Thumbnail Image

Thesis

Browse

2019 - 201922020 - 20244
Reset filters
Author: Arshdeep Singh × Thesis Type: M.Sc ×
Reset filters

Search Results

Now showing 1 - 6 of 6
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemRestricted
    Effect of sanitary and phytosanitary measures on export performance of basmati rice from India
    (Punjab Agricultural University, 2024) Arshdeep Singh; Dr Manjeet Kaur
    Due to changes in food safety standards of major importing countries of basmati rice, India has faced challenges in export of basmati rice due to detection of pesticide residue. The present study was carried out to examine the export performance, impact of SPS measures on basmati rice export from India and awareness among farmers regarding recommended pesticides use. The study was based on both primary and secondary data. To analyse the export performance and direction of trade, secondary data were collected from APEDA, RASFF Portal, etc. for the period 1990-91 to 2022-23. Primary data were collected from 160 basmati rice producers selected randomly from Amritsar and Sri Muktsar Sahib districts for the year 2022-23. Three basmati rice exporters were also interviewed to study the problems in basmati rice export due to pesticide residue. Descriptive analysis, compound annual growth rate, instability index and Markov chain analysis were employed to achieve the objectives. It was observed that basmati rice export showed an overall increasing trend in both quantity (10.5%) and value terms (16.2%). Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, UAE, Yemen, USA, Kuwait and UK remained the top importing nations of Indian basmati rice during the study period. Saudi Arabia and UAE were found to be highly stable markets, as indicated by the retention probabilities of their previous shares. Since 2018, European Union rejected number of consignments of Indian basmati rice due to presence of high residue level of agrochemicals than their prescribed limits. Among 10 banned pesticides (for basmati rice cultivation), thiamethoxam was found to be highly used by farmers (52%). Company personnel (33%) and pesticide dealers (31%) were the major sources of information to selected farmers for application of pesticides. Exporters faced problems of pesticide residue in basmati rice export, and they suggested that government should create awareness among farmers regarding safe use of pesticides for basmati rice cultivation.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemRestricted
    Effect of planting time and harvesting schedule on productivity and quality of Japanese mint varieties
    (Punjab Agricultural University, 2023) Arshdeep Singh; Kalra, Vajinder Pal
    The present investigation entitled „Effect of planting time and harvesting schedule on productivity and quality of Japanese mint varieties‟ was carried out at Research farm, School of Organic Farming, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during spring season of 2023. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications, keeping combinations of three planting times (15th January, 30th January and 15th February) and three varieties (CIM Unnati, CIM Kranti and Golden (Local)) in main plots and two harvesting schedules (130 DAP and 145 DAP) in sub plots. The soil of the experimental site was loamy sand in texture with slightly alkaline soil reaction (pH- 7.85) and normal electrical conductivity (0.27 dS m1), low in organic carbon (0.34%) and available nitrogen (115.4 kg ha-1), medium in available phosphorus (18.2 kg ha-1) and potassium (160.5 kg ha-1). The results showed that Japanese mint planted on 15th February recorded significantly higher growth parameters, fresh herb (267.4 q ha-1), dry herb (79.1 q ha-1) and oil yield (176 l ha-1) as compared to 15th January planted crop but at par with the crop planted on 30th January. The variety „Cim Kranti‟ recorded significantly higher plant height (93.7 cm), stool population (63.6) and dry matter accumulation (856.2 g m-2) followed „CIM Unnati‟ and „Golden (Local)‟, consequently resulting in significantly higher fresh herb yield (265.6 q ha-1) and dry herb yield (77.7 q ha-1) over „Golden (Local)‟ but at par with „CIM Unnati‟. However, „CIM Unnati‟ variety produced significantly higher oil yield (200.9 l ha-1) with increase of 66.7% and 20.3% over the „Golden (Local)‟ and „CIM Kranti‟, respectively. Moreover, significantly higher fresh herb yield (264.7 q ha-1), dry herb yield (77.1 q ha-1) and oil yield (174.2 l ha-1) were recorded with harvesting the crop at 145 DAP, while significant reduction to the tune of 17.6%, 17.4% and 15.1% in fresh herb, dry herb and oil yield, respectively was recorded with early harvesting at 130 DAP.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemRestricted
    Response of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) to drip Irrigation, fertigation under different mulch conditions
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2023) Arshdeep Singh; Pathak, Mamta
    The present investigation was conducted at Department of Soil and Water Engineering Farm and Biochemical Laboratory, Department of Vegetable Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana with the objectives to determine the yield, economic viability and optimum moisture regime under different mulch, fertigation and drip irrigation system in okra. Okra variety Punjab Suhawani was used as experimental plant material. The treatments included three levels of drip irrigation regimes i.e. at 100 per cent crop evapotranspiration ETc (I1), 80 per cent ETc (I2) and 60 per cent ETc (I3) along with three mulch treatment of silver polythene mulch (M1), straw mulch (M2) and non mulch (M3) under main plot treatments and three level of fertigation i.e. 100 per cent recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) (F1), 80 per cent RDF (F2) and 60 per cent RDF (F3) was considered under sub plot treatment. Therefore, 27 treatments combinations including control were tested in the present study. Data of present study depicted the best results for combination of drip irrigation at 100 per cent ETc (I1), RDF 100 per cent (F1) and silver polythene mulch (M1) for 50 per cent germination (6.83 days), length of main shoot at 30, 60 and 90 days after seed sowing was 17 cm, 50.78 cm and 90.93 cm respectively. Number of branches 30, 60 and 90 days after seed sowing were 6.95, 10.58 and 14.56 respectively. Whereas, number of fruits per plant (12.43), average fruit weight (10.56), yield (199.89 q) and marketable yield was 191.62 q/ha. Total yield was recorded 39.77 per cent higher than I3M3F3 treatment combination. All quality parameters vitamin C (54.88 mg/100 g), chlorophyll (8.30 per cent), fiber (8.30 per cent), iodine (55.95 ppm), mucilage (4.02 per cent), soluble protein (1.33 per cent) showed highest results with I1M1F1 treatment combination.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemRestricted
    Biology of Kerria lacca (Kerr) on various host plants and diversity of its natural enemies
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-, 2020) Arshdeep Singh; Rabinder Kaur
    In the present study, biological and productivity linked parameters of Kerria lacca (Rangeeni strain) on host plants viz: Flemingia semialata, F. macrophylla and Zizyphus mauritiana were studied thoroughly during Katki and Baisakhi crops under Punjab conditions. K. lacca thrive well on these host plants during both crop season. The mean initial density of settlement of first instar larvae of lac insect on F. semialata, F. macrophylla and Z. mauritiana was 25.93±0.87; 25.80±0.89; 32.17±4.42 in Katki crop and 27.07±0.94; 29.63±1.35; 45.70±1.45 crawlers/ cm2 in Baisakhi crop, respectively. The final density of settlement was ranged from 12.83-19.67, 14.019.67, 18.33-28.67 in Katki crop and 14.33-23.0, 15.17-23.5, 17.0-19.83 crawlers/ cm2 in Baisakhi crop. Initial mortality of first instar larvae was ranged from 14.88-22.64, 14.02-19.35, 18.84-26.86 in Katki crop and 11.24-20.95, 14.21-20.67, 27.20-30.69 per cent in Baisakhi crop. The duration of pre-sexual stages and initiation of male emergence of K. lacca on F. semialata, F. macrophylla and Z. mauritiana was found to be 19.00±0.45 and 42.20±0.66; 19.2±0.48 and 42.2±1.11; 19.2±0.58 and 41.80±0.97 in Katki crop, while 42.0±0.89, 196.0±2.17; 43.7±0.93, 194.2±3.99 and 44.3±1.80, 93.4±2.80 days in Baisakhi crop. The sex ratio (% male insects) was ranged between 7.67-20.33 per cent in Katki crop and 11.33-22.17 per cent in Baisakhi crop on these hosts. Density of female cell at crop maturity was ranged from 2.67-5.67 and 2.33-6.33 female cells/ cm2, respectively in Katki and Baisakhi crops. The fecundity of female was ranged from 84.0111.0 and 83.0-111.0, respectively in Katki and Baisakhi. The weight of female cell was ranged from 6.14-6.98, 6.40-6.91, 7.59-15.88 mg in Katki and 6.16-7.12, 6.63-7.22, 7.84-8.80 mg in Baisakhi. The resin output recorded was ranged from 4.78-5.69, 4.07-6.02, 6.75-7.75 mg and 4.63-5.52, 4.7-6.02, 6.73-12.54 mg in Katki and Baisakhi crops on F. semialata, F. macrophylla and Z. mauritiana, respectively. Life period of female cell was between 104.0-110.0 and 222.0237.0 days in Katki and Baisakhi crop, respectively. During Katki, broodlac, stick lac and scrapped lac yield was ranged from 18.24-25.68, 14.65-19.85, 29.58-39.85; 14.45-21.17, 12.2516.33, 24.55-31.37 and 9.45-17.15, 4.32-10.89 and 20.85-26.56 g/ metre shoot length on F. semialata, F. macrophylla and Z. mauritiana, respectively. Broodlac, stick lac and scrapped lac yield was ranged from 19.38-28.17, 15.93-19.56, 37.05-52.17; 17.34-25.68, 12.57-15.58, 32.8441.11 and 11.56-19.25, 7.68-10.89, 26.54-33.16 g/ metre shoot length, recorded respectively in Baisakhi crop. There was successful completion of life cycle of K. lacca on Cajanus cajan, harbouring 17.66 g yield of lac/ plant with seed yield of 27.24 g/ plant (23.54 % profit). The per cent abundance of natural enemies of lac insect ranged from 5.38 to 50.54 per cent in Katki and 6.56 to 45.90 per cent in Baisakhi crop.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemRestricted
    Assessment of extrusion behaviour of white maize
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Arshdeep Singh; Baljit Singh
    The present investigation was undertaken to explore the assessment of extrusion behaviour of white maize and their characterization. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the extrusion process of white maize based extruded products. Central composite rotator design (CCRD) of response surface methodology was explored to evaluate the effects of independent variables, namely feed moisture content (14-18%), screw speed (400-550) and barrel temperature (125-175℃) on product responses specific mechanical energy (SME), bulk density (BD), water absorption index (WAI), water solubility index (WSI). White maize was subjected to extrusion by co-rotating twin screw extruder at varying processing conditions as per the central composite rotatable design. All the processing conditions had significant impact on product responses. Multiple regression equations were obtained to describe the effects of each variable on product responses. The product responses were most affected by change in feed moisture content, barrel temperature and to lesser extent by screw speed. The negative coefficient of moisture and temperature describes that the value of SME declined with increase of these two variables. Barrel temperature was found to elevate the expansion ratio and water solubility index. Optimization studies resulted in 12.50-16.2 % of feed moisture content, 145℃ of barrel temperature and 360-595 rpm of screw speed as optimum variables to produce acceptable white maize snacks. The products were stored for three months and were found acceptable at the end of three months.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemRestricted
    Diversity analysis and characterization of morpho- anatomical and photosynthetic traits in mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco)
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Arshdeep Singh; Uppal, Gurteg Singh
    The present study entitled “Diversity analysis and characterization of morpho- anatomical and photosynthetic traits in mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco)” was carried out during the years 2017-18 and 2018-19 at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. Fifteen mandarin genotypes grafted on rough lemon (Citrus jambhiri Lush) rootstocks were evaluated for morphological characters based on IPGRI descriptors. Furthermore, the leaf samples of these genotypes were imaged in scanning electron imaging mode in (model Hitachi S-3400 N) SEM for morpho-anatomical and photosynthetic diversity analysis. The genetic diversity based on these traits was assessed by using DARwin software. The dendrogram grouped genotypes into six different clusters based on morphological characters. The highest similarity coefficient (0.861) was recorded in genotypes Dancy and Wilking. However, Michal showed lowest (0.402-0.539) genetic similarity coefficient with all other mandarin genotypes and these were genetically distinct from each other. The Genotypic Variance (VG) and Phenotypic Variance (VP) of morphological characters were maximum for fruit weight followed by rootstock girth, fruit granulation, scion girth and pollen viability. The heritability was maximum for traits like seed weight, aerola diameter, pedicel length, length of filament, length of style, petal length and vesicle length. Similarly, dendrogram grouped genotypes into five different clusters based on morpho-anatomical and photosynthetic characters. The Genotypic variance (VG) and Phenotypic Variance (VP) were maximum for stomatal density (4531.37 and 7385.39, respectively) followed by number of closed stomata, number of open stomata and palisade parenchyma tissue length. The maximum genetic advance was recorded for stomatal density (108.62). PAU Kinnow 1, a mutant of Kinnow was clubbed in separate cluster due to variation with respect to morpho-anatomical traits. This clearly differentiated the Kinnow from its mutant PAU Kinnow 1. The study clearly indicated presence of moderate level of genetic diversity within mandarin germplasm and this can be exploited for future mandarin breeding programme.