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ThesisItem Open Access Biochemical basis of micronutrient deficiency tolerance in triticale x wheat derivative lines(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Ravneet Kaur; Bhatia, SurekhaThe present study was aimed to investigate the biochemical basis and molecular marker profile of genes associated with micronutrient uptake in parental lines viz rye, triticale (TL 2908, TL 2942), bread wheat lines (PBW 343, PBW550, HD 2967, HD 3086) and durum wheat lines (PDW 233, PDW 291, WHD 943). Five days old seedlings of these parental lines were transferred to three set of treatments (T1-control, T2- micronutrient deficient (stress), T3-with micronutrient supply (alkaline stress pH-9) for 30 days. Rye and triticale lines have longer, hairy and thick roots with high number as compared to bread wheat and durum wheat lines. Roots and shoots of rye and triticale lines accumulated higher fresh/dry weight than bread wheat and durum wheat lines irrespective of treatments. Both stressed conditions caused reduction in roots/shoots fresh weight and dry weight of all parental lines however, rye and triticale lines accumulated greater biomass under alkaline stress conditions on 21 DAT. Rye and triticale lines had higher phytosiderophore content (118 to 498 µmole of Cu equivalents/gFW) than bread wheat (19 to 112 µmole of Cu equivalents/gFW) and durum wheat (6 to 68 µmole of Cu equivalents/gFW) under different treatments during whole period of experiment. In rye and triticale, it was increased from 7 DAT to 21 DAT and decreased afterward on 30 DAT. However, in bread wheat and durum wheat lines, this increase was found only up to 14 DAT. Increase or decrease in release of PSs from roots of parental lines was positively correlated with the higher micronutrient content in roots (r=>0.9) and shoots (r=>0.8) of these lines. Highest micronutrient efficiency was found in rye (73.62-86.08%) followed by triticale lines (70.61-81.06%), bread wheat lines (36.82-66.14%) and durum wheat lines (29.42-62.38%). Further higher activities of SOD, CAT and CA enzymes in rye and triticale lines than bread wheat and durum wheat lines were found which was probably linked with higher micronutrient efficiency corresponding to efficient utilization of micronutrients in rye and triticale lines. Rye and triticale also exhibited higher activities of NAAT and MAS enzymes. Parental lines and triticale X wheat derivative lines were tested for presence of 5R chromosomes using seven 5R chromosome specific markers. Only three markers (SCM 138, KU 140, KU 640) showed expected polymorphism in parental lines were further used to evaluate triticale X wheat derivative lines. Fifteen rye specific primers of Ids3 gene were designed after in-silico sequence analysis. Five primers showed polymorphism in parental lines as well as triticale X wheat derivative lines. Higher release of PSs was estimated from the roots of triticale X wheat derivative lines which were positive for Ids3 and 5R chromosome specific markers. Fourteen triticale X wheat derivative lines with higher PSs under micronutrient deficient conditions, were selected for their further utilization in wheat breeding program for improvement and development of efficient varieties with higher nutritional value.ThesisItem Open Access Combining ability analysis for growth and flowering characteristics in pansy (Viola × wittrockiana Gams.)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Ravneet Kaur; Dhatt, K. K.The present studies entitled "Combining ability analysis for growth and flowering characteristics in pansy (Viola × wittrockiana Gams.)" were undertaken at the Floriculture Research Farm of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during the year 2015-2018. Eight inbred lines of pansy were selected for crossing in half diallel fashion (8x8) to study the general combining ability effects of the parents and specific combining ability of the crosses. Twenty eight hybrids were grown along with their parents in Randomized block design. The results pertaining to the analysis of variance for experimental design and combining ability were highly significant for all the characters. Based on gca effects of parents, the parents Pa-64-1-5-14, Pa-62-4-12-18, Pa-63-1-7-25 and Pa-32-8-7-6 were best general combiners for most of the traits except stalk length and flower size which can be recommended for use in breeding programme to generate genetic variability in desirable direction. Studies on specific combining ability of the crosses indicated that the cross combinations viz.,Pa-64-1-5-14 × Pa-62-4-12-18, Pa-13-1-2-3 × Pa-47-1-3, Pa-11-1-3-7 × Pa-62-4-12-18, Pa-64-1-5-14 × Pa-63-1-7-25, Pa-11-1-3-7 × Pa-64-1-5-14, Pa-32-8-7-6 × Pa-63-1-7-25, Pa-64-1-5-14 × Pa-32-8-7-6 and Pa-11-1-3-7 × Pa-63-1-7-25 were the best specific combiner for most of the vegetative and floral characters viz., plant height, plant spread, branches number, days to flowering, duration of flowering, flowers per plant and pod setting (%). Combining ability analysis revealed that magnitude of gcavariance was greater than sca variance suggesting the predominance of additive gene action for the characters viz., branch count, flower size, days from bud initiation to flowering and flowers per plant. Specific combining ability (sca)variance was greater than gca variance for most of the characters viz., plant height at first flowering (cm), final plant height, plant spread, final plant spread, stalk length, days to flowering, flowering duration and pod setting (%) which indicated predominance of non-additive gene action in their inheritance and heterosis breeding would be the best option for improvement of these traits. Heterosis revealed that majority of the hybrids exhibited heterobeltiosis and mid-heterosis in desirable direction. The hybrids exhibiting high per se performance also showed high mid-heterosis. The hybrids exhibited heterosis over better parent for plant height, plant spread, branches count, stalk length, days from bud initiation to flowering, days to flowering, duration of flowering, flowers per plant were Pa-64-1-5-14 × Pa-63-1-7-25 , Pa-11-1-3-7 × Pa-47-1-3, Pa-32-8-7-6 × Pa-47-1-3, Pa-13-1-2-3 × Pa-47-1-3, Pa-11-1-3-7 × Pa-32-8-7-6, Pa-64-1-5-14 × Pa-32-8-7-6 and Pa-64-1-5-14 × Pa-62-4-12-18. High estimates of PCV and GCV were recorded indicating sufficient variability in the germplasm for most of the characters. PCV and GCV showed a range of variation from 14.25% to 67.50% and 14.10% to 67.29% respectively.High estimates of heritability ranges between 83.55% to 99.37% were obtained for different analysed characters and indicate that though the character was least influenced by the environmental effects. The estimates of genetic advance were varied from 2.25% to 336.80% and from 28.73% to 138.17% for genetic advance as % of mean. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance for the characters viz., number of flowers per plant, branch count and days from bud initiation to flowering were recorded and suggested the role of additive gene action in the inheritance of these characters. Hence, simple selection based on phenotypic performance of these traits would be more effective. The estimates of phenotypic and genotypic correlation revealed that flowers per plant was strongly and positively associated with the characters namely number of branches per plant, plant spread, final plant spread, final plant height and duration of flowering at phenotypic and genotypic level. The result of analysis of variance for F₂ indicated that mean sum of squares due to genotypes were highly significant for all the traits studied. PCV was higher than those of GCV for all the traits which indicated greater genotype x environment interactions for the expression of these characters. The estimates of heritability were more than 72.43 percent for all the characters studied for F₂ genotypes. High heritability along with high genetic advance as % of mean for F₂ population were observed for number of flowers per plant, number of branches per plant and days from bud initiation to flowering hence, amenable for simple selection. The different expected ratios were obtained among twenty eight cross combination of F₂ population of pansy for the inheritance of the flower colour.ThesisItem Open Access MARKER ASSISTED INTROGRESSION OF THE opaque2 (o2) GENE INTO ELITE MAIZE (Zea mays L.) INBRED LINES(PAU Ludhiana, 2012) Ravneet Kaur; Yogesh, VikalMaize (Zea mays L.) is deficient in the essential amino acids, lysine and tryptophan. The low nutritive value of maize endosperm protein is genetically corrected in Quality Protein Maize (QPM), which contains the opaque 2 (o2) gene along with numerous modifiers for kernel hardness. Two normal inbred lines viz. LM12 and LM13 were targeted for conversion into high quality protein versions using gene based SSR markers located within o2 using two generation marker-based backcross breeding program. DMR7 and CML165 were used as the QPM donor parents. In BC2F1 foreground selection for o2 gene was done using SSR marker phi057 in cross 1 (LM12/DMR7//2*LM12) and with SSR marker umc1066 in cross 2 (LM13/CML165//2*LM13). Out of the total 188 BC2F1 plants of cross 1, 87 heterozygous plants were obtained and similarly in cross 2, 114 heterozygous individuals were obtained out of 206 plants. The BC2F1 plants having o2 allele in heterozygous form were further screened using o2 gene flanking SSR marker and the plants either single or double recombinants, were identified. Whole genome background selection on the single or double recombinants using 104 SSR markers identified three plants with 83.7 to 91.0% recurrent parent genome content in each cross and were selfed to generate BC2F2 population. The three BC2F2 families were subjected to foreground selection and phenotypic selection for kernel modification. Fifty six plants in cross 1 and thirty nine plants in cross 2 having o2 allele in homozygous condition were selfed to generate BC2F3 progenies. The kernels from BC2F2 ears were segregated for hardness of endosperm and showed different levels of modification. In BC2F2 kernels the tryptophan concentration ranged from 0.56% to 0.97% for cross 1 whereas for cross 2 it ranged from 0.58% to 0.91%. 50% opaque BC2F3 lines were evaluated for agronomic traits for selection of single plant progenies to generate BC2F4 progenies.ThesisItem Restricted DEVELOPING DESIGNS OF LOWER GARMENTS FOR COLLEGE GOING GIRLS THROUGH DRAPING TECHNIQUE(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2013) Ravneet KaurThe investigation entitled „Developing designs of lower garments for college going girls through draping technique‟ was carried out in Ludhiana city. An interview schedule was prepared for the purpose of collecting data from 90 college going girls between the age group of 18 to 22 years selected randomly from three colleges of Ludhiana city. The results of the study revealed that majority of the respondents were in their second year of graduation, belonging to nuclear families, urban background and had family income ranged between `40,000- 80,000. Trousers, salwars, capris and skirts were the four most preferred lower garments. Cotton and lycra fibres/fabrics, plain fabric without design, white and black colours and single coloured lower garments were most preferred in summer and winter seasons respectively. Among constructional features respondents preferred U- shape yoke, pin and cross tucks, plain gathers, knife and box pleats and patch pockets. Buttons were most preferred embellishments in lower garments. Four designs each for the four most preferred lower garments were developed through draping technique. Preferences regarding the sixteen developed designs for lower garments were taken. Thus top two ranked designs of four most preferred lower garments were selected for construction. Acceptability of prepared lower garments was evaluated on the basis of fit, comfort, drape, design, embellishments and overall impact. Majority of the respondents found design A2 of the trousers, design B2 of Patiala salwar, design C2 of capris and design D3 of skirts to be more fitted, comfortable and very good in drape, design embellishments and overall impact. Keywords: Draping technique, lower garments, embellishments, respondents, design, most preferred.ThesisItem Restricted BIOCHEMICAL AND MOLECULAR ANALYSIS OF WHEAT INVERTASE(2013) Ravneet KaurThe present investigation was aimed to study the interactive effect of high temperature (HT) and thiourea (TU) on various morpho-physiological and biochemical parameters in four wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars viz. C 306, C 273, PBW 343 and PBW 534. High temperature caused reduction in root/shoot length and dry weight while application of TU was effective in improving both root/shoot lengths and dry weight. High temperature caused increase in invertase activities in both root and shoot in correspondence with an increase in total sugars, reducing sugars and decrease in non reducing sugars. Thiourea alleviated HT response by further elevating invertase activities which lead to higher seedling dry mass (soluble sugars and proteins). Inhibitory effect of iodine and Hg+2 on invertases confirmed the presence of –SH group at the active catalytic site of enzyme. The differential response to metal ions suggested distinctive nature of invertases in four cultivars. High temperature also disrupted membrane stability parameters by increasing TBARs content and membrane permeability in root/shoot whereas TU application ameliorated this effect by reducing TBARs content and membrane injury in wheat seedlings. Sequence analysis of wall bound invertase was done using forward and reverse primers based on nucleotide sequence of Ivr1 gene. For this genomic DNA was extracted, amplified and sequenced. Polymorphism such as SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphism) and indels (insertions or deletions) were worked out and primers redesigned based on sequence polymorphism. Redesigned primers showed very slight expected dominant polymorphism in the studied cultivars due to A, B and D genomes of wheatThesisItem Open Access Studies on the spawn production technology of Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Sing(Punjab Agricultural University Ludhiana, 2013) Ravneet Kaur; Dhanda, ShashiThe yield potential of Agaricus bisporus depends mainly upon quality of spawn. Although spawn preparation protocol for Agaricus bisporus has been standardized, yet a loss of 15-20% of commercial spawn has been observed due to contamination. Present investigation was carried out to improve the existing technology of spawn production to produce quality spawn with high yield potential to make this venture a profitable process. Various factors that could affect spawn mycelial growth rate are the variety of wheat grains, the substrate boiling period (20-50 minutes), supplementation with CaCO3:CaSO4 and inoculum size were studied. The data revealed that varieties of wheat grains (PBW343, PBW621 and HD2967) have no adverse effect on the mycelial growth rate. Maximum linear mycelial growth when the grains were boiled for 30 minutes. In case of supplementation with CaCO3:CaSO4, maximum mycelial growth was observed in ratio 1:2. Variation in mycelial growth rate was seen on using one bit and two bits of inoculum but use of two bits of culture was found beneficial. Cultivation trials were carried out to study effect of spawn age on the yield potential of A. bisporus strain U3. Spawn prepared under standardized conditions was incubated for different time periods (10-40 days). Yield data after four weeks of harvest gave 10.5 -15.25 kg mushrooms per quintal compost with maximum yield (15.25kg/q compost) when G1 spawn after 20 days of incubation was used.ThesisItem Restricted Weed management in Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2014) Ravneet Kaur; Madhu BalaABSTRACT The present investigations entitled, “Weed management in chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.)” were undertaken in the experimental field area of the Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during 2013-2014 to study the effect of different pre-emergence herbicides and different types of mulching materials on weed population, vegetative and floral parameters of chrysanthemum cv. Garden Beauty. Three pre-emergence herbicides viz. Butachlor, Atrazine @ 1 kg/ha, 1 kg/ha + 2 HW, 1.5 kg/ha and Pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg/ha, 0.75 kg/ha + 2 HW, 1.0 kg/ha along with weed free and weedy control treatments were tried in chrysanthemum. Eleven different treatments with three replications were compared in terms of weed population, growth and floral characters. The result of experiment showed that butachlor 1 kg/ha + 2 HW was found to be the effective weed control method for controlling weed population. Weed free treatment resulted in the maximum plant height (68.22 cm), plant spread (38.27 cm), number of branches per plant (5.89), number o flowers per plant (70.37) and duration of flowering (21.77 days). Among the different herbicides tried, butachlor 1 kg/ha + 2 HW gave the maximum plant height (65.53 cm), plant spread (35.27 cm), number of branches per plant (5.56), number of flowers per plant (67.50) and duration of flowering (20.71 days). In another experiment, eleven different treatments comprising different types of mulching material (black and clear polythene sheet and paddy straw) were compared. Among the different mulching material used, mulch with black polythene 150 µm showed better results with effective weed control and improved growth and floral parameters. This treatment showed the maximum plant height (66.67 cm), plant spread (41.77 cm), number of branches per plant (5.55), number of flowers per plant (71.56) and duration of flowering (21.22 days). Weed free treatment also showed better results with maximum plant height (67.00 cm), plant spread (42.22 cm), number of branches per plant (5.78), number of flowers per plant (72.11) and duration of flowering (22.00 days). Out of 14 weed species, Cyperus rotundus, Phyllanthus niruri and Parthenium hysterophorus were not controlled by any herbicidal or mulching treatments in the experiment.