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ThesisItem Open Access Heavy metal accumulation in pond and farm cultured fish species of District Ludhiana(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Harpinder Kaur; Hundal, S.S.In India, fresh water bodies in the form of naturally occurring ponds, form the lifeline in Indian villages. The present study was carried out to analyze the heavy metals in pond water and their impact on the water quality and fish species inhabiting these ponds. The water samples were collected for a period of one year (July’16- June’17) and the fish samples were collected seasonally (autumn, winter and summer) from three sites i.e. ponds of villages Kila Raipur and Lohatbaddi; and Fish Farm Complex in Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU) of district Ludhiana. Analysis of physicochemical parameters of water samples revealed decreased dissolved oxygen and increased BOD, free carbon dioxide and total alkalinity, indicating high pollution load in ponds of villages Lohatbaddi and Kila Raipur. Heavy metal accumulation in water samples varied seasonally where zinc was maximally accumulated, while cadmium was least. The heavy metals were greatly accumulated in village pond of Kila Raipur as compared to the other sites. Though the presence of heavy metals was detected in gills, liver and flesh from fish species collected from all sites, samples collected from pond of Lohatbaddi showed highest bioaccumulation of metals in fish with the liver recording greatest value for heavy metals. The haematological indices TEC and Hb were found to exhibit significant decline (P<0.05) whereas TLC depicted significant increase (P<0.05) in all fishes inhabiting the ponds of two villages. Histological examination of gills showed ruptured secondary lamellae and severe necrosis and vacuolization was observed in the liver of fish species collected from ponds of Lohatbaddi and Kila Raipur, flesh of fish species also showed significant histopathological alterations. The present study, therefore, indicated that environmental contaminants systematically disturb the aquatic ecosystem, leading to accumulation of toxicants like heavy metals, which induce severe physiological and histological changes in fish tissues, posing a significant potential health risk to humans from fish consumption.ThesisItem Restricted Ecology and breeding biology of Pied Myna (Sturnus contra) in agro-ecosystem of Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Sethi, Jyoti; Manoj KumarPied Myna (Sturnus contra) plays significant role as bio-control agent. It is mainly located in plains of Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia and in the foothills up to 700 m above sea level. The present study on ecology and breeding biology of Pied Myna was undertaken from February 2016 to January 2017 in the fields of Punjab Agricultural University (30◦53’ 59.81 N and 75◦47’ 32.10 E). The study area was divided in four different sites i.e. site I - IV. The annual relative abundance of Pied Myna was highest (5.17%) at site IV followed by 4.41% at site I, 3.70% at site II and 2.42% at site III. Irrigated fields, harvested fields and ploughed fields were the most preferred foraging sites. Most preferred perching site was electrical wires followed by electrical poles, trees, buildings and least preferred was fencing wires. Maximum flock size of approximately 23 individuals was recorded roosting on electrical wires. A total 34 nests were recorded during study period. Most preferred nesting site was site I, due to easy availability of suitable nesting material, feeding and roosting habitats. Nests of Pied Myna were large, untidy and dome shaped with a lateral entry. The mean weight of nest (n=3) was 471.42±6.73 g. Eggs of Pied Myna were oval shaped and glossy blue. Dimensions of eggs were 26.36x19.55 mm and weighed 5.08±0.14 g. A total of 53-78 days were recorded to complete a breeding cycle i.e. from pair formation to flight of young ones. The level of all the sixteen heavy metals was found to be in normal range in the excreta of Pied Myna. It was concluded from the study that habitat preference of Pied Myna was directly proportional to the presence of feeding material, roosting places and nesting material available.ThesisItem Open Access Analysis of excreta of house crow (Corvus splendens) from agri field and residential areas of ludhiana(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Sharma, Chandan; Vashishat, NishaThe excreta of House Crow (Corvus splendens) from different agri field and residential areas was analyzed to detect the prevalence of parasites and to assess the level of environmental contaminants. The feeding habits of House Crow indicated that it is an omnivorous bird. The fresh and dry excreta of House Crow was collected from its roosting, foraging and nesting sites. The mean weight of excreta was 0.146 ± 0.14 g/ pellet and it was semisolid varied from grey to brown in colour. Parasitological examination of excreta of House Crow showed the prevalence of two parasite species, strongyle eggs (38.09%) and cestode (4.76%). The cestode was present in sample from agri field area only and srtongyle eggs were observed in samples from both agri field and residential areas. The heavy metal analysis in excreta of House Crow included As, B, Ca, Cd, Cr, Co, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, S and Zn. In which As, B, Cd and Pb are included in category of heavy metals. The levels of As, B and Pb were above the normal range but below the toxic range reported for body tissues of birds. OPs, OCs and synthetic pyetheroid pesticide residues were analyzed in House Crow excreta. Pesticide residues were found to be absent in excreta samples of House Crow.ThesisItem Open Access Status of population and assessment of environmental contaminants on egg parameters and breeding biology of House Crow (Corvus splendens) in Malwa region of Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Manpreet Kaur; Khera, K.S.Birds are the common inhabitants of the ecosystem and are well known as indicator species of the ecosystem health. Among these birds, the Indian House Crow (Corvus splendens), is the most wide spread subspecies of the corvidae family in India as well as in the world. Present study was undertaken to study the dynamics of house crow population in some pockets of Malwa region of Punjab. The present study on the status of population of House Crow was carried out in the 3 districts of Malwa region of Punjab (Punjab Agricultural University (PAU), Ludhiana and in selected villages of Sangrur and Bathinda), while study on assessment of environmental contaminants on egg parameters and breeding biology was carried out only in the 2 districts of Malwa region of Punjab (PAU, Ludhiana and in selected villages of Sangrur). It was observed that population of House Crow was significantly low at the Sangrur and Bathinda villages as compared to PAU, Ludhiana. In present study, breeding season of House Crow was observed to be from April to September. 99 nests were recorded during two breeding seasons in PAU, Ludhiana and 9 nests were found in two villages of Sangrur. Quantitative analysis of the nests of house crow was also done. Majority of the nests of the House Crow located on 17 different tree species. In the present study two types of nests were observed i.e. Active nests and Non-active nests. In PAU, Ludhiana, out of total 99 nests, 61 nests found to be active and 38 nests were remain in-active on 16 different tree species in both breeding seasons. In villages of Sangrur, all nests were found inactive on the 3 tree species used. Average egg length, breadth, shape index, egg weight, albumen weight, yolk weight, shell weight, albumen percentage, yolk percentage, shell percentage, egg shell thickness, CaCO3, egg volume and specific gravity which indicate hatchability of eggs were determined. In present study high levels of chlorpyriphos and few heavy metals were detected in feather samples collected from villages of Sangrur. Overall it was observed that the population at PAU, Ludhiana was higher as compared to selected villages of Sangrur and Bathinda. Analysis of feathers indicated higher levels of chlorpyriphos and some heavy metals in the feathers collected from villages of Sangrur. As birds are the visible indicators of the health and quality of the ecosystem in which they live, therefore, fixing priorities and developing strategies for their conservation needs further studies for a healthy environment.ThesisItem Restricted Development of methyl anthranilate formulation to repel house rat in grain stores(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Bindu Bala; Babbar, B.K.Testing of six different concentration of methyl anthranilate in bi-choice feeding conditions revealed that 2.5% is the effective concentration. 2.5% methyl anthranilate act both as primary (through olfaction and taste) and secondary repellent against house rats and its effect is more under bi-choice conditions. Rats do not develop habituation against 2.5% methyl anthranilate under bi-choice conditions so it can be effectively used under field conditions if alternative untreated food resources are present. Histomorphological studies of stomach, intestine and tongue revealed that 2.5% methyl anthranilate caused hyperplasia of non-glandular stomach and reduction in the number of both intestinal and gastric glands causing reduction in digestive juices and hormones secretion, degeneration of taste buds, filiform, foliate and fungiform papillae was recorded in no-choice feeding test but GIT and tongue was not affected in bi-choice feeding test. Microencapsulation of 2.5% methyl anthranilate prevented rodent attack on treated bags from 9-28 days. If treated bags were covered with tarpaulin under indoor conditions then rodent attack on bags was prevented for longer duration.ThesisItem Open Access Utilization of fish processing waste for cultivation of oyster mushroom, Pleurotus florida (Mont.) Sing.(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Jain, Chahat; Hundal, S.S.The huge quantity of fish waste and by properly or simply dumped. Therefore, utilization of fish processing wa values of total lipid, crude protein, ash, moisture and carbohydrate content of waste collected from three different fish markets of Ludhiana city namely; Hambran fish market (M1), Railway station fish market (M2) and found to be non-significant. of processing waste of three different fish species i.e., Wallago attu with respect to diffe of oyster mushroom taking fish processing waste as a substrate in ‘race tubes’ using different combinations i.e., T1 (plain wheat straw as control), T2 (1:1), T3 (1:3) and T4 (3:1) up to 28 incubation day was recorded to be significant. However, observed on the oyster mushroom cultivation in ‘polythene bags’ in different i.e., T1 (control) and T2 (plain wheat straw + fresh fish waste) ( nutritional composition of dried oyster mushroom revealed that mean values of total lipid, crude protein, ash, moisture and crude fiber contents were found higher in T2 (3:1) as compared to T1 (plain wheat straw as control) whereas carbohydrate as compared to T2.ThesisItem Open Access Potential of microcapsules containing eucalyptus oil in reducing damage by Rattus rattus (Linnaeus)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Sachdeva, Shipra; Singla, NeenaThe use of plant essential oils as repellents and antifeedants may prove an excellent alternative for rodent control. However, being volatile, their effect is wiped out very quickly. By microencapsulation, the desired oil may be enclosed in extremely tiny amounts in microscopic particles having thin coatings of wall material with limited permeability. This reduces rate of evaporation of the oil thereby increasing its efficacy for a longer period of time. Laboratory experiments were conducted to study the persistence of repellent and antifeedant effects of eucalyptus oil loaded in microcapsules against male Rattus rattus. For evaluating the antifeedant effect, microcapsules containing three different concentrations of the oil (3, 5 or 7%) were mixed in plain bait at 5, 10 or 20% concentrations. Significant antifeedant effect was found at all the concentrations of the oil. Overall, no significant difference was found in antifeedant index among microcapsules containing 3, 5 and 7% eucalyptus oil as well as among three concentrations (5, 10 and 20%) of microcapsules. Significant repellent effect of the oil was observed on all the 7 days at 5% concentration. Scanning Electron Microscopy of microcapsules loaded with oil revealed crimpy surface with lumps. Maze experiment revealed reduced movements and activities in zone treated with microcapsules containing 5% oil as compared to untreated zone. Under simulated store conditions, microcapsules containing 5% oil showed significant repellent effect which persisted for all the 15 days of experiment. Present studies suggest the use of microcapsules containing 5% eucalyptus oil to reduce rodent damage in storage.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECTS OF HEN EGG WHITE PROTEINS ON REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF RED FLOUR BEETLE (Tribolium castaneum)(PAU Ludhiana, 2010) Geetu Choudhary; R.K. ParshadThe red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera:Tenebrionidae) is a destructive pest of stored grains and it is renowned for adapting to various insecticides. The hen’s egg white proteins possess unique multifunctional properties including antimicrobial, antiviral, immunomodulatory and anticancer. Therefore, the present study was carried out to determine the insecticidal potential of hen’s egg white proteins to manage red flour beetle population. Protein samples obtained through salt fractionation (PPT-I and PPT-II) including whole egg white (WEW) were lyophilized. Different concentrations (2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 10%) of each of the protein samples were tested separately and simultaneously by adding them to wheat flour and milk powder (75:25 w/w). The results indicated that mortality rate of the adult beetles was dependent on the type of treatment, concentration of protein samples and duration of feeding. WEW, PPT-I and PPT-II treatments delayed the emergence of developmental stages, reduced the fecundity rate, egg volume and reproductive effort of the female beetles. In multiple-choice feeding trials, beetles showed repellency towards the food containing PPT-I and PPT-II proteins. Marked abnormalities were observed in appearance and dimensions of the ovarioles and eggs which indicated that the hen’s egg white proteins caused considerable effect on the process of oogenesis. Scanning electron microscopic studies revealed changes in the structure of epithelial sheath cells of ovarioles probably caused due to resorption of ova in the beetles fed on PPT-II proteins. Higher resolution of the egg surface showed the presence of wrinkles or shrivelled appearance of the chorionic layer in PPT-I and PPT-II treated eggs and these deep folds and wrinkles were more conspicuous in the beetles fed on PPT-II proteins. PPT-II proteins appeared to be most effective among WEW, PPT-I and PPT-II samples in causing mortality and reduction of fecundity in T.castaneum.ThesisItem Open Access MUSCLE FATTY ACID PROFILES OF SOME WILD FISH SPECIES AND ENHANCEMENT OF OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS THROUGH DIETARY MANIPULATION IN Cyprinus carpio (Linn.)(PAU Ludhiana, 2012) Jyotika; H.S., SehgalThe study has been conducted on i) seasonal variations in muscle total lipid content (MTLC), fatty acid profiles and proximate composition of two wild fish species, Puntius conchonius (Hamilton-Buchanan) and P. sarana (Hamilton-Buchanan), to determine their nutritional status and ii) enhancement of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), considered vital for human health, through dietary manipulation in a cultured carp species, Cyprinus carpio (Linn.). Both the wild species were found to be rich in crude protein, which varied between 15.74% to 18.18% in P. conchonius and 15.15% to 18.04% in P. sarana during different seasons. Based on their MTLC (2.36% to 4.89%), both the species could be categorized as lean or low-fat fishes. However, the MTLC was higher and the moisture, ash and carbohydrate contents of the fishes were comparable with many other freshwater fish species. The fishes had good PUFA content. Omega-3 (n-3) PUFAs were 2.78% in P. sarana and 2.21% in P. conchonius. Total n-6 PUFAs were 4.56% in P. sarana and 4.20% in P .conchonius, and the values of n-3/n-6 ratio were 0.73 and 0.60 in P. sarana and P. conchonius, respectively. Linolenic acid formed 1.64% of the total n-3 PUFAs in P. sarana and 1.02% in P. conchonius. EPA constituted 0.31% in P. conchonius and 0.24% in P. sarana and DHA 0.75% in P. sarana and 0.69% in P.conchonius. Stearic acid was the dominant saturated fatty acid (SFA) forming 28.75% of the total SFAs in P. sarana and 28.10% in P. conchonius. The MTLC and n-3 PUFAs of C. carpio (Linn.), a cultured carp species could be enhanced through dietary manipulation. The MTLC could be increased from 1.44% in fish fed traditional diet with no flaxseed oil to 2.83% in fish fed 30% flaxseed oil diet. Similarly, the total n-3 PUFAs could be enhanced from 10.38% in fishes fed 0% flaxseed oil diet for 90 days to 18.67% in fishes fed 30% flaxseed oil diet for 60 days and 30% fish oil diet for 30 days.