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ThesisItem Restricted Effect of chlormequat chloride on growth, yield and fruit quality of grapes under protected conditions(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Jashanpreet Kaur; Gagandeep KaurThe investigation entitled “Effect of chlormequat chloride (CCC) on growth, yield and fruit quality of grapes under protected conditions” was carried out at Fruit Research Farm, Department of Fruit Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. The experiment was conducted on grape cvs. Flame Seedless, Perlette and Punjab Purple grown in protected structure and open field conditions. Application of chlormequat chloride (250, 500, 750 and 1000 ppm) was done when the vines reached 5-leaf stage after sprouting. Results revealed that application of chlormequat chloride reduced the vegetative growth in terms of cane length and internodal length with maximum reduction recorded in the vines sprayed with highest dose of chlormequat chloride. Under the protected field conditions the increase in cane length at various intervals was more as compared to open field. At the end of observation period (69 days), the lowest cane length (110.0cm) in Flame Seedless was recorded with chlormequat chloride@ 1000 ppm while it was 204.4 cm in case of control. Similarly, the foliar application of CCC @ 1000ppm followed by CCC @ 750 ppm was found to be the most effective in reducing leaf size and trunk girth. Also, chlormequat chloride decreased the content of IAA and GA3 on each date of sampling relative to untreated buds. Application of CCC @ 1000ppm and 750 ppm was adjudged as the best treatment for improving the bunch quality in terms of TSS, total sugars and anthocyanin content in the berries. In Punjab Purple under protected field conditions, the maximum TSS content was found in 750 ppm chlormequat chloride (20.34%) which was at par with 1000 ppm chlormequat chloride (19.85%). Among the various treatments, foliar application of CCC @ 1000 ppm significantly improved the average yield and quality of grape clusters viz. bunch weight, size, berry weight and size and TSS: acid ratio. Under protected conditions, yield of Flame Seedless (9.48 kg/vine) and Perlette (7.42 kg/vine) was highest in CCC @ 1000 ppm as compared to control (7.56 and 5.22 kg/ vine respectively).ThesisItem Restricted Evaluation of antioxidant property of Selenium biofortified paddy straw mushroom, Volvariella volvacea(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Jashanpreet Kaur; Suman KumariSelenium is one of the essential mineral nutrients, required by human body as involved in antioxidant and defense reactions. Biofortification of mushrooms using naturally enriched agricultural substrates can provide a productive use of straw in producing enriched mushrooms with high biological efficiency, nutritional as well as nutraceutical value. In this context, the present study focused on evaluation of the effect of Se supplementation on two strains of V. volvacea (VV3 and VV6), under in vitro as well as in vivo conditions. In vitro studies revealed that Selenium (Se) supplementation of 10 and 15ppm maximally enhanced the radial growth rate of VV3 and VV6 respectively, among all the treatments including control. Mycelial proliferation in liquid medium was recorded highest in case of 15 (12.09±0.42 g/l) and 10 ppm (12.30±0.60 g/l) in case of VV3 and VV6. Scanning Electron Microscopic observations for the effect of Se on hyphal growth disclosed sparse, non uniform damaged hyphae with increasing concentration of Se at 20 ppm, compared to regular, dense healthy hyphae in control in both the strains. Mushroom cultivation on Se-rich paddy straw collected from seleniferous soil showed significant increase in yield (573±60 and 604±87 g/bed) in strain VV3 and VV6, compared to non Se paddy straw grown mushrooms i.e., 432.24 ±64.64 and 543.34±32.24 g/bed average yield respectively. The positive influence of Se biofortification was also observed on antioxidative activity of V. volvacea both under in vitro and in vivo on protein content, total phenols, flavonoids, Peroxidase (PO) and free radical scavenging activity. The antioxidants were found to increase with the increase in Se supplementation, however when the concentration exceeded 15ppm, the levels were reduced due to toxic effects of Se under axenic conditions. Biosorption studies for Se using ICPMS revealed highest Se in 20pmm supplementation i.e. 576.01±12.98 and 623.27±10.74 µg/g dw in VV3 and VV6 under in vitro. In case of fruiting bodies, highest total Se was observed in VV6 (57.81±4.16) than VV3 (53.43±4.78) that was significant over the respective controls with 4.13±0.28 and 2.64±0.41 µg/g dw. The functional group diversity analysis using Fourier Transform Infra-red Spectroscopy (FT-IR) confirmed changes in structural and conformational changes in biomolecules in Se enriched mycelia and fruiting body. The present study concluded that biofortification of Selenium, improved the yield as well as antioxidative property of V. volvacea compared to control and biofortification of essential nutrients using rich agricultural residues can be an effective and ecofriendly alternate for paddy straw disposal.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of morpho-physiological and biochemical changes in garlic (Allium sativum L.) bulbs stored under different temperature conditions(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Jashanpreet Kaur; Sharma, RajniThe present investigation was carried out to assess the optimum storage temperature for garlic (Allium sativum L.) with minimum deterioration and also for the most promising genotype on the basis of morpho-physiological and biochemical parameters. Garlic genotypes (PG-17, PG- 18, PG-29, PG-46 and PG-48) were kept in three storage temperatures; 0°C, 15°C and room temperature for four months for evaluation of various parameters and then planted to evaluate their growth performance. Temperature and months of storage had a decreasing influence on garlic genotypes. PG-18 was found to be a promising genotype irrespective of temperature storage conditions due to its better performance than other genotypes in morphological properties prior to storage such as bulb diameter (4.5cm), neck diameter (2.7cm), bulbing ratio (0.6), bulb’s fresh weight (28.7g) and dry weight (17.5g), number of cloves per bulb (24.3). PG-18 also retained maximum biochemical composition till end of storage such as total phenols (10.5 mg/g DW), flavonoids (0.59 mg/g DW), ascorbic acid (5.70 mg/g DW), total soluble sugars (17.25 mg/g DW) and reducing sugars (12.71 mg/g DW). Also, genotype PG-18 had highest germination percentage (66.93%), maximum vigour index II (2580) and highest survival percentage (66.45%). Room temperature storage was found to be the optimum storage condition for garlic bulbs as garlic of room temperature performed better than other temperature stored garlic by the end of storage in case of compactness, bulb’s fresh weight (14.86g) and dry weight (8.86g), total phenols (10.46 mg/g DW), ascorbic acid (5.12 mg/g DW) and total soluble sugars (11.88 mg/g DW). Also, room temperature stored garlic, on subjecting to germination, had highest germination percentage (77.01%) and survival percentage (88.40%), maximum vigour index II (2717) and more plant fresh weight (51.40g) , dry weight (21.49g) and height (69.72 cm) than 15°C garlic.ThesisItem Open Access Herbaceous plant diversity and its nutrient status in various land use systems of selected localities in Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Jashanpreet Kaur; Sharma, RajniThe present study on herbaceous plant diversity of three land use systems viz fallow land, canal bunds and cultivated land at two locations Ludhiana and Sangrur revealed overall sixty seven plant species at these sites. Among these fifty two plants were dicots and fifteen were monocots. Plants were distributed in twenty seven families out of which Poaceae and Asteraceae were dominant. Variations were recorded for plant species in all the land use systems and locations. Only few differences in emergence, flowering, fruiting, seed maturity and senescence of plant species was observed when land use systems were compared. For morphological parameters, the maximum plant height (178.16 cm) and shoot length (183.50 cm) was recorded for Saccharum spontaneum whereas diameter (19.23 cm) was recorded maximum for Ricinus communis and root length (23.5 cm) was maximum for Conyza bonariensis. Diversity indices values showed variations with change in months, land use systems and locations. Among land use systems of both locations, Density/m2 was recorded to be maximum for Parthenium hysterophorus (10.5 m-2) of fallow land (Sangrur) in September and IVI (115) was maximum for Amaranthus viridis of cultivated land (Ludhiana) in June. Comparison of mean values of Shannon Wiener index (2.30) and Brillouns index (2.16) reflected that mean values were maximum for fallow land (Sangrur) which reflected presence of maximum diversity in this system. Simpson diversity index mean values (0.88) were maximum for canal bunds of both locations reflecting maximum diversity of dominant plant species. Eveness index representing equal number of individuals per species was maximum for fallow land (0.77) (Ludhiana) followed by cultivated land. Annual values for total biomass (5733 kg/ha), nitrogen uptake (96.66 kg/ha), phosphorus uptake (21.55 kg/ha) and potassium uptake was recorded to be maximum for fallow land (Sangrur). On monthly basis, for July maximum biomass (3744.33kg/ha), nitrogen uptake (66.15kg/ha), phosphorus uptake (17.71) and potassium uptake (52.03kg/ha) was recorded.ThesisItem Restricted Effects of electromagnetic radiations from cell phone towers on bird community(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2016) Jashanpreet Kaur; Tejdeep KaurElectromagnetic radiations from cell phone towers has become a global concern for its effect on human health and on flora and fauna. This research summarizes the effect of electromagnetic radiations from cell phone tower on bird abundance, bird diversity and nesting ecology of bird species in agricultural fields and in residential areas. Bird observations were recorded within 200 m and 1 km radius of cell phone tower both in agricultural fields and in residential areas of Alamgir and Gill villages of Ludhiana, Punjab, India from May 2014 to April 2015. Species richness was found to be more within 1 km radius as compared to 200 m radius of cell phone tower in both the villages. In agricultural fields of both the villages, Common Moorhen, Black-winged Stilt, Jungle Prinia, and Brahminy Starling were not found within 200 m radius of cell phone tower. In residential areas of both the villages, White-breasted Kingfisher and Cattle Egret were not recorded within 200 m radius of cell phone tower. In both agricultural fields and residential areas of Alamgir and Gill village, no nesting sites were found within 200 m radius of cell phone tower. Within 1 km radius of cell phone tower in both the villages, 2 nests of Red-wattled Lapwing were located in agricultural fields. In residential areas of both Almgir and in Gill village, 3 and 5 nesting sites of Blue Rock Pigeon were located respectively within 1 km radius of cell phone tower. In agricultural fields of Alamgir village, 15 bird species were observed common both within 200 m and 1 km radius of cell phone tower, out of these significant difference was found between the populations of 7 bird species. Twelve bird species were found to be common both within 200 m and 1 km radius of cell phone tower in residential area of Alamgir village, out of these significant difference was found between the populations of 2 bird species. In agricultural area of Gill village, 17 bird species were observed common both within 200 m and 1 km radius of cell phone tower, out of these significant difference was found between the populations of 5 bird species. Eleven bird species were found as common both within 200 m and 1 km radius of cell phone tower, out of these significant difference was found between the populations of 5 bird species. It may be concluded that some bird species were not recorded near cell phone tower even within safe limits of Power density from cell phone tower. Further studies are required to evaluate the species wise effect of electromagnetic radiations of cell phone towers in different habitats.
