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2021 - 20222
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Author: Amrinder Singh × End date: 2022 × Start date: 2020 × Type: Thesis ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activity of microcapsules of carrot seed essential oil
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Amrinder Singh; Urvashi
    The present investigation deals with chemistry, microencapsulation and antimicrobial potential of carrot (Daucus carota) seed essential oil. Carrot seeds were powered and subjected to hydrodistillation using Clevenger apparatus to extract essential oil. Acid value, saponification value and moisture content of the oil were 4.7 mg g-1, 153.6 mg g-1 and 8.0 %, respectively. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of carrot seed essential oil (CSEO) analysis showed the presence of 45 compounds. Major compounds of CSEO were carotol, daucol and daucene. Microcapsules of CSEO were prepared by using coacervation technique. Four combination ratios (Gelatin: Sodium alginate: CSEO) were prepared by varying the concentrations of gelatin and CSEO and keeping the concentration of sodium alginate constant. Unencapsulated and encapsulated CSEO was evaluated for its antimicrobial potential against two bacteria (Gram positive and Gram negative) Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli using disk diffusion method. The inhibition zones of unencapsulated CSEO were found to be 18.0 mm and 13.0 against S. aureus and E. coli, respectively (Table 4.4). However, for encapsulated carrot essential oil the inhibition zones were found to be 15.0 mm and 11.6 mm against S. aureus and E. coli, respectively. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was also determined at various concentrations (0.1-100 mg ml-1). MIC value of CSEO was observed at 1.5 mg ml−1 while, the encapsulated CSEO displayed MIC value of 2.5 mg ml−1 against S. aureus. Both encapsulated and unencapsulated CSEO showed inhibition at 10 mg ml−1 against E. coli. Unencapsulated essential oil was more effective against both the tested bacteria as compared to encapsulated CSEO. However, encapsulated CSEO retained inhibition for longer durations.
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    Economic Evaluation of Kisan Bazaar (Farmers’ Market) in Punjab
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Amrinder Singh; Sanjay Kumar
    The present study was proposed to analyze the economic efficiency of Kisan bazaar with respect to farmers/sellers as well as consumers, its benefits and problems faced by the stakeholders in Punjab. By using simple random sampling 50 farmers/sellers segregated in two groups i.e. group I (marginal and small) and group II (medium and large) and 50 consumers along with four commodities that were ladyfinger, brinjal, turmeric powder and honey were selected from six districts of Punjab to calculate overall economic efficiency of Kisan Bazaar and perception with regard to various aspects of the market were asked using specially structured schedule. The disposal of selected commodities was done through three different channels i.e. Supply Chain I (producer → wholesaler → retailer → consumer), Supply chain II (producer → retailer → consumer) and Supply chain III {producer → consumer (Kisan Bazaar)} with sub supply chain III A {producer → consumer (Kisan Melas)}. The reference period of study was 2018-19. Overall the majority of the farmers selling in Kisan bazaar came out to be marginal and small farmers with maximum belonged to the age group of 45-59. Results of the study revealed that in supply chain III producers share in consumers’ rupee for disposal of ladyfinger and brinjal- came out to be more than 90 per cent in both the groups and was highest among the selected supply chain channels. With respect to turmeric powder and honey the producer’s share in consumer’s rupee in case of Kisan Bazaar came out to be approximately 90 per cent for both the groups whereas in Kisan melas with respect to disposal of turmeric and honey the same came out to be more than 90 per cent for both the groups and was highest among the selected supply channels. The major influencing factors with respect to farmers/sellers was assured customers and higher price of produce, whereas for consumers it was affordable price of products along with their freshness and better quality as compared to local retailers. The major problem faced by the farmers/sellers were the lack of infrastructure like storage, water, light, sanitation etc and major problems faced by the consumers came out to be less variety of products and less frequency of business days of Kisan Bazaar. Farmers should be encouraged to bring more variety of products in the kisan bazaar. The study highlighted that respective Agriculture Departments needs to put more focus on better infrastructure facilities (storage, water, sanitation, electricity etc) and parking facilities to cater better the stakeholders. Better market regulation should be done. It should be conducted for more number of business days. More TV and Radio advertisements needs to be done in order to aware more consumers.