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ThesisItem Restricted Development of biodegradable packaging material from Groundnut shell(Punjab Agricultural University, 2023) Sukhdeep Kaur; Sidhu, Gagandeep KaurThe present study was conducted for the development of biodegradable film from groundnut shell. Different physico-chemical properties viz. moisture content, ash content, bulk density, true density, cellulose content, hemicelluloses content and lignin content were measured using standard methods. Experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of different process parameters viz. shaker time (6, 12 & 18h), shaker speed (160, 180 & 240rpm) and enzyme concentration (80, 100 & 120mg) on lignin content and drying time (10, 20 & 30h), drying temperature (50, 70 & 90◦C), dark or light condition (-1, 0 &1) on cellulose content, lignin content and moisture content on the composition of groundnut shell powder. The results of isolation of lignin from groundnut shell powder The optimization of process parameter was done using response surface methodology (RSM) design trial version 7 Box-Behnken Technique. The biodegradable film from groundnut shell powder was developed by solution casting method. The three types of films viz. agar powder based, mixture of agar powder and peanut shell powder and mixture of agar powder and cellulose microfiber was developed at optimized conditions. The different physico- mechanical properties of different types of films were measured. The maximum thickness was achieved by the cellulose microfiber-based film. The agar-based film had a minimum thickness of 0.18 mm. The transmittance value of agar film was lesser than that of CMF film and PSP. The CMF film's WS percentage decreased in comparison to that of the other two films. CMF film which is made with cellulose and agar, has a higher tensile strength than the other two films. CMF and PSP films had a higher opacity value than agar films. AG films show less weight loss, and when compared to PSP films, It was observed that PSP loses less weight than CMF film in the soil burial degradation test because lignin was present.ThesisItem Open Access Identification of quantitative traits loci (QTLs) for popping traits and kernel size in maize(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Sukhdeep Kaur; Rakshit, SujayPopping traits play an important role in the utilization of popcorn. In this study, the F8 RILs population derived from HKI PC4B (Popcorn) × CML 269 (Normal corn) was characterized for seed and popping traits, and sufficient genetic variability was observed in the RILs and the parents for target traits. The best performing RIL(s) in specific environments like RL4, RL51, RL73 were identified using AMMI analysis. A few RILs were found to be superior to those of parents representing their possible use in popcorn breeding. QTL mapping (CIM algorithms) identified a total of 15 QTLs. Out of these QTLs, five QTLs for traits TW, PEV, PPand FV were mapped consistently across the environments on chr 3, 5, 6 and 9, respectively (R2 16.60 – 29.50 %). A total of 10 QTLs identified were environment specific. Two QTLs each for TW, PEV, PP; one QTL for FV were reported on chr 1, 2, 4, 7and 8, respectively. Based on the average values of the traits, three more QTLs were identified for PP, FV and PEV on chr 3 and 1 (R2 4.71 – 11.06 %). MetaQTL approach integrated QTLs from the earlier studies using BioMercator v4.2. A total of 10 metaQTLs were identified and 229 genes were shortlisted in these regions on expression basis (nineteen genes selected using KEGG pathways). The four metaQTLs were considered important for popping traits having 5-8 QTLs clustered in regions. The QTLs for PEV (two) and seven metaQTLs for traits PP, TW, PEV, FS were observed at chr 1, earlier also QTLs and metaQTLs were reported on chr 1. Therefore considered as an important region in enhancement of popping traitsThesisItem Restricted Evaluation of nutritional, antinutritional and antioxidant status of oat genotypes(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Sukhdeep Kaur; Bhardwaj, Rachana D.Forty three oat genotypes including six cultivars and thirty seven advance breeding lines were evaluated for carbohydrate composition, protein and mineral contents and antinutritional factors such as phytic acid, saponin and tannin contents. The average contents of total soluble sugars, starch and total protein were 5.3, 494.3 and 182.9 mg/g respectively. The average content of zinc (8.3 mg/100g) was higher followed by iron content (3.5 mg/100g) in oats. Eleven genotypes namely OL-1876, OL-1769, OL-1841, OL-1865, OL-1843, OL-1873, OL-1835, OL-1866, OL-10, OL-125, OL-1847 possessed low antinutritional factors in terms of phytic acid, saponin and tannin contents. Antioxidant potential of these genotypes was estimated on the basis of ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), total reducing power and DPPH free radical, hydroxyl radical, superoxide anion radical and nitric oxide radical scavenging activities. Seven genotypes namely OL-1843, OL-1835, OL-1873, OL-1865, OL-1875, OL-1876 and OL-1866 depicted high antioxidant activity. SDS-PAGE profile of protein revealed significant difference in terms of intensity and presence of bands. The genotypes were divided into low, medium and high categories on the basis of all the above parameters studied. Five genotypes namely OL-1878, OL-1847, OL-1868, OL-1837 and OL-1866 were reported to have high protein content. OL-1865 was the best genotype as it contained high β-glucan content, high antioxidant potential and low antinutritional factors followed by OL-1847 which was having high protein content, medium/high antioxidant potential and lied in low range of antinutritional factors. So, these genotypes may be considered good for human consumption and use in breeding programs.ThesisItem Open Access Malnutrition among school-going children in the perspective of regional and socio-economic disparity in Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Sukhdeep Kaur; Harpreet KaurThe present study was conducted on one thousand and fifty school children (11-17y) selected from urban and rural government schools of three regions of Punjab, namely, Majha (n=210), Doaba (n=210) and Malwa (n=630) using thirty-cluster multistage sampling technique. The undernutrition in terms of thinness and stunting among children was studied in the perspective of regional and socio-economic disparity in Punjab. For the assessment of overnutrition as well as undernutrition in the form of thinness and stunting, children were classified according to WHO (2007) BMI-for-age (BAZ) and Height-for-age z-scores (HAZ). The results showed that the children’s diets were inadequate in energy, protein, fat, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B12, folic acid, vitamin C, calcium, iron and zinc. Mean food variety scores (FVS) of the children from Malwa region were significantly (p≤0.01) higher in comparison to that of Majha and Doaba region. The overall mean Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS) and FVS of the children from Punjab were 5.8 out of 12 and 19.3 out of 44, respectively, which indicated that their diets had poor diversity. Blood hemoglobin level of 20% of the subjects showed the highest prevalence of anemia among children from Doaba region (100%) followed by Malwa (98%) and Majha (91%) region, whereas, children from Majha region (30%) had the highest prevalence rates of stunting as compared to those from Malwa (17%) and Doaba (9%) regions. Almost equal proportion of the children from Majha and Malwa region (24 and 23%, respectively) were found to be thin, whereas, Doaba region had the highest prevalence (27%) of thinness. Overnutrition among Punjabi school children was found to be scarce, the prevalence being 11, 7 and 4% in Majha, Doaba and Malwa regions, respectively. Overall, from Punjab, the prevalence of undernutrition in terms of thinness and stunting (24 and 18%, respectively) was far lesser than the prevalence of anemia (97%) among school going children. A substantial disparity (p≤0.05) in anemia was noted with respect to caste of the children, while on the basis of BAZ scores, only religion had a significant (p≤0.05) relationship with thinness, among various socio-economic factors studied. HAZ scores for the assessment of stunting showed a significant (p≤0.01) relationship with family income and parent’s education. In conclusion, most of the socioeconomic factors appeared to influence long term chronic rather than short term acute undernutrition among Punjabi school children. Hence, the policy-makers should give utmost priority to poverty alleviation, improvement in education; more privileges to marginalized communities and better implementation of prevailing health and nutrition programs in the framework of development programs of the state in order to achieve optimum physical, nutritional and health parameters of school-going children.ThesisItem Restricted Ovipositional preference and biochemical interaction of whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) with Gossypium species(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Sukhdeep Kaur; Pandher, SuneetThe present investigation, “Ovipositional preference and biochemical interaction of whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) with Gossypium species” was conducted at Punjab Agricultural University Regional Research Station, Faridkot during the year 2016-2017 with three cultivars of Gossypium arboreum and G. hirsutum under multiple and no choice conditions. The results showed significant difference among Gossypium species in terms of settling of whitefly adults and fecundity per unit area. The maximum number of adults per leaf was observed on G. hirsutum var. F 2228 followed by G. arboreum FMDH 9 and FDK 124.Whitefly preferred G. arboreum var. FMDH 9 for oviposition as indicated by results followed by G. hirsutum var. F 2228, significantly different from each other. The minimum number of eggs was observed on G. arboreum var. FDK 124. The trichome density of 13.67 per five mm diameter leaf disc was the highest on the F 2228. Development time on FDK 124 was 19.79 days whereas in case of F 2228, it was 15.5 days. In the second experiment on insecticide induced resurgence, studies indicated that decline in predator population led to upsurge in Bemisia incidence for short period followed by little decline. This decline probably corresponded to eventual reestablishment of natural enemies depending on the persistence of the insecticide in the environment. Total sugars in Fipronil 5 SC treatments were significantly different at different days after spraying as compared to sampling done before first spray and corresponded with maximum resurgence of whitefly in these plots. Increase in total sugars was found in other treatments also with lesser per cent of resurgence but increase was not significantly different from initial sampling. Further, the surveys were conducted in the cotton growing areas of districts Faridkot and Muktsar at fortnightly interval from July 2016 to April 2017. Nearly thirty weed species belonging to different families were abundantly found during cotton season and off season. Ten weed species exhibiting variable symptoms showed positive results by molecular diagnostic technique (Polymerase chain reaction).The six samples were asymptomatic and also carrier of virus during off season. Two weed species Abutilon theophrasti and Achyranthes aspera having nymphs was not the carrier of virus. Twelve species of weeds neither having nymphs nor the virus, were regarded as the casual hosts of whitefly. Among the three weeds Verbesina encelioides, Solanum nigrum and A. theophrasti the total life cycle of male and female of whitefly was highest on Abutilon theophrasti which might be due to longer egg incubation period, first instar duration and adult female longevity.ThesisItem Restricted Evaluation Of Some Organophosphorus Pesticides For Their Effects On Female Reproduction And Development In Albino Rats(Punjab Agricultural University ;Ludhiana, 2003) Sukhdeep Kaur; Dhanju, C. K.
