handling and storage practices of seed potato followed by Sangha group. The study was conducted by including selected persons from Sangha group for exploring the traditional handling and storage practices of seed potato and exploratory research was used to identify new technologies of handling and storage. Results indicate that potato industry was facing acute shortage of skilled labour. There were huge losses during the handling of produce on field and during storage due to manual working. Maintenance of uniform temperature in cold chamber is the need of time, which is lacking in traditional system of handling and storage. Produce generally get damaged during the process due to the reason of manual handling.ThesisItem Open Access A STUDY OF COST REDUCTION PRACTICES ADOPTED BY PHARMACEUTICAL UNITS IN NORTHERN INDIA(PAU Ludhiana, 2012) Nitin Chaudhary; Babita KumarThe present study was conducted to analyses the cost reduction practices and problems faced during their implementation in pharmaceutical units. The population for the study consisted of small, medium and large scale units of Northern India. The present study was restricted to Northern India. Out of those units 20 units were selected on the basis of random sampling techniques. Questions were framed to study the cost reduction practices adopted by different departments of the organization. The study found that work standardization was mainly followed as cost reduction practice for manufacturing and improvement in reaction speed and reduction in wastages was achieved in the last two years. Negotiation method for reducing inventory, providing on the job training for reducing training cost, automation for reducing personnel cost, direct selling for reducing distribution cost and improving ROI by process improvement were other cost reduction practices. Organizations were receiving many benefits like improved productivity and quality, reduction in wastages, decrease in inventory cost, increase in profits and competitiveness by adopting cost reduction measures. Organizations were facing problems of customers order which are highly fluctuating, frequent change in design, resistance from employees, lack of technical knowhow, budget constraint and lack of time to implement these practices. On the whole cost reduction practices are not so well engraved in the small pharmaceutical industries whereas they are more well adopted by large and medium scale unitsThesisItem Open Access IMPACT OF SUPPLEMENTATION OF HEALTH DRINK USING UNDER UTILIZED FOODS ON THE NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF ADOLESCENT GIRLS(PAU Ludhiana, 2012) Neha Kapoor; Anita, KochharSixty adolescent girls in the age group of 16 to 18 years were selected from Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana to determine the impact of supplementation of health drink using under utilized foods on the nutritional status of adolescent girls. Health drink was prepared by using whey water, pearl millet, broccoli leaf powder, banana and jaggery at three different levels i.e. S 1 with 5 g Pearl millet, 2.5 g Broccoli leaf powder, 50 g Banana, 10 g Jaggery, and 82.5 ml whey water, S 2 with 5 g Pearl millet, 3 g Broccoli leaf powder, 50 g Banana, 10 g Jaggery, and 82.5 ml whey water and S 3 with 5 g Pearl millet, 3.5 g Broccoli leaf powder, 50 g Banana, 10 g Jaggery, and 82.5 ml whey water. The developed health drink was organoleptically evaluated by a panel of judges and students by using nine-point hedonic scale. Both the panels gave the highest overall acceptability scores to the S1 level. The most acceptable level was chemically analyzed for proximate composition, available carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals and anti-nutritional factors by using standard methods. The subjects were divided into two groups i.e. control group and experimental group. The subjects in control group were observed without the supplementation of health drink and in the experimental group the subjects were supplemented with 150 ml of developed health drink for a period of three month. The mean daily intake of cereals, green leafy vegetables, fruits and sugar/jaggery increased significantly (p<0.01) after the supplementation of health drink to the subjects of experimental group. The percent increase in average daily intake of Energy, Carbohydrates, Protein and Fats was found to be 7.36, 6.68, 12.55 and 4.11 percent respectively after supplementation of health drink. The percent increase in serum retinol level, blood heamoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, packed cell volume and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration and TIBC was 4.65, 7.13, 4.88, 5.56, 2.35 and 4.88 percent, respectively was observed in the subjects after the supplementation of health drink. Hence, it can be inferred from the results that supplementation of health drink improved the nutritional status of the adolescent girls. Therefore, the consumption of underutilized foods such as pearl millet, whey water and broccoli leaf powder should be encouraged to improve their nutritional status.ThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT OF EXTRUDED SNACKS UTILIZING BROKEN RICE AND MUNG BEAN(PAU Ludhiana, 2012) Chetan Sharma; Baljit SinghA study was carried out to develop extruded snacks from broken rice (70 parts) and mung bean (30 parts) using twin screw intermeshing extruder. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to study the effects of feed moisture content, screw speed and barrel temperature on response variables. Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD) with moisture (14-18%), screw speed (400-550 rpm) and die temperature (130-170 °C) as independent variables produced 20 different combinations that were used to investigate the effect of these variables on specific mechanical energy (SME), bulk density (BD), water absorption index (WAI), water solubility index (WSI), and hardness. The response contour plots were plotted as a function of two variables to show the effect of process variables on the physical and functional properties of the extruded snacks. Significant regression models were established with the coefficient of correlation (R2) greater than 0.95. An optimization of process variables was attempted for maximum desirability. Increasing feed moisture caused increase in density and hardness whereas lowers SME, WAI and WSI. Increasing screw speed resulted in increase in SME and WSI and decrease in WAI of the extrudates. Higher barrel temperature reduced SME, density and hardness but increased the WSI of the extrudates. Optimized conditions for preparation of snacks were 14% moisture, 549 rpm screw speed, 148° C. the moisture, protein, fat, fiber, ash and carbohydrates content of snacks were 5.9, 12.7, 0.6, 2.5, 2.9 and 75.1 per cent respectively.ThesisItem Open Access UPTAKE AND METABOLISM OF IMIDACLOPRID IN SUGARCANE AND ITS PERSISTENCE IN SOIL(PAU Ludhiana, 2012) Smriti Sharma; Balwinder SinghThe uptake and metabolism of imidacloprid in sugarcane leaves and soil were studied following application of imidacloprid @ 20 and 80 g a.i. ha-1. Samples of sugarcane leaves and soil were collected at various time intervals and analyzed by using High Performance Liquid Chromatograph (HPLC) and confirmed by Liquid Chromatograph –Mass Spectrometry (LCMS). Total residues of imidacloprid and its metabolites were found to be 4.97 and 12.99 mg kg-1 in leaves collected 7 days after the application of imidacloprid @ 20 and 80 g a.i. ha-1 respectively. These residues declined to below the detectable limit at 90 days after the application at both the dosages. The samples of sugarcane juice and trash did not reveal the presence of imidacloprid residues at harvest. In soil samples total residues of imidacloprid were found to be 4.29 and 7.81 mg kg-1 collected 7 days after the application @ 20 and 80 g a.i. ha-1 respectively. These residues could not be detected at 90 days after the application at both the dosages. In laboratory experiment, residues of imidacloprid in sandy loam, loamy sand and clay loam after 7 day of its application @ 100 mg kg-1 were found to be 69.74, 72.66 and 77.20 mg kg-1, respectively. The persistence of imidacloprid was almost similar in all type of soils. In sterilized soil, Bacillus alkaninitricus was found to be more efficient than B. aerophilus and their consortium while, in unsterilized soil, bacterial consortium proved to be more efficient in imidacloprid degradation.ThesisItem Open Access “STUDIES ON GROWTH PARAMETERS OF ENTOMOPATHOGENIC FUNGI AND ITS EVALUATION AGAINST Tetranychus urticae KOCH(PAU Ludhiana, 2012) Neha Sharma; Neelam, JoshiEight fungal isolates were studied for the growth parameters on different substrates, effect of pesticides on fungal growth and pathogenicity against Tetranychus urticae. In the study of effect of pesticides on fungal growth at different concentrations radial growth of fungal isolates on the growth media supplemented with pesticides was recorded and was found that the radial growth of fungal isolates varied among genera and species. Among all fungal isolates, Metarhizium anisopliae MTCC 4104 @ 750 ppm was most compatible to propargite and showed 33.6 per cent growth reduction over control. In media supplemented with ethion, endosulfan and chlorpyriphos, Hirsutella thompsonii PDBC-1 caused 32.9 per cent @ 1000 ppm, 6.3 per cent @ 2500 ppm and 20.1 per cent @ 2500 ppm per cent growth reduction over control, respectively and was most compatible with these pesticides. Further, in all pesticides tested, radial growth varied in inverse proportion to the concentration. Lower the concentration, more is the radial growth. Seven different substrates were evaluated for growth parameters of all fungal isolates and variability of the mean conidial count, colony forming unit and biomass was observed both among substrates and various fungal isolates. Among the isolates, mean conidial count and colony forming unit was maximum in H. thompsonii PDBC-1 recording 26.79 x 106conidia/g and 26.6 x 106 CFU/g, respectively whereas Beauveria bassiana P isolate recorded maximum mean biomass production of 0.49 g. Among the substrates, sorghum recorded maximum mean conidial count and colony forming unit of 21.29 x 106conidia/g and 20.9 CFU/g, respectively whereas maximum biomass production was recorded in rice wash water (0.37 g). In bioassay studies against adult of T. urticae, the fungal isolate H. thompsonii PDBC-1 and Beauveria bassiana MTCC 6291 recorded 96.50 per cent mortality at 1011conidia/ml after seven days of treatment. Further in all treatments, higher concentration was significantly better than the middle and lower concentration. Similarly, H. thompsonii PDBC-1 recorded minimum LC50 value of 6.84 x 109, 1.20 x 107and 8.38 x 102 conidia/ml after 72, 120 and 168 hrs, respectively which was significantly better than all other isolates and was the most pathogenic isolate.ThesisItem Open Access Osmo-mechanical dehydration of Fig (Ficus carica L.) and its value addition.(PAU Ludhiana, 2012) Rajneesh Kant; Jarnail SinghThe fresh fully matured fig fruits were procured from markets, orchard of PAU Ludhiana and Dera Baba Jaimal Singh, Beas, Punjab. The detailed nutritional, mechanical, physical and colour analysis of fresh fig fruit were carried out before undergoing osmo-mechanical drying. Osmotic dehydration followed by hot air drying and only hot air drying were carried out under different process parameters. The independent process variable was temperature for hot air drying. Concentration of osmotic agent, temperature of osmotic agent and fruit to solution ratio were independent variables for osmotic dehydration. Levels of temperature for hot air drying were 60, 70, and 80OC. Levels of concentration and temperature of osmotic agent (sucrose solution) were 50, 60, and 70OBx and 60, 70 and 80OC respectively. Similarly levels of fruit to solution ratio were 1:4, 1:5 and 1:6 (w/w basis). Process variables were standardized by carrying out experimental observations and score rating of hedonic scale. Response surface methodology was also adopted for optimization of these process variables. Water loss, solute gain and overall acceptability were response variables under central composite face centered design. The selected process conditions viz. concentration, temperature and fruit to solution ratio for desired product were 60OBx, 70OC and 1:5 respectively. Kinetics of hot air drying and osmotic dehydration were studied. Variations in drying rates and moisture content were investigated. The desired product was observed to be in the range of 18-20% moisture content. Sensory, nutritional and colour analysis of the osmo-mechanically dried fig slices was carried out during storage of six months under ambient conditions. The fig slices were found acceptable. The microbial count, water activity and color was comparable to market product and safe for human consumption. Protein, carbohydrates, and total fat were observed as 3.4g, 65.2 g, 1.2 g per 100g respectively. These remained intact as for fresh fig fruit these values were 1.50g,18.50g and 0.20g respectively. Vitamin A was observed as 180 IU and150 IU for dried and fresh fig respectively.ThesisItem Restricted DEVELOPMENT OF TOBACCO CATERPILLAR, Spodoptera litura (FABRICIUS) (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) ON DIFFERENT CULTIVARS OF CABBAGE(PAU Ludhiana, 2012) Jasjinder Kaur; Inderpal Singh)The development of tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) was studied during 2012-13 on cabbage cultivars viz. Pride of India, Pusa Drum Head, KGMR-1, Golden Acre and Pusa Mukta at the Entomological Laboratory, PAU, Ludhiana. There were significant differences in incubation period and hatchability of eggs with a minimum incubation period on Pusa Mukta (4.27 ± 0.09 days) and maximum on Pride of India (4.87 ± 0.10 days). Egg hatchability was maximum on Pusa Mukta (86.66 ± 0.82%) and minimum on Pride of India (81.76 ± 1.06%). There were significant differences in duration of larval instars on different cultivars. Total larval duration was minimum on Pusa Mukta (15.55 ± 0.12 days) and maximum on Pride of India (20.09 ± 0.14 days). The larval survival was minimum on Pride of India (71.00 ± 1.29%) and maximum on Pusa Mukta (89.00 ±1.29%). Pre-pupal and pupal periods were observed as minimum on Pusa Mukta (2.26 ± 0.02 and 6.38 ± 0.03 days, respectively) and maximum (2.89 ± 0.10 and 9.08 ± 0.05 days, respectively) on Pride of India. The male and female pupal weight was maximum on Pusa Mukta (0.362 ± 0.003g and 0.364 ± 0.004g, respectively) and minimum on Pride of India (0.349 ± 0.003g and 0.351 ± 0.003g, respectively). Pupal survival was maximum on Pusa Mukta (92.00 ± 1.83%) and minimum on Pride of India (80.00 ± 2.42%) and Pusa Drum Head (80.00 ± 2.08%). No significant differences were observed in pre-oviposition, oviposition, post-oviposition periods; adult longevity and fecundity on all the test cultivars. The female and male sex ratio ranged from 1.22:1 to 1.86:1 on different test cultivars. The total life duration of S. litura varied significantly among different cultivars with maximum on Pride of India (36.93 ± 0.25 days) and minimum on Pusa Mukta (28.46 ± 0.54 days). The extent of damage in terms of leaf area consumed/ larva was maximum on Pusa Mukta (158.28 ± 0.89 cm²) and minimum on Pride of India (139.82 ± 0.69 cm²). The Consumption Index (CI), Approximate Digestibility (AD), Relative Growth Rate (RGR) and Efficiency of Conversion of Ingested food (ECI) were found to be maximum on Pusa Mukta (2.20 ± 0.04, 88.10 ± 1.04%, 0.20 ± 0.01 and 9.18 ± 0.37%, respectively). However, Pride of India recorded minimum CI (1.06 ± 0.02) and AD (76.10 ± 1.74%) with comparatively lower RGR (0.09 ± 0.01) and ECI (8.28 ± 0.33%), and thus proved least suitable for the development of S. litura.