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ThesisItem Restricted Development of carotenoid rich jaggery based products from pumpkin (PAU Magaz Kadoo-1)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Gagandeep Kaur; Sukhpreet KaurThe present study aimed at optimizing the processing techniques for preparation of nutritionally rich jaggery based products (toffee and bar) from pumpkin and to study physicochemical and phytochemical characteristics of the prepared products. Although pumpkin pulp contained bioactive compounds, liquid jaggery too was found to contain appreciable amount of phytochemicals and minerals. Five different formulations of toffee and bar were prepared by replacing sugar with liquid jaggery at different levels (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%). Compared to control (with refined sugar), addition of liquid jaggery considerably enhanced the minerals and phytochemical content of the formulated toffee and bars. Based on sensory analysis, pumpkin toffee and bar with 50% liquid jaggery was selected for shelf-life evaluation. Pumpkin toffee was wrapped in 3 different packaging material (laminated foil, butter paper and plain paper) under room temperature conditions (25±2ºC). While, bar was packed in laminated foil and butter paper and stored under room (25±2ºC) and refrigerated (4±1°C) conditions. During storage of toffee, a significant (p<0.05) effect on quality parameters (physico-chemical, phytochemical, color, textural and microbial attributes) were noticed. It was observed that shelf stability of pumpkin toffee wrapped in laminated foil and butter paper was up to 6 months. However, plain paper toffee was shelf stable for 4 months. Irrespective of packaging material, a significant effect was observed in physicochemical and phytochemical parameters of pumpkin bars stored at room and refrigerated conditions. Whereas, quality of bar was more affected at room temperature conditions. Among the packaging materials, quality characteristics of the products were more retained in laminated foil.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on dry root rot of chickpea(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Gagandeep Kaur; Buttar, Daljeet SinghMaximum colonization and the spore population of Glomus spp. was observed in the Faridkot district, while minimum in the Bathinda district. Out of the three Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), Glomus bagyarajii showed maximum colonization along with spore population and thus was selected for further experimental purpose. There was low mycorrhizal colonization in the root samples collected from 30 days old chickpea crop as compared to 60, 90 and 120-days crop. 80 mg ‗P‘/kg soil level didn‘t restrict the AMF colonization. G. bagyarajii inoculation significantly increased root and shoot length along with number of leaves, branches and pods in all four observations. The effect of dry root rot causing pathogen i.e., Macrophomina phaseolina on mycorrhizal colonization was observed in the presence of G. bagyarajii. The colonization of Glomus bagyarajii was found to be reduced in the presence of the M. phaseolina. The ‗P‘ level also affected significantly the AMF colonization along with abundancy of mycelium, arbuscules, vesicles and spore population in presence of pathogen. The overall effect of G. bagyarajii on dry root rot of chickpea was observed during the crop season at three levels of ‗P‘ viz., 0, 40 and 80 mg ‗P‘/kg soil at Ludhiana and Hoshiarpur. The significantly higher i.e., 100.0 and 0.0; 93.3 and 6.6; and 100.0 and 0.0; 90.0 and 10.0 per cent plants were found healthy and yellowed after 30 days of sowing at Ludhiana and Hoshiarpur districts respectively, at 40 mg ‗P‘/kg soil in the presence of both AM fungi and dry root rot pathogen. The 100 per cent infected plants in only pathogen and 100 per cent healthy one in only AMF treatment were recorded at all ‗P‘ levels. Same trend was recorded in other observations at both districts. The development of dry root rot in chickpea was reduced significantly in the presence of AMF and pathogen. The infected plants showing yellowness survived during complete crop season in the presence of G. bagyarajii. The plant growth parameters were observed significantly higher at 40 mg ‗P‘/kg soil in all the four observations at both districts. Based on the findings, it was suggested that the AM fungus namely Glomus bagyarajii managed the dry root rot of chickpea effectively and enhanced crop yield.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of natural insecticides in casing mixtures for the cultivation of button mushroom(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Gagandeep Kaur; Joshi, NeelamAgariсus bisporus, commonly known as white button mushroom, is a favourable mushroom across the world having nutritional and medicinal properties. In the present study, different natural insecticides viz., neem (Azadirachta indica), castor (Ricinus communis), natural vinegar, Bacillus thuringiensis commercial formulation Dipel 8L and Beauveria bassiana commercial formulation Biojaal 1.15% SC were evaluated in vitro to record the antagonistic effect of these natural insecticides on mycelial growth of Agaricus bisporus. The maximum radial growth and downward linear growth was recorded in neem @0.5% on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium and in compost filled tubes respectively. Further, field studies were conducted to evaluate different concentrations ranging from @0.5% to @4.5% of these natural insecticides on quality and yield of Agaricus bisporus. Maximum yield (19.91 kg/100 kg of compost was obtained in 1.5% neem powder treatment followed by Bacillus thuringiensis @3.5% (17.94 kg/100 kg of compost) which was at par with vinegar treatment @3.5% (17.76 kg/100 kg of compost). Maximum percent increase in yield over control (41.9%) was recorded in neem powder @1.5% treatment, followed by Bacillus thuringiensis @3.5% (27.9%) and vinegar @3.5% (26.6%) which were at par with each other. The supplementation of neem powder @1.5% concentration exhibited best mycelial growth, number of fruit bodies and yield. These results indicated that incorporation of neem @1.5% in casing soil improves the yield of Agaricus bisporus and may be preferred as it is ecofriendly and reduces environmental pollution.
