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ThesisItem Restricted Development of Nano Encapsulated Bioactive Ingredients for their Delivery In Selected Functional Foods(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Sharma, Neha; Gurkirat KaurBioactive compounds are identified with numerous health promoting benefits but their chemically labile nature and poor solubility and low bioavailability limit their direct incorporation into foods. Therefore, the present study is addressed to optimize the conditions for their successful encapsulation and to study the stability and efficacy of developed encapsulated compounds when incorporated into different food models. Three different classes of bioactive compounds, namely curcumin, ɷ-3 fatty acid and anthocyanins were selected as model system for the experimental work. For curcumin, oil in water type nanoemulsions were fabricated using various concentration of oil and emulsifiers by employing ultrasonication method and encapsulation rates as high as 93.60% were achieved. The developed Cur-NE were also identified to exhibit good physical stability and increased bioavailability. Incorporation of developed Cur-NE into pasta offered effective protection to curcumin as higher stability rates were observed with no significant impact on its sensorial properties. For ɷ-3 fatty acid, ultrasonication and spray drying were investigated as encapsulation technologies using different wall materials combinations. Encapsulation rates of 92.30% were achieved and microcapsules were also observed to possess good flow properties and storage stability for a period of 8 weeks. Good in-vitro release rates of 55% were observed for ɷ-3 fatty acid loaded microcapsules under simulated gastro-intestinal conditions. Incorporation of developed ɷ-3 fatty acid loaded microcapsules into mayonnaise was identified with improved retention of α-linolenic acid in it. For anthocyanins encapsulation, water in oil type nanoemulsion were developed using high speed stirring and ultrasonication technology. Different oil and extract proportions were investigated to achieve effective encapsulation. Highest encapsulation rates of 88.03 % were obtained for anthocyanins with good physical stability. Their in vitro release results depicted their efficient resistance under gastric conditions and higher bioaccessibilities under intestinal condition with rapid release rates of 75.16%. FTIR results also confirmed their successful encapsulation into nanoemulsions. A kulfi model was employed to study the effectiveness of antho-NE as its delivery system. Fortified functional kulfi reported higher anthocyanins contents and antioxidant activity with reduced melting rate when compared with control. Sensory scores of the fortified functional kulfi were also found to be acceptable.ThesisItem Restricted Utilization of agro-industrial by-products for the production of kojic acid(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Sharma, Neha; Sahota, Param PalThe present study involves a novel fermentative bioprocess optimized for the production of kojic acid (2-hydroxymethyl-5-hydroxy-γ-pyrone) to combat the problem of oxidative stress posed by its chemically synthesized forms. Four promising kojic acid producing fungal strains (KJPAU1, KJPAU2, KJPAU3, KJPAU4) were screened with the Rapid Bio Oxidation (RaBiO) method (91.3 % isolation rate) with the yield of 40.13, 21.1, 9.20, 14.6 gL-1 respectively on GYE medium. The isolates showed tolerance to the wide range of temperature (20-50 °C), pH (3.5-6.5), assimilated Carbohydrates (61.9 %), utilized Nitrogen sources (66.67 %), induced hydrolysis of starch, cellulose. Based on 18SrRNA sequencing, atoxicogenic KJPAU1, KJPAU2 isolates were characterized as Aspergillus nomius (MH752445), A. oryzae (EF568052) respectively with a >98 % similarity values. Among the agro-industrial substrates (Kinnow residue, Amla waste, Sugarcane bagasse, Wheat straw) studied for kojic acid production after 10 days of fermentation with the inoculation rate @ 20 % having the final concentration of 3×105 spores/mL with intermittent shaking conditions, the parameters of optimized fermentative bioprocess consisted of Kinnow waste residue (20 %), LCUM (4 %), MgSO4 (0.1 %), KCl (0.05 %), pH 6.0, temperature 30 °C with the maximum production of 11.64 gL-1. The kojic acid productivity in Kinnow waste was found to be higher, 66.7 %, 16.6 % and 52.1 % from Wheat straw, Amla pomace, Sugarcane bagasse residues respectively. The maximum activity of Glucose dehydrogenase (44.3 µmol TPF h-1) at optimized production conditions was estimated on tenth day at pH (6.0), temperature (30 °C), KCl (0.05 %). The downstream processing of kojic acid with the direct concentration and crystallization method showed >42.23 % recovery with the 97 % purity. The TLC solvent system, Toluene: Ethyl Acetate: Formic Acid= 3:6:1 facilitated the separation at Rf value (0.64), detected under UV lamp (336 nm). The purity of fermentatively produced kojic acid was confirmed by C18 RP-HPLC with the Acetonitrile: Phosphate buffer (50:50) as the mobile phase at a flow rate 0.3 mL/ min, with the retention time of 9.143 min (approx.) at 254 nm. With the FTIR spectrum for functional groups at 3270.8 cm-1, 3179.43 cm-1 (- OH), 2925.17 cm-1, 2854.05 cm-1 (aliphatic- CH), 1660.59 cm-1 (cyclic-C=O), 1611.11 cm-1 (C=C), 1472.61 cm-1 (deformation of-CH2), 1074.04 cm-1 (cyclic C-O-C), 943.58 cm-1 , 863.66 cm-1 and 775.65 cm-1 (1, 4 α -disubstituted ring) confirmed the crystalline purity (97 %) of kojic acid. To prevent pericarp browning of litchi fruit, 8mM kojic acid application for five minutes delayed melanosis up to nine days. The results of oral fed kojic acid dosage @ 1, 2.5, 5 % in albino mice for 28 days showed no adverse effects on body weight (g), food/ water intake, general behavior.ThesisItem Restricted Individual and Contextual Traits as Determinants of Delinquency amongst Juveniles(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Sharma, Neha; Sharma, SeemaThe present study was undertaken to investigate the individual and contextual traits as determinants of delinquency amongst juveniles. The sample comprised of 120 respondents in 16-18 years of age range, selected from observation homes of six districts, from three cultural zones of Punjab. Further the sample was distributed over two sexes i.e. 80 juvenile delinquent boys and 40 juvenile delinquent girls. A self structured sheet was used to procure information regarding the socio-personal status of the respondents. Other scales used to collect the relevant information for the study were: Eysenck’s Personality Questionnaire (Eysenck and Eysenck 1975), Cognitive Style Inventory (Jha 1985), Social Maturity Scale (Rao 1986), Emotional Maturity Scale (Singh and Bhargava 1990), Children’s Perception of Parenting Style (Pyari and Kalra 2005), Peer Pressure Scale (Saini and Singh 2012). The results revealed that majority of respondents reported accepting, overprotective and autocratic type of parenting styles. Most of the delinquents had shown psychotic and introvert personality and the most common cognitive style among delinquents was undifferentiated style. Low levels of social and emotional maturity were found in most of the delinquents. As far as gender differentiations are concerned delinquent girls had more introvert personality as compared to delinquent boys whereas delinquent boys had shown more integrated cognitive style. The study further depicted a positive significant correlation between delinquency levels and psychoticism dimension of personality while a negative significant correlation was found between delinquency levels and extraversion dimension of personality among delinquent girls. A positive significant correlation in delinquent girls was found between delinquency levels and intuitive cognitive style. A positive significant correlation was also found between delinquency levels and peer pressure among delinquent boys and girls. A negative significant correlation was found between socio-emotional maturity and delinquency level among juvenile delinquent boys and girls.ThesisItem Open Access Pcr Based Assay For Species Specific Determination Of Raw As Well As Cooked Meat Of Avian And Porcine Origin(Punjab Agricultural University; Ludhiana, 2004) Sharma, Neha; Thind, S S
