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ThesisItem Restricted Assessment of Female Athlete Triad syndrome in collegiate athletes(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Sukhpreet Kaur; Navjot KaurThe present investigation was undertaken to study the female athlete triad syndrome in collegiate athletes. The survey regarding nutritional status, menstrual dysfunction, bone mineral density as well as eating disorders was carried out. Sixty athletes and sixty nonathletes were in the age group of 18 to 25 years who were participating in five sports were selected from Punjab Agricultural University and Khalsa College of women, Ludhiana. The nutritional status of athletes was assessed by a dietary survey using the 24-hour recall method, anthropometric measurements and biochemical parameters. The daily average energy intake of athletes i.e. 2421 Kcal was found more than non-athletes i.e. 1561 Kcal. Except for ascorbic acid and folic acid in athletes as well as protein and fats in non-athletes, both groups were unable to meet the standards. Eating disorders were found more in non-athletes (38.3%) than in athletes (13.3%). Mean scores of type of eating disorders such as dieting, oral control, bulimia and food preoccupation was 10.52±4.81, 5.55±3.89 and 5.05±1.67 as compared to athletes i.e. 7.02±3.9, 3.57±1.12 and 2.36±1.08 respectively. In contrast with non-athletes, low energy availability i.e. ≤30 Kcal/Kg/FFM was reported in athletes. The percentage of menstrual dysfunctions was found more in athletes i.e. 58.3 percent as compared to nonathletes i.e. 36.3 percent in the form of primary amenorrhea, secondary amenorrhea and oligomenorrhea. On the other hand, PCOD, dysmenorrhoea and the pre-menstrual syndrome were found more in non-athletes due to lack of exercise. Athletes were more anaemic in comparison to non-athletes. There was no significant difference found in hormonal status in both groups. BMI of 68.3 percent of athletes and 75 percent of non-athlete was in the normal range. DEXA revealed that non-athletes had low bone mineral density as compared to athletes due to low consumption of calcium, increased caffeine and carbonated consumption. On the basis of this study it was concluded that awareness regarding the serious consequences of female athlete triad should be generated amongst young athletes as well as non-athletes.ThesisItem Open Access Improving seed longevity of maize (Zea mays L.) through desiccation and packaging materials(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Sukhpreet Kaur; Navjyot KaurThe present study entitled “Improving seed longevity of maize (Zea mays L.) through desiccation and packaging materials” was conducted during 2020-21. The seeds collected four months after harvest were desiccated to different moisture levels i.e., 12, 10 and 8% followed by storage in different packaging bags viz., laminated polypropylene bags, non- aminated polypropylene bags and polyethylene bags. Seeds with 12% moisture content stored in cloth bags served as control. Seeds of different treatments were stored under ambient conditions for 12 months. Physiological parameters were observed at monthly intervals and biochemical parameters were observed at three months interval during storage period. Germination percentage, seedling dry weight, seedling vigour index I and II and speed of germination decreased with increase in storage period; whereas electrical conductivity and mean germination time recorded a gradual increase with increased storage duration irrespective of different seed storage treatments. It was observed that seeds stored in laminated polypropylene bags and non-laminated polypropylene bags, polyethylene bags as well as cloth bags maintained the germination above 90% up to 13 months and thus complied IMSCS. Gradual decrease in germination was recorded with increase in seed storage duration and no seed storage treatment could maintain germination above IMSCS after 13 months of seed storage. The seed moisture content recorded fluctuations in accordance with relative humidity present in environment in all the packaging materials but greater fluctuation was observed in seeds stored in cloth bags and polypropylene bags as compared to seeds stored in polyethylene bags. Various food reserves viz., sucrose, starch content, oil and total soluble proteins decreased with increase in storage period; while total free amino acids increased with increase in seed storage duration. There was gradual decrease in α-amylase activity with increase in seed storage duration irrespective of the seed storage treatments. Antioxidant enzymes viz., superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase also recorded gradual decrease in their activities in all the packaging materials with increased seed storage duration. Protein profiling indicated that the intensity of electrophoretic bands corresponding to polypeptides of molecular weight 44 and 52 kDa was higher in fresh seeds as compared to 15 months old seeds stored in various packaging treatments. The present study suggests that polypropylene bags either laminated or non-laminated can be used as cost effective and durable packaging materials instead of cloth bags and polyethylene bags owing to their lesser cost and higher flexural strength.ThesisItem Open Access Population status, feeding behaviour and breeding biology of Baya Weaver Bird (Ploceus philippinus) in Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Sukhpreet Kaur; Kler, Tejdeep KaurThe present study on population status, feeding behaviour and breeding biology of Baya Weaver Bird was conducted for the period of February 2018 to January 2020. Three villages per district namely village Baranhara (nesting colony I), Raghunath enclave (nesting colony II) and Rattan (nesting colony III) in district Ludhiana; village Fatehpur (nesting colony IV), Mukarabpur (nesting colony V) and Manjitpur (nesting colony VI) in district Rupnagar; village Haraj (nesting colony VII), Wan (nesting colony VIII) and Toot (nesting colony IX) in district Ferozepur were selected. Relative abundance of Baya Weaver Bird ranged from 11.09% to 16.07% at all the selected locations. Present study on feeding and foraging behaviour of Baya Weaver Bird revealed the feeding on different crops (rice, wheat, pearl millet, sorghum) at different stages. During breeding season they fed their youngones on termites, grasshoppers, beetles, flies, moths, bees and wasps. Breeding season of Baya Weaver Bird was found to be ranged from May to September during both years. Nesting colonies of Baya Weaver Bird was found on trees Date Palm (77.77%), Royal Palm (11.11%) and Fishtail Palm (11.11%); which were located in residential premises (44.44%), village outskirts (22.22%) in crop fields (33.33%) and water bodies (77.77%). Chronological data showed the initiation of nesting varied from 2nd week of May to 3rd week of June during the year 2018 and 2019 at all selected locations. First and second batch of fledglings of Baya Weaver Bird were observed from 4th week of July to end of September month during both the breeding seasons. Clutch size was recorded 2 to 4 eggs per nest and nestling period was ranged from 13- 23 days. Hatching success and nestling success was ranged between 75.00% - 100.00% and 50.00% to 100.00% respectively. Thirteen eggs were examined for the morphometrical analysis which showed the average weight of eggs 1.77±0.13 g; maximum mean length (21.25±0.55 mm) and maximum mean width (13.52±0.55 mm) was recorded at location II and location I respectively. Six vertebrate predators (three avian species and three reptile species) were observed damaging and predating on the nests. Abandoned nest of Baya Weaver Bird were utilised by secondary nesters namely Indian Silverbill, Scaly-breasted Munia, House Sparrow and Yellow Wasp. Pesticide analysis for 16 organophosphates had shown the presence of Chloropyriphos and Triazophos in the excreta samples. Fifteen heavy metals were analyzed, As, Pb, Cd and Cr were recorded above normal range and below toxic range. Present study implicated that plantations of palm trees are required to be undertaken in agricultural habitat would help in establishing colonies of Baya Weaver Bird and to exploit their insect biocontrol potential during their breeding season. Present study provides valuable information on habitat structure, breeding and feeding activities of Baya Weaver Bird for the formulation of its species specific conservation programme.ThesisItem Restricted Assessment of losses and potential of sticky traps for the management of sucking insect pests in Bt cotton(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Sukhpreet Kaur; Bhullar, Harpal SinghField experiments were conducted during kharif 2019 to determine the avoidable yield losses due to sucking insect pests on four different cotton cultivars BG II (US 81& RCH 776), non Bt F-2228 and desi cotton LD 949 at 2 different sowing dates of Timely-25th April and Late- 27th May) at PAU Ludhiana and potential of sticky traps for the management of sucking pests in Bt cotton at Sri Muktsar Sahib. Significantly higher incidence of whitefly (20.61 adults), jassid (12.97 nymphs) and thrips (7.32 adults) was recorded under late sown as compared to timely sown crop which recorded low incidence of whitefly (14.51 adults), jassid (11.37 nymphs) and thrips (6.58 adults) per three leaves. Significantly lower number of whitefly (16.69 adults), jassid (13.74 nymphs) and thrips (5.86 adults) were recorded on desi cotton (LD 949) as compared BG II cultivars (RCH 776 & US 81) and non Bt F 2228. Significantly low per cent avoidable yield losses (16.41) were recorded in timely sown as compared to yield losses (18.45) under late sown conditions. Whereas, significantly lowest yield loss was observed in desi cotton (16.01 %) as compared to US 81 (16.55 %), RCH 776 (17.20 %) and F 2228 (19.98 %). Maximum number of whitefly (85.66 adults/trap ) and jassid (56.33 adults/trap) were recorded in commercial rectangular shape yellow sticky trap and were significantly higher than commercial triangle shape yellow sticky trap (60.66 whitefly adults / trap and 30.00 jassid adults/trap) and self-made yellow rectangular trap (59.33 whitefly adults/trap & 29.00 jassid adults/trap). However, significantly higher numbers of thrips (18.33 thrip adults/trap) were trapped on commercial blue rectangular sticky trap.ThesisItem Unknown Diversity and seasonal incidence of aquatic insects of ponds in South-West Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Sukhpreet Kaur; Hundal, S.S.A comparative study was conducted dealing with diversity and seasonal incidence of aquatic insects of ponds in South-West Punjab. Aquatic insects are group of arthropods that spend some or almost full life in water. They act as bioindicators and help in determining water quality of different water bodies. The sample collection was done fortnightly from 3 villages of Faridkot district viz. Pakka, Chambeli and Bhana from June 2018 to May 2019. The insect specimens were got identified and confirmed from ZSI, Kolkata and analysis of water samples for physico-chemical parameters was done using standard methods. A total of 1103 individuals of aquatic insects belonging to 4 orders (Coleoptera, Odonata, Hemiptera, and Diptera) were collected from three village ponds. The maximum number of aquatic insects was recorded from village Pakka (373) while minimum number was recorded from village Bhana(311). Hemiptera was the most dominant order in all three village ponds. Various water quality parameters like temperature, pH, EC, DO, BOD, alkalinity etc. were analysed. It was observed that there were slight variations in water quality parameters in three ponds. The result of study indicated high diversity of aquatic entomofauna in pond of village Pakka and suggests the possibility of using aquatic insects efficiently for biomonitoring purposes.ThesisItem Open Access Bird composition in relation to management practices of orchards in Ludhiana district(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2016) Sukhpreet Kaur; Kler, Tejdeep KaurThe present study was carried out to observe bird composition in relation to management practices of orchards in Fruit Research Farm, Punjab Agricultural University campus, village Birmi and village Baranhara in Ludhiana District from March 2015 to February 2016. A total of 52, 44, 38, 49, 31and 30 bird species had been noted in the transects I, II, III and IV of Fruit Research Farm, PAU, transect V of orchard at village Birmi and transect VI of orchard at village Baranhara respectively. Order wise Passeriformes and feeding habits wise omnivorous were most dominant in all the said transects throughout the study period. In transect IV management practices (bird manual scaring) were performed and guava crop fruit damage was found to be estimated 5.5%. Data was taken on ber trees protected with manual scaring and netting. Bird damage was 11.08% in manual scaring area and nil on the netted trees. Guava fruit damage was estimated 42.50% and 23.50% at fruit ripening stage (without management practices) in transect V of village Birmi and transect VI of village Baranhara respectively. In the comparison of guava crop at different developmental stages, 22 species were in transect IV, 19 species in transect V and 25 bird species in transect VI were recorded. The implementation of management practices (netting, manual scaring) helped in reducing the bird damage in guava and ber crop. The present study suggested that mixed fruit orchard seemed to provide food to bird species of different tropic levels from frugivores to carnivores.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of isopropyl‐N‐3‐chlorophenyl carbamate (CIPC) treatment on potato and its products(2011) Sukhpreet Kaur; Sandhu, K.S.The investigation entitled “Effect of isopropyl‐N‐3‐chlorophenyl carbamate (CIPC) treatment on potato and its products” was undertaken with the objectives to study the physico‐chemical changes occurring during storage and to study processing quality of the stored potatoes. Two cultivars viz. Kufri Chipsona‐1 and Kufri Pukhraj were packed in net bags and stored at 11oC (with and without CIPC), RH 90‐95% and 2oC (without CIPC), RH 85‐ 90%. The treated and untreated potatoes were analyzed at 30 days interval for various physico‐chemical parameters. Mean total solids, weight loss and reducing sugars were found to be higher in untreated tubers than in treated ones after 1 month of storage at 11oC. CIPC treatment was found to be effective against checking sprouting and maintaining low sugar levels in stored potato tubers. During storage of 6 months, total solids and weight loss increased significantly at 11 and 2oC. An overall increase in reducing and total sugars was observed in both the cultivars but the increase was higher in cold stored potatoes. A fast reduction in starch and protein content was observed at 2oC than at 11oC. A significant loss of ascorbic acid was observed during storage at 11 and 2oC. CIPC treated Kufri Chipsona‐1 stored at 11oC was considered best for processing into chips and French fries. Potato products (Chips and French fries) were prepared from stored potatoes and were analyzed for physico‐chemical parameters after monthly interval. Significantly lower retention of moisture and oil was recorded for chips and French fries prepared from treated Kufri Chipsona‐1 stored at 11oC. Kufri Chipsona‐1 produced chips and French fries of high yield, having excellent color, flavor and texture quality. The chips and French fries were found to be highly acceptable up to 6 months of storage whereas Kufri Pukhraj was found to be unsuitable for processing due to higher moisture and oil uptake and unacceptable color, flavor and texture quality
