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2018 - 201932020 - 20222
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Author: Navjot Kaur × Start date: 2018 ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Extraction of anthocyanins from jamun pomace and their utilization in value added products
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Navjot Kaur; A. Sachdev, Poonam
    The present investigation on “Extraction of anthocyanins from jamun pomace and their utilization in value added products” was carried out to utilize jamun pomace, rich in anthocyanins and polyphenols with good antioxidant capacity for the extraction of phytochemicals (total monomeric anthocyanins, total phenols, and flavonoids) using conventional and novel non-conventional techniques, such as ultrasoundassisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, enzyme-assisted extraction, supercritical fluid extraction and determining its antioxidant potential using DPPH free radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power, and reducing power assay. The conditions for the extraction of phytochemicals from jamun pomace were optimized using optimization techniques i.e., response surface methodology BBD and CCD design, and Taguchi orthogonal array design. The freeze-dried pomace powder and the pomace extract were further used for the preparation of food and nutraceutical products. The pomace contained good amounts of crude fibre (3.51%), total monomeric anthocyanins (701.72 mg CGE/100 g), total phenols (2779.06 mg GAE/100 g), total flavonoids (1832.83 mg QE/100 g), and DPPH free radical scavenging activity (120.28 µmol TE/100 g). Ultrasound-assisted extraction resulted in the highest anthocyanin yield (637.25 mg CGE/100 g) using optimum conditions of 366.25 W ultrasound power at 37.61 °C temperature for 47.48 min using 70% ethanol acidified with 0.1% HCl. Microwaveassisted extraction yielded maximum of 587 mg CGE/100 g total anthocyanins at microwave power (80%) for 2 min using 1:30 solid-liquid ratio with 0.01% HCl. The qualitative and quantitative analyses using SEM, FTIR, and HPLC, respectively confirmed better extractability of non-conventional techniques as compared to conventional extraction. The freeze-dried pomace powder showed better flowability with 28.57° angle of repose, Carr’s Index (14.95), and Hausner ratio (1.30) with 701.72 mg CGE/100 g anthocyanins. The encapsulation of anthocyanins using spray drying process retained 85.45% of total anthocyanins. The incorporation of freeze-dried powder (5%) with 20 ml ultrasonically extracted pomace extract in paneer spread had 173.33 mg anthocyanins and obtained the highest overall acceptability. The paneer spread retained 92.33% anthocyanins with a shelf life of 16 days at refrigerated (4±1°C) temperature. The butter optimized with 2% encapsulated jamun extract powder had 4.40 mg/100 g anthocyanins with 6 months of shelf life at -18 °C. The pomace tablet providing 16.33 mg anthocyanins with rapid disintegration time (20 min) and release of anthocyanins showed storage stability of 4 months with 75% retention of anthocyanins. The developed products (paneer spread and butter) showed better oxidative and microbiological stability as compared to control products.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Production of probiotic Aloe vera juice
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Navjot Kaur; Katyal, Priya
    Aloe Vera juice is rich in vitamins, minerals, fibers, nutrients, anthraquinones, saponins, phytosterols and salicylic acid. Its composition proves it to be an excellent source of prebiotics and a potential substrate for probiotics. Though Aloe Vera juice has been used for its medicinal and health benefits since ages, its value addition by converting it into a synbiotic is lesser exploited so far. This investigation involves physicochemical, microbiological, antioxidant and sensory evaluation of probiotic Aloe vera juice developed at the lab scale by using Lactobacillus acidophilus MTCC 10307. The probiotic culture was inoculated to the Aloe vera juice with initial concentration of 109-1010 CFU/ml. The probiotic viability, pH, total soluble solids (TSS), titrable acidity, total sugars, reducing sugars, non-reducing sugars, lactic acid content, anti-oxidant activity, vitamin C and microbial contaminations were measured at weekly interval upto six weeks. The probiotic viability remained above 8 log CFU/ml during the first four weeks of storage at 4°C. The total plate count, coliform count and yeast and mould count also remained within satisfactory limits. The developed probiotic aloe vera juice was exposed to sensory analysis by a panel of five semi trained judges on the basis of nine-point hedonic scale. Statistical analysis showed a significant difference in taste, texture, aroma, mouth feel of the aloe vera juice and probiotic aloe vera juice, with nonsignificant difference in appearance, color and overall acceptability at 5% level of significance. Though taste of probiotic aloe vera juice scored less but difference in overall acceptability was non-significant. The sensory evaluation of aloe vera juice with and without probiotic inoculation revealed it to be potential synbiotic product.
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    ThesisItemRestricted
    Arthropods diversity under paired row direct seeded rice and management of its major insect pests with biopesticides
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Navjot Kaur; Randhawa, Harpal Singh
    The present studies were conducted at Rice Research Area, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana and PAU, Regional Research Station (RRS), Gurdaspur during kharif 2017 to determine arthropods diversity under paired row direct seeded rice and bio efficacy of biopesticides against major insect-pests of rice. The experiment on arthropods diversity was laid out with three dates of sowing and sprayed/unsprayed conditions. The Overall highest arthropods diversity was recorded with second date (first fortnight of June) followed by third (second fortnight of June) and first (second fortnight of May) date of sowing. The higher arthropods diversity was recorded at Gurdaspur as compared to Ludhiana. The maximum incidence of leaffolder and stem borers and population of planthoppers was observed in third (second fortnight of June) date of sowing at both the locations. The leaffolder incidence and planthoppers population was higher at Gurdaspur whereas stem borers damage was higher at Ludhiana. The experiment on bio-efficacy of biopesticides was also conducted at both the locations (Ludhiana and Gurdaspur). It was found that the biopesticides i.e. Neem baan (azadirachtin 1%) @ 3 ml/litre of water was more effective against leaffolder, stem borers and planthoppers. The Beauveria bassiana @ 10 ml/litre of water was also found effective against leaffolder and planthoppers whereas Bt (Delfin WG) @ 10 g/litre of water was effective only against stem borers. The highest cost-benefit ratio was recorded in treatment with chlorpyriphos @10 ml/litre of water followed by Neem baan @ 1 & 2 ml/litre of water. Although comparatively less cost-benefit ratio was observed with biopesticides yet these were safer to our environment and natural enemies. Therefore, it is suggested that farmers should prefer to spray biopesticides for management of insect-pests.
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    ThesisItemRestricted
    Impact of electromagnetic radiation emitted from cell phone towers on breeding biology of birds
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Navjot Kaur; Vashishat, Nisha
    Birds are one of the most diverse and evolutionary successful groups which occupy almost every habitat on earth. Birds act asbiological indicator of an environment because of their tiny head with thin cranium, non-conducting plumages, high mobility and practice of inhabiting zones having high electromagnetic field. The present study deals with the impact of electromagnetic radiations emitted from cell phone tower on diversity and breeding biology of birds at two locations; location 1- Punjab Agricultural University (PAU), Ludhiana and location 2- village Baude, Moga. Three sites each with cell phone tower in the centre were selected at two locations and one site without any cell phone tower was selected as control site. The bird diversity was recorded within 200 m radius of cell phone tower and artificial nest boxes were installed to study the breeding biology of birds at selected sites. The maximum bird diversity was recorded at site II (17 bird species) of location 1 than the control site (12 bird species). In spite of the presence of cell phone tower there was significant difference amongst the bird diversity at site II and other selected sites under study which showed minimal effect of electromagnetic radiations on the avian diversity.This may be because the birds observed during the present study were not restricted to this area only and therefore were not under the continuous exposure of electromagnetic radiations. Common Myna occupied artificial nests at all the four selected sites under location 1 (PAU). Common Myna and House Sparrow occupied the artificial nest boxes for breeding at selected sites of location 2. The breeding success of Common Myna was ranging from 50-100% at control sites and 50-75% at sites having cell phone towers. House sparrows occupied 10-40% nests at sites of village Baude but further egg laying was not seen in these occupied nests. This may be attributed to the impact of continuous exposure of these birds to EMR (electromagnetic magnetic radiations) during the breeding season.
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    ThesisItemRestricted
    Development of extruded products from Quality Protein Maize
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Navjot Kaur; Baljit Singh
    The present research work was carried out to explore the utilization of quality protein maize (QPM) for development of extruded products (Snacks and instant porridge). The effect of extraction methods (Reflux and Stirring) as well as solvent concentrations on antioxidant activity of normal and quality protein maize was also evaluated. Central composite rotatable design (CCRD) in response surface methodology (RSM) was used to design experiments and to study the effect of independent variables on dependent variables. Significance of fitted model (p0.01, p0.05) was described based on ANOVA. The effect of three independent variables (moisture content (14-18 %), barrel temperature (125-175 °C) and screw speed (400-550 rpm)) on dependent variables such as carbohydrate solubility (CS), protein solubility (PS), hydration power (HP), milk absorption capacity (MAC), water absorption index (WAI), water solubility index (WSI), bulk density (BD) etc. was evaluated. Multiple regression equations were obtained to describe the effects of each variable on product responses. Feed moisture and barrel temperature exhibited significant effect on PS, HP and MAC While screw speed showed non significant affects on HP and CS of porridge. Among the processing parameters, screw speed demonstrated a significantly higher effect on the product responses of extruded snacks. The optimum extrusion conditions to prepare QPM based porridge and snacks were feed moisture 15%;14.66%, barrel temperature 137.50º C; 171.96º C and 480.50 rpm ; 485.92 rpm screw speed , respectively. The final product were stored for 6 months and found to be acceptable at end of 6 months. So, Quality protein maize can be extruded into an acceptable as well as nutritious breakfast food and can provide wide opportunity to the food industry.