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2012 - 20162
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Author: Harleen Kaur × End date: 2018 × Start date: 2012 × Thesis Type: M.Sc ×
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    Effect of biofertilizers and organic fertilizers on soil health, growth and yield of green pea (Pisum sativum L.)
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2016) Harleen Kaur; Gosal, S.K.
    A field experiment was carried out to study the effect of biofertilizers and organic fertilizers on soil microbial dynamics, nutrient content of soil and plant, plant growth parameters and crop yield attributes. Significantly higher bacterial population (150 × 107 CFU/g of soil), PGPR population (218 ×105 CFU/g of soil) and soil dehydrogenase activity (2.291 μg TPF formed/g of soil/h) was observed in treatment having 50% FYM + 50% recommended dose of N and P +consortium biofertilizer while the maximum fungal population (20 ×103 CFU/g of soil), diazotrophic population (140 ×105 CFU/g of soil), PSB population (80 ×104 CFU/g of soil) and soil alkaline phosphatase activity (3.241 µg PNP formed/g of soil/h) was observed in treatment having 100% FYM +consortium. Actinomycetes population and urease activity showed varying trend as actinomycetes population (62 ×104 CFU/g of soil) was observed to be significantly higher in control and urease activity (399.33 μg urea hydrolysed/ g of soil/ h) in treatment having 100% FYM. Significantly higher soil organic carbon (0.35%) and available P (28.4 kg/ha) were observed in treatment having 100% FYM + consortium while available N (123.8 kg/ha) and K (121.9 kg/ha) were maximum in treatment having 50% FYM + 50% recommended dose of N and P +consortium. The maximum plant N uptake (598.2 kg/ha), P uptake (128.4 kg/ha) and K uptake (760.2 kg/ha) were recorded in treatment having combined application of FYM, inorganic and biofertilizers. Among plant growth parameters, root fresh and dry weight (5.67 g and 0.795 g respectively), shoot fresh and dry weight (147.221 g and 17.912 g respectively), shoot length (97.35 cm), number of pods/plant (12), pod weight/plant (29.39 g), seeds/pod (10), number of leaves (168) and number of branches/plant (31) were maximum in treatment having combined application of FYM, inorganic and biofertilizers. Pod length (9.9 cm) was the maximum in treatment having 100% recommended dose of N and P + consortium while nodule number per plant (32) was maximum in treatment having 100% FYM + consortium. Total pod yield (137.3 q/ha) was the maximum in treatment having 50% FYM + 50% recommended dose of N and P +consortium while stover yield (8.14 q/ha) was recorded maximum in treatment having 25% FYM + 75% recommended dose of N and P +consortium. NPK content of seed and straw were maximum in treatment having combined application of FYM, inorganic and biofertilizers. Significant positive correlation was observed between bacterial population and enzyme activities, soil properties, plant NPK content and yield. The results indicated that combined application of organic, inorganic and biofertilizers improved soil health and plant growth leading to increased yield.
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    INTERRELATIONSHIP AMONG DIETARY DIVERSITY, SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS AND FOOD SECURITY IN RURAL HOUSEHOLDS
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2012) Harleen Kaur
    A total of 90 farm households from three land holding categories viz. small (1-2 hectares), semi-medium (2-4 hectares) and medium (4-10 hectares) from village Lalton, district Ludhiana were selected to determine the interrelationship among diet diversity, socio-economic factors and food security. The households were categorized into Group I, II and III based on their land holdings. Dietary information was obtained from 133 women subjects (18-45 years old) from the selected households. A significantly (p≤0.05) higher total and per capita income was observed in Group III when compared to Group I and Group II. The total expenditure on food by Group I, II and III was 18.4, 24.4 and 20.5%, respectively. Group II expended significantly (p≤0.05) more on food than Group I. Out of 11 nutrients, four of them namely vitamins A, B1, C and calcium had Nutrient Adequacy Ratio (NAR) more than 100%, while only Vitamin B12 had NAR% less than 50%, other six nutrients namely energy, protein, vitamin B2, B3, folacin and iron had NAR laid between 51-75%. Mean Adequacy Ratio (MAR) for Group I, II and III was 76.2, 83.6 and 80.8%. Overall adequacy was comparable between the three groups, however, Group I had significantly (p≤0.05) lower MAR% compared to Group II. Among the dietary factors, cereals were positively correlated with DDS, FVS and MAR%. Green leafy vegetables were significantly (p≤0.05) correlated with MAR, while other vegetables were significantly (p≤0.05) correlated with DDS and MAR%. Fruits and milk and milk products showed significant (p≤0.05, 0.01) and positive correlation with DDS, FVS and MAR%. The intake of vitamin A and calcium intake was significantly (p≤0.05, 0.01) correlated with both DDS and FVS, while protein was significantly (p≤0.05, 0.01) correlated with FVS. Vitamin B12 and C showed positive correlation with DDS. Multiple regression analysis revealed that with the increase in expenditure on food, there was a significant (p≤0.1) increase in DDS but household size showed negative but significant (p≤0.1) association with DDS. The education of respondents and total expenditure on food resulted in a significant (p≤0.1) increase in FVS but there was significant (p≤0.1) decrease in FVS with the increase in household size. Significant (p≤0.05) predictors of MAR were size of land holding, total income, income from agriculture and dairy. The study concluded that there is a strong interrelationship observed between dietary diversity score (DDS), food variety score (FVS) and mean adequacy ratio (MAR) indicating that all three can be used effectively as indicators of food security. However, DDS and FVS being simple can be substituted for the more complex and time consuming MAR method in large sample studies.