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20232
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Author: Mandeep Kaur × End date: 2023 × Start date: 2023 ×
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    Effect of planting methods and moisture conservation practices on growth, yield and quality of rainfed maize (Zea mays L.) in Shivalik region of Punjab
    (Punjab Agricultural University, 2023) Mandeep Kaur; Khokhar, Anil Kumar
    The present study entitled *Effect of planting methods and moisture conservation practices on growth, yield and quality of rainfed maize (Zea mays L.) in Shivalik region of Punjab'' was conducted at Punjab Agricultural University-Regional Research Station Ballowal Saunkhri and AICRPDA-NICRA project on farm experiment site at Village Achalpur, Block Garhshanker, District Hoshiarpur, during kharif 2020. The field experiment was conducted in split plot design with four planting methods viz. flat planting, ridge planting, bed planting and conservation furrow planting) as main plot and three moisture conservation practices viz. no interculture, locally available vegetative material (munja, nara, vetiver, babbar grass and sugarcane) straw mulch @6t ha' and earthing up as sub plot treatments using PMH- 1 variety of maize. The 12 treatment combinations were replicated thrice resulting in total 36 experimental plots. Among various planting methods, bed planting and ridge planting gave significantly higher grain yield at Ballowal Saunkhri (33.8 qha and 30.7 qha', respectively) and at Achalpur (40.3 qha' and 37.5, respectively) which a respective increase of 20.7 per cent and 12.7 per cent at Ballowal Saunkhri and31.3 per cent and 26.1 per cent at Achalpur over flat sowing. Moisture conservation practices also influenced maize grain yield significantly, with earthing up resulting in significantly higher grain yield of 33.5 qha' at Ballowal Saunkhri and 37.8 q ha' Achalpur with respective increase of 27.5 per cent and 24.1 per cent over no interculture. Among quality parameters, planting methods as well as moisture conservation practices have no significant effect on protein content in maize grain. Sugar and starch content were significantly affected under earthing up and straw mulch @6t ha' and with bed planting. Bed planting gave highest net returns of Rs. 31657 ha' at Ballowal Saunkhri and Rs. 44670 ha at Achalpur with respective B: C ratio of 1.84 and 2.16 followed by ridge planting system which gave net returns of Rs 27094 and Rs 41137 at Ballowal Saunkhri and Achalpur with respective B: C ratio of 1.75 and 2.11. Among moisture conservation practices, earthing up gave Rs 10475 and Rs 10101 per hectare higher net returns than no interculture at Ballowal Saunkhri and Achalpur, respectively. In conclusion, bed planting or ridge planting and earthing up at knee high stage proved beneficial in the increasing productivity and improving the quality of rainfed maize in Shivalik region of Punjab.
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    Biochemical characterization and gene expression analysis of pulp pigmentation specific genes in pummelo
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2023) Mandeep Kaur; Rattanpal, H.S.
    The present study aimed at morphological and biochemical characterization of pummelo genotypes grown under the subtropical condition of North India along with gene expression analysis for pulp colour developmental genes involved in carotenoid biosynthesis. Morphological characters of pummelo genotypes were studied as per International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Italy descriptors for citrus. A wide range of genetic diversity was observed for fruit length (102.1-158.6 mm), fruit diameter (98.8-146.7 mm), peel thickness (10.9-21.8 mm), fruit weight (427.2-1150.0 g), peel weight (179.7-526.2 g), juice content (76.6-221.3 ml) and seed number per fruit (51.0-132.0) whereas, a relatively narrow range of genetic diversity was observed for flower length (30.0-41.4 mm), number of petals (4-5) and the number of segments (15.0-20.0). The highest fruit size was recorded in NRCC Pummelo5 and PTF-1. Basic fruit quality attributes and components of the antioxidant defense mechanism were estimated colorimetrically. Among biochemical attributes (total soluble sugars, titratable acidity, total sugars, sucrose and reducing sugars), NRCC Pummelo-3 and PTF-4 had the best quality fruits on account of the maximum sugar-acid ratio. Relatively higher content of vitamin C, total phenols, total flavonoids, o-dihydroxy phenols and total antioxidant capacity (DPPH and activity of antioxidant enzymes - superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and peroxidase) was recorded in PTF-4 and NRCC Pummelo3. With respect to the volatile composition of pummelo genotypes as determined by GC-MS analysis, a total of thirty and sixty one volatile compounds were identified in pummelo peel oil and juice, respectively. Limonene was observed as the most predominant compound in pummelo peel oil as well as juice. Additionally, the expression of pulp pigmentation-specific genes in pummelo genotypes including pink-fleshed (NRCC Pummelo-3 and PTF-4) and white-fleshed (Local) was studied. The genes upstream of the lycopene biosynthesis (HDS, HDR, DXS, DXR, PDS, PSY, ZDS, ZISO, CRTISO and PLIS) were up-regulated whereas the genes downstream of the lycopene biosynthesis (ε-LCY, ε-CHX, β-CHX, CCD1, CCD4, AAO3, A1CYP707, A3CYP707 and A4CYP707) were down-regulated. Relative expression of carotenoid biosynthesis genes was the highest in NRCC Pummelo-3 than PTF-4 with respect to Local genotype. The information generated may assist fruit breeders to shortlist the genotypes in hybridization programs for the development of nutritionally-enriched cultivars.