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ThesisItem Restricted Mutagen induced genetic variability for heat tolerance and stability analysis in French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)(2019) Ajay Kumar; Dhillon, Tarsem SinghThe present study entitled, " Mutagen induced genetic variability for heat tolerance and stability analysis in French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)” was carried out at Vegetable Research Farm, Department of Vegetable Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. 25 genotypes of French were planted in randomized block design in three locations viz. PAU Ludhiana, USF, Usman, Tarn Taran and KVK, Kheri, Sangrur during spring season of 2017 and 2018 for stability analysis. The mean squares for genotypes were highly significant for all the characters under study. Highly significant mean squares for environments and genotype x environment interaction were recorded for all the traits except pod width and protein content. The linear component of genotype x environment interaction was also significant for all the traits. The highest green pod yield per plant was recorded in genotype Arka Suvidha (123.72g) followed by Arka Anoop (123.00g), Falguni (111.56g), Arka Sharath (111.22g) and FB-3-16(103.61g) which produced significantly more green pod yield than check Contender (99.17 g). Genotype FB VAR-5 was identified suitable for growing under favorable environments while genotypes viz. Arka Sharath, Arka Suvidha, Falguni, FB 2-16 and Swran Priya were found promising for unfavorable environments. The genotype Arka Anoop was stable in all environments. In terms of environments KVK, Kheri, Sangrur 2017 was the most representative. All the environments were positively correlated for yield and its associated characters. In an another experiment mutagen induced genetic variability for heat tolerance, two varieties „Arka Suvidha‟ and „Falguni‟ were treated by chemical ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS) at different concentrations @ (0.15%, 0.25% and 0.35%). The EMS treated seeds of both varieties were assessed during M1 and M2 generation. In M2 generation, half of seeds were sown during February 2018 and remaining half were sown during March 2018. The germination percentage in M1 generation decreased with the increase concentration of EMS both in laboratory and field conditions due to lethal effect of chemical mutagen on the germination. The variety Arka Suvidha and Falguni produced several heat tolerant mutants for days to flowering, number of pods per plant and seed yield per plant during February and March sown crops. The genotype Arka Suvidha showed less stress due to high temperature and gave more green pod and seed yield per plant. The maximum numbers of mutants were observed in lower EMS concentration (0.15%) during February and March sown crops as compared to higher EMS concentration (0.25 and 0.35%). Thus application of lower concentration of EMS has been recommended for crop improvement purposes in French bean through mutation.ThesisItem Open Access Assessment of genetic diversity in carrot genotypes using morphological, biochemical and molecular markers(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Davinder Singh; Dhillon, Tarsem SinghThe study entitled “Assessment of genetic diversity in carrot genotypes using morphological, biochemical and molecular markers” was carried out at Vegetable Research Farm, Department of Vegetable Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. Eighty one genotypes of carrot were characterized by morphological, biochemical and molecular markers during 2015-16 and 2016-17. Analysis of variance showed significant differences for 19 quantitative traits with respect to treatment, year and treatment x year. Maximum total root yield was obtained from genotypes viz. PC-161, PC-15, PC-43 and PC-103 (red), PCO-30 and PCO-5 (orange) and PCP-2 and PCP-1 (purple). On the basis of morphological diversity, 81 genotypes were distributed into ten clusters. Cluster X was the best for root weight and anthocyanin content, cluster III for days to 1st root harvest and root girth, while dry matter content, total sugar content and carotene content were maximum in cluster V. The highest intra cluster distance has been observed from the cluster VII (162.9), while inter cluster distance was maximum between II and cluster X (43678.5). The cumulative proportion of variation explained by the four PC-axes was 85.12 %. Seventeen polymorphic SSR markers differentiated genotypes into three groups where cluster I consisted of 48 genotypes followed by cluster II with 28 genotypes and cluster III had 5 genotypes. The morpho-biochemical and SSR markers were effective tools to identify closeness among genotypes, so future strategy involves utilizing more SSR markers culled from various linkage mapping could be effectively and efficiently used to fasten the breeding programs and to design trait specific carrot breeding.ThesisItem Restricted Mitigation of cold stress in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) through physiological interventions(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Meena, Yogendra Kumar; Khurana, Daljit SinghTo study ameliorate effect of phenolic compounds against low temperature stress in tomato under open field conditions during the winter season of 2014-15 and 2015-16. The cultivar Punjab Ratta comprised the plant material were given foliar application twice, first 15 days after transplanting followed by another spray after a fortnight of different concentrations of phenolic compounds viz., salicylic acid, sulfosalicylic acid, methyl salicylic acid, benzoic acid and acetyl salicylic acid (0.1mM, 0.5mM & 1.0mM) in order to evaluate their effect on morphological, physiological, yield and quality traits. The observations recorded during two years revealed that low temperature significantly reduced the growth biomarkers (plant height, number of branches, number of leaves, shoot and root length, and total biomass of plant, leaf are index, specific leaf area, leaf weight ratio, relative growth rate and net assimilation rate), physiological and biochemicals attributes viz., relative water content, photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll and carotenoid content), ascorbate peroxidase activity, yield attributes (number of flowers per cluster, number of fruits, fruit weight and fruit yield) and quality parameters (total soluble solid, lycopene, β-carotene and α-tocopherol). On the other hand, low temperature significantly enhanced the specific leaf weight, electrolyte leakage, accumulation of osmoprotectants (proline, total soluble sugar and sucrose), catalase, peroxidise, hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxidation. However, application of phenolic compounds mitigated cold stress by increasing abovesaid growth, physiological and biochemicals, yield and quality attributes and furthermore by accumulating osmoprotectants, increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes and reduced the specific leaf weight, electrolyte leakage, hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxidation. Among all treatments, salicylic acid @ 1.0mM was found to be the most effective to mitigate low temperature stress in tomato.ThesisItem Restricted Development and evaluation of muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) hybrid(s) for fusarium wilt resistance(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Patel Sayeed Abdul Hamid; Dhatt, A. S.The present investigation entitled ‘Development and evaluation of muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) hybrid(s) for fusarium wilt resistance’ was undertaken in the Department of Vegetable Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana (India). The experimental materials comprised of 50 melon accessions and were subjected to artificial screening and validation of Fom genes. Nine accessions showed high and three moderate level of resistance to local Fusarium isolate. The resistant differentials; Hemed and F-65 were found susceptible against local Fom isolate which was confirmed from mycelium growth under Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The gene specific markers confirmed presence of Fom-1 and Fom-2 gene in 23 and 9 accessions respectively. The resistant lines were involved in development of 45 F1’s through diallel fashion and evaluated for yield, quality and disease resistance during spring summer season of 2015 and 2016. Pooled ANOVA for experimental design revealed significant mean squares due to environments except for β-carotene and TSS of juice and, treatment × environment except for fruit shape index and TSS of juice. The mean squares due to GCA and SCA effects were significant for all the characters and the non- additive gene effects predominated over the additive for traits fruit yield, number of fruits per vine, average fruit weight, days to first pistillate flower opening, days to first fruit ripening, flesh thickness, firmness, titrable acidity, ascorbic acid content and dry matter content. The GCA estimates showed that parents Punjab Sunehri, SM-2012-12 and KP4HM-15 were good combiners for most of the traits. The crosses KP4HM-15 × Kajri Sel 1 and KP4HM-15 × MM-202 have either of the parents with high GCA for fusarium wilt incidence and TSS and thus pursued further for the development of resistant inbred lines with high TSS content. The checks showed severe infection with 3.75 disease incidence under field condition. Hybrids KP4HM-15 × Kajri Sel. 1, Kajri Sel. 1 × MM-202 and MM-314 × KP4HM-15 were identified as promising on the basis of phenotypic performance, SCA effects and resistance to fusarium wilt disease. These hybrids can be evaluated further at multilocations to assess their suitability for commercial release.ThesisItem Restricted Morphological and molecular characterization of watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum and Nakai] genetic resources(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2016) Dilbag Singh; Rajinder SinghThe study entitled “Morphological and molecular characterization of watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum and Nakai] genetic resources” was carried out at the Department of Vegetable Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana (India). The analysis of variance for twenty three metric traits showed significant differences. The value of phenotypic coefficient of variation was higher than genotypic coefficient of variation for all the morphological characters. High heritability along with high genetic advance were observed for yield and its contributing traits. Clustering analysis using D2 test grouped the eighty eight watermelon accessions into ten distinct clusters. Based on cluster means, Cluster III was best for earliness and lowest 100 seed weight, Cluster VII was best for fruit length and yield per plant, whereas, Cluster V out scored for fruit quality parameters. Thirty three polymorphic SSR markers assigned the germplasm into seven groups. Groups III, V and VII exclusively consisted of Indian landraces. Modern cultivars rich in fruit quality occupied Group IV. Indian landraces showed closeness to both cultivated and wild watermelons, partially explaining their intermediate genetic constitution. Six accessions viz. WM-5, IC315321, Thar Manik (all from India), EC-829827 (USA), EC-829866 (Pakistan) and EC829818 (Iran) were found to be resistant to Cucumber mosaic virus. Combining the strengths of indigenous and exotic watermelon genotypes would be ideal to achieve twin objectives of broadening the genetic base as well as crop improvement of watermelon.ThesisItem Open Access Optimizing soil matric potential and climate based irrigation scheduling to potato under different establishment methods(PAU, 2015) Ahuja, Sanjeev; Khurana, D.S.An Investigation under experiment-I was conducted with the objective to determine the most appropriate installation depth of tensiometer with suitable soil matric potential for higher tuber yield and water use efficiency of potato under furrow-ridge irrigation system at Vegetable Research Farm, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during 2011-12 and 2012-13. Three levels of soil matric suction (S); 20, 35 & 50 kPa at three installation depths (D) of tensiometer; 20, 30 & 40 cm and a control (traditional practice) were replicated thrice in RCBD. The pooled analysis of data showed that treatments S20D20 and S35D20 recorded 86 and 82% higher marketable tuber yield compared to the control. The WUE under S35D20 treatment was upto177% higher than control when data was pooled over two years. Highest dry tuber yield was recorded in S35D20 treatment among all the treatments during both the years. The analysis of pooled data for marketable and graded tuber yield, average tuber weight, discarded percent of tubers, root dry weight, lower content of reducing sugars and higher percent of starch and protein content, plant height at harvest and above ground dry matter accumulation 30, 60 DAP and at harvest also favoured S35D20 and S20D20 treatments. However averaged over two years, WUE and WUEi of S35D20 was more than double as compared to control treatment along with higher marketable tuber yield as 49 % irrigation water was saved. The results revealed that treatment S35D20 was the best treatment for irrigation scheduling in the region. Further, experiment-II was conducted in split plot design with four replications to compare the climatic based irrigation scheduling with S35D20 under ridge-furrow (M1) and bed-furrow planting (M2) system during 2012-13 and 2013-14. Two rows were planted on each bed under furrow-bed planting system. The treatments consisted of five irrigation levels: I1; IWCPE (Irrigation water to cumulative pan evaporation) ratio 1.0, I2; IWCPE ratio 1.25, I3; IWCPE ratio 1.5, I4; S35D20 (tensiometer installed at 20 cm soil depth maintaining SMP of -35 kPa) and I5; control (farmers practice in the region). The ridge-furrow method of planting (M1) showed its advantage over the bed-furrow method of planting (M2) in terms of recording higher WUE, average tuber weight, marketable tuber yield, large and medium sized tuber yield, plant height at 60, 75 DAP and at harvest as well as above ground dry weight accumulation at the time of harvest. Almost three times higher water use efficiency was recorded by S35D20 as compared to control treatment (farmer’s practice) under M1 method of planting. This irrigation treatment was superior in terms of plant height, above ground DMA at 60 DAP and at harvest, graded and marketable tuber yield, starch and protein content and has lower discarded percent of tubers among all other treatments. The results of two experiments suggest that scheduling irrigation based on soil matric potential at -35 kPa SMP with tensiometer installing at soil depth of 20 cm under ridge-furrow irrigation system was better option under North-Western plains of India. Adopting this threshold corresponds to 3 to 4 irrigations of 45 to 45.5 mm each depending on the rainfall during potato growing period. Two separate irrigations of 50 mm each were applied, first as pre-planting irrigation and second irrigation to substantiate emergence. Thus, application of single irrigation two weeks after the complete emergence of crop and remaining 2-3 irrigations at 17 days interval may save irrigation water as compared to the traditional irrigation practice.