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ThesisItem Open Access Assessment of genetic potential of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes in poly-net house(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Ramandeep Kaur; Dhillon, Tarsem SinghFrench bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L., 2n=2x=22) is one of the most important legume crop grown throughout the world for green tender pods and dry seeds (rajmah). The experiment was conducted to assess the genetic potential of 29 French bean genotypes collected from various sources. The crop was raised in poly-net house during winter 2016-17 and 2017-18 in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) at Vegetable Research Farm, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana with an objective to get high productivity and quality pods during off-season. The significant variation was observed among all the genotypes for all the traits. The green pod yield per plant was found to be high in genotypes Lakshmi (992.33 g), Star-1 (955.50 g), FBK-4 (911.17 g), AVT Var-3 (908.50 g), Kentucky Blue (856.17 g) and FBK-1 (842.67 g) which out yielded check variety Kentucky Wonder (793.33 g). Regarding quality parameters, maximum dry matter was observed in FBK-13 (13.87%), protein content in FBK-1 (9.67%), sugar content in FBK-5 (9.67%) and minimum fibre content in FBK-12 (0.69%). The phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was found to be higher than their respective genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for all the traits which showed the influence of environment on these traits. Selection is preferred when a major proportion of variation is heritable variation. The high heritability along with high genetic advance was recorded for most of characters which showed the presence of additive gene action and selection should be performed for improvement of these characters. Path analysis study revealed that pod weight, number of pods per plant, number of pickings and harvesting span had maximum direct effect on green pod yield per plant. The above characters which had maximum positive direct effect on green pod yield were also positively correlated with yield and thus selection for these traits will be effective for improving the total green pod yield. There was an excellent plant growth, productivity and better quality pods under poly net house conditions. This off season crop can be successfully raised under Punjab conditions during winter season which fetches high price in the market and is economical to the farmers of Punjab when there is no availability of green pods from high altitude. Hence, there is a great scope of cultivation of pole type French bean under poly-net house conditions in Punjab.ThesisItem Restricted Extraction and characterization of fibre from by-products of carrot, kinnow and pea for their utilization in food(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Ramandeep Kaur; Bhatia, SurekhaThe present investigation was undertaken to extract and characterize dietary fibre from carrot pomace, pea pod, kinnow peel and pomace. Three independent variables viz. temperature (30-90oC), time (5-15min) and s: w ratio (1:5-1:10) were selected using experimental design of software design expert and 13 different combination were formed for preparation of fibre concentrate. Optimization of fibre extraction was done using Box-Behnken design Response surface methodology. Temperature had significant effect on the total dietary fibre (TDF), ferric reducimg ability of plasma (FRAP), water holding capacity (WHC) and oil holding capacity (OHC) of fibre concentrate from carrot pomace, pea pod, kinnow peel and pomace except on the WHC of kinnow peel. Time had significant effect on TDF, FRAP, WHC and OHC of carrot pomace, pea pod and kinnow pomace fibre concentrate. However, in kinnow peel significant effect of time was observed only on FRAP activity of fibre concentrate. Sample: water (s:w) ratio had significant effect only on FRAP activity of pea pod, kinnow peel and pomace and WHC of kinnow pomace fibre concentrate. The optimum process parameters for fibre concentrate preparation from carrot pomace were: temperature 90o C, time 15 min and s:w ratio 1: 8.94 under which 73.56% TDF, 21.97 mg/g FRAP, 7.89 g/g WHC and 2.50 g/g OHC was found. The optimum process parameters for pea pod were: temperature 47.23o C, time 15 min and s:w ratio 1:9.37, under which 51.55% TDF, 25.98 mg/g FRAP, 6.25 g/g WHC and 2.00 g/g OHC was found. The optimum process parameters for kinnow peel and pomace were: temperature 73.98 and 60.52oC, time 5 and 8.33min and s:w ratio 1:5 under which 68.74 and 65.17% TDF, 42.45 and 21.55 mg/g FRAP, 7.80 and 7.01 g/g WHC and 5.88 and 3.53 g/g OHC was found. The fibre concentrate prepared under optimum conditions were dried by different methods (lyophilizer, microwave and oven drying). Methods of drying had no significant effect on TDF, crude protein, fat and functional properties, whereas, phenolic content and antioxidative activity were affected by drying. Carrot pomace fibre concentrate had highest TDF content whereas, antioxidative activity and phenolics was found highest in kinnow peel. Highest SDF/IDF ratio (1:3.75-1:4.52) was found for kinnow pomace and lowest value (1:1.95-1:2.81) for kinnow peel fibre concentrate. Maximum WHC and SWC were observed in carrot pomace and maximum OHC was in kinnow peel fibre concentrate. Packaging of fibre concentrate in AF, LDPE and PP bags and storage for 6 months under ambient and refrigerated conditions did not show any significant effect on TDF and functional properties of fibre concentrate. However, phenolic content and FRAP activity decreased during storage. Cookies at 5% replacement of refined wheat flour with carrot pomace fibre concentrate were most accebtable than other levels of replacement as well as replacement with other fibre concentrates. In conclusion, fibre concentrates from the by-products are good sources of dietary fibre with optimum SDF/IDF ratio and can be used in formulation of functional foods.ThesisItem Open Access Weed management in maize (Zea mays L.) using straw mulch and herbicides(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Ramandeep Kaur; Charanjeet KaurThe field experiment entitled “Weed management in maize (Zea mays L.) using straw mulch and herbicides” was conducted at Students’ Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, PAU, Ludhiana and Research Farm, Regional Research Station Gurdaspur (PAU) during kharif 2017. The experiment was conducted in a factorial randomized block design with three replications. There were three mulch treatments as first factor (no mulch, paddy straw mulch at 6.25 t ha-1 and paddy straw mulch at 9.0 t ha-1) and six weed control treatments were taken as second factor viz. atrazine at 1.0 kg ha-1 pre-emergence, atrazine at 0.8 kg ha-1 preemergence, tembotrione at 0.110 kg ha-1 at 20 DAS, tembotrione at 0.088 kg ha-1 at 20 DAS, weed free and unweeded check. The major weed flora included Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Eragrostis tenella, Digitaria sanguinalis, Echinochloa colona, Cynodon dactylon as grasses, Trianthema portulacastrum as broadleaf weed and Cyperus rotundus as sedge. Among different mulch treatments, application of paddy straw mulch at 9.0 t ha-1 recorded significantly lower density and weed dry matter accumulation of grasses, sedges and broadleaf weeds as compared to paddy straw mulch at 6.25 t ha-1 and no mulch treatments. Highest yield attributing characters, grain yield, net returns and benefit cost ratio were recorded with application of paddy straw mulch at 9.0 t ha-1 which were significantly higher than application of paddy straw mulch at 6.25 t ha-1 and no mulch treatment. Also, application of paddy straw mulch at 6.25 t ha-1 produced significantly higher growth and yield attributes of maize as compared to no mulch treatment. Among the herbicide treatments, tembotrione at 0.088 kg ha-1 and tembotrione at 0.110 kg ha-1 were found very effective in controlling different weed species as compared to atrazine at 0.8 kg ha-1 and atrazine at 1.0 kg ha-1. Application of tembotrione at 0.088 or 0.110 kg ha-1 in combination with straw mulch at 9.0 t ha-1 recorded significantly lower density and dry matter accumulation of all weed species but resulted in significantly higher yield attributing characters, grain yield, net returns and benefit cost ratio as compared to all other combinations of straw mulch and herbicides. Thus, for getting higher productivity and profitability from maize, tembotrione at 0.088 kg ha-1 as post-emergence in combination with paddy straw mulch at 9.0 t ha-1 can be applied, as this herbicide-mulch combination helps in reduction of 20% dose of herbicide.ThesisItem Restricted Genotypic variation for phytic acid content in wheat lines with high grain micronutrient(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Ramandeep Kaur; Sohu, V. S.The present study was conducted to identify lines with enhanced micronutrients along with low phytic acid content in wheat. A set of 210 BC1F3 and 210 BC2F3 wheat backcross derivatives generated by crossing advanced backcross lines of T. durum having grain zinc QTL introgressed from T. monococcum and T. boeoticum with high yielding varieties as a recipient parent, were taken as a base material to assess the variation for phytic acid content. Among wheat backcross lines, 107 genotypes from BC1F3 and 93 genotypes from BC2F3 progenies were shortlisted on the basis of high grain iron and zinc concentration and rust resistance. The phytic acid content of the shortlisted genotypes was assessed that ranged from 10.92 – 63.93 mg/g of whole wheat meal. From the shortlisted genotypes, 35 promising genotypes were further selected that had the combination of high grain iron concentration, high grain zinc concentration, low phytic acid content and rust resistance. The promising genotypes were sown for generation advancement in off season. BC1F5 and BC2F5 progenies having high grain micronutrient along with low phytic acid content were evaluated for morphological and grain quality parameters. The variation in the genotypes was significant for all the traits studied except the grain iron concentration. For the grain zinc concentration, the genotype from the cross WH1105*3/BF20 possessed highest zinc concentration among all the genotypes. The genotype from the cross PBW698*3/BF22 had lowest phytic acid content among all the genotypes and it had high zinc concentration as well. Although the genotype had combination of both the traits i.e. high grain zinc and low phytic acid content but it was low yielding. Analysis of variation and correlation studies showed that the genotypes which possessed high grain protein content and grain zinc concentration were low yielding with less number of grains per spike, late maturity and relatively more plant height. Phytic acid content did not show any significant correlation with traits studied suggesting the possibility of selection and breeding for low phytic acid content without any impact on other desired traits.ThesisItem Restricted FINANCIAL LITERACY AND RETIREMENT PREPAREDNESS: A STUDY OF NON TEACHING STAFF OF PUNJAB AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY AND GURU ANGAD DEV VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY(2013) Ramandeep KaurIn the present study the basic and advance financial literacy and retirement preparedness of the non teaching staff members of Punjab Agricultural University and Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University was analyzed. Primary data was collected from 180 respondents selected from 45 departments of PAU and GADVASU through pre- designed questionnaires. It was found that PAU and GADVASU non teaching staff was having poor basic and advanced financial literacy. No association was found between basic financial literacy or advance financial literacy with that of gender, age, designation and educational qualification. And it was also found that very few non teaching staff members had developed retirement plan and rest of the respondents were either finding difficulties in developing plan or had not at all thought of developing the retirement plan.ThesisItem Restricted Effect of growth regulators on biomass production and yield potential of milky mushroom Calocybe indica (P & C)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2016) Ramandeep Kaur; Sodhi, Harpreet SinghCalocybe indica also known as ‘milky mushroom’ is an edible tropical mushroom originated from India. It is cultivated indoor on wheat/paddy straw during the summer season (30±2°C). This study was aimed to increase the biomass production and yield potential of Calocybe indica using three growth regulators namely Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and gibberellic acid (GA). Out of three media namely Complete Yeast extract Medium (CYM), Potato Dextrose Agar medium (PDA) and Wheat Extract Agar medium (WEA), the maximum colony diameter (mm) and growth rate (mm/day) was observed on WEA medium supplemented with growth regulators (IAA @ 10 ppm, IBA @ 10, 25 ppm and GA @ 50 ppm) followed by CYM. The biomass production was maximum in broth supplemented with GA for all the media with maximum (24.2 g/l) in CYM. Maximum yield was obtained with GA when sprayed at pin head formation (64.3 kg/q) and at all stages (71.1 kg/q); with IBA at 1st flush (75.9 kg/q) and at all stages (70.9 kg/q); with IAA at 1st flush (58.2 kg/q) and at all stages (62.1 kg/q). Supplementation of growth regulators in substrate at the time of spawning showed no significant variation in the yield potential of milky mushroom. The treatment of growth regulators showed no significant effect on the quality parameters. The mushrooms treated with growth regulators like the untreated ones can be stored for 2-3 days at ambient temperature and upto 14 days in refrigerator in polypropylene and polyethylene bags. An increase in the nutritional components of fruit bodies sprayed with IAA and GA was also observed. The dried mushroom slices could be stored upto 3 months in polyethylene bags without any significant change in colour, texture, nutrition and bacterial count. Among the three drying temperatures (45°, 55° and 65°C) 55°C was found best as it resulted in good colour and texture of fruit bodies with no loss in nutritional components. The in vitro protein digestibility of spent mushroom substrate was found in the range of 53.34-58.21 % on 100 gram dry weight basis. Thus, it can also be used as animal feed as it contained high protein content.ThesisItem Restricted Estimation of losses and determination of economic threshold level of Thrips tabaci Lindeman on cotton(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2014) Ramandeep Kaur; Kular, J.S.Experiments regarding estimation of losses, determination of economic threshold level and population dynamics of thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman on cotton were carried out during the year 2013 at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. For the estimation of losses, seven initial levels viz. 0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 thrips per plant were released on the plants covered with muslin cloth cages (1x1x2m). Effect of different levels of T. tabaci population on different morphological characteristics of plants i.e. number of leaves, number of damaged leaves, leaf size, number of sympods, number of monopods, number of squares, number of flowers, number of bolls, number of pickable bolls, seed cotton yield and root size/plant and internodal length and plant height were studied. All the plant characters tended to decrease with increasing population level except the number of damaged leaves which kept on increasing with increasing population level. The effect of different levels of thrips population on all morphological characters was significant except the number of monopods. Yield losses of 2.4, 4.62, 5.24, 7.13, 9.44 and 11.8 per cent were observed in 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 thrips per plant, respectively. For the determination of economic threshold level, six population levels taken for initiating sprays were 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 thrips/ leaf. Economic threshold level was calculated to be 10 thrips (nymphs and adults) per leaf or appearance of I injury grade i.e. minor appearance of silver streaks around midrib and veins of leaves. For the study of population dynamics, population was recorded from three leaves (each from top, middle and bottom canopy) of ten randomly selected plants at weekly interval and correlation coefficient was worked out with abiotic factors such as temperature, relative humidity and rainfall. Correlation studies showed negative and significant correlation with mean RH (r= -0.71) morning RH (r= -0.81) and evening RH (r= -0.54), positive and significant correlation with mean temperature (r= 0.77), maximum temperature (r= 0.79) and minimum temperature (r= 0.58) and negative non significant correlation with rainfall (r= -0.21).
