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ThesisItem Open Access Assessment of groundwater vulnerability of Amritsar district using GIS based DRASTIC model(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Sandeep Kaur; Khullar, N. K.Groundwater contamination is of particular concern as groundwater is the principal source of water for irrigation, drinking and industrial activities. The present study investigated the groundwater vulnerability of Amritsar district (Punjab) by using the GIS based DRASTIC model. This model uses seven hydrogeological parameters viz. depth to water table, net recharge, aquifer media, soil media, topography, impact of vadose zone and hydraulic conductivity. Layers for all these parameters were created in ArcGIS. Groundwater vulnerability index was computed within ArcGIS and it varies between 129 and 175. The results of the analysis showed that about 57.91% study area lies in the low vulnerable zone with vulnerability index ranges between 129 and 145, 40.46% area lies in the moderately vulnerable zone with vulnerability index ranging between 145 and 160 and 1.63% area is the high vulnerable zone with vulnerability index range between 160 and 175. Sensitivity analysis was also carried out to evaluate the impact of each DRASTIC parameter on groundwater vulnerability index. Two methods were used namely single parameter sensitivity analysis and map removal sensitivity analysis. Single parameter sensitivity indicated that depth to water table, net recharge, topography and hydraulic conductivity layers are most significant hydrogeological parameters for the assessment of groundwater vulnerability of the study area. Map removal sensitivity analysis indicates that vulnerability index is highly sensitive to the depth to water table layer, topography and soil layers but it is least sensitive to aquifer media layer. The study will be helpful for land use planning.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of abandoned wells for groundwater recharge(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Palwinder Singh; Aggarwal, RajanThe Punjab State is facing continuous problem of declining groundwater table for last 2-3 decades. Wells which were used for withdrawal of water earlier have dried up and become abandoned. During rainy season and winter season irrigation water requirement through canal water reduces sharply. So, farmer can use surplus canal water for recharging groundwater. In the present study recharge rate and its impact under different conditions were studied for recharging groundwater through abandoned well. The recharge rate through abandoned well varies from 0.2 l/s to 7.67 l/s for different heads. The recharging of surplus canal water will improve overall quality of groundwater. Salinity and sodicity of groundwater decrease due to recharging of surplus canal water. Recharging abandoned well with gravel pack will improved overall capacity and life of abandoned well. There was negligible effect on rise in water table as limited volume of water for limited time was recharged.ThesisItem Restricted Classification of Damaged Crops using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Randhawa, Prabhjot Kaur; Singh, J.P.Crop damage is a serious problem which perilously affect the agriculture production and the livelihood of farmers and nation as a whole. In the present study, two villages namely; Bagga kalan, Nurpur Bet and Sarmastpur, Bal from each Ludhiana and Jalandhar district respectively, were selected for classifying and quantifying the crop area under damage using remote sensing (RS) and GIS technique. WV-2 and LISS-3 data were used for digitizing cadastral map under each village and classifying the villages under various classes. Confusion matrix were tabulated under each village for computing accuracy assessment for ground truthing and classified values. There were no losses in all the villages of Ludhiana and Jalandhar district. Therefore damaged was induced into each of the village. The study revealed that the affected area under damage were found to be 26.48 ha, 30.01 ha, 10.10 ha and 45.84 ha for villages Bagga kalan, Nurpur Bet, Sarmastpur and Bal respectively. A case was carried out to identify damaged wheat crop on satellite imagery. Lohgarh village of Sirsa district, Haryana was chosen in which damage wheat crop was found to be 127.62 ha due to inundation.ThesisItem Restricted Simulation of Water and Nitrogen Movement under Drip irrigated Okra Crop(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Krittika; Jain, A. K.In Indian agriculture optimum and efficient use of water and fertilizer are of great significance to enhance crop productivity. A field experiment was conducted at the research farm of department of Soil and Water Engineering, PAU, Ludhiana during March – July 2015, to determine optimum irrigation level and fertilizer dose. Simulation of water and nitrogen movement was also done using numerical model Hydrus – 2D. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three fertigation treatments i.e. 60% of recommended dose of fertilizer (F1), 80% of recommended dose of fertilizer (F2) and 100% of recommended dose of fertilizer (F3) in main plots. Three irrigation levels based on crop evapotranspiration i.e. 0.6 Etc (I1), 0.8 Etc (I2) and 1.0 Etc (I3) with three replications. Okra yield was maximum in I2F2 treatment (211.6 q ha-1) with an increased yield of 27.01% over traditional method. Statistical analysis revealed that there was significant effect of irrigation and fertilizer treatment and its combination on yield but the effect was not significant on plant height and plant population. The observed values of moisture content and nitrogen were simulated using Hydrus – 2D model. During calibration of moisture as well as nitrogen, the parameter Ks (saturated hydraulic conductivity) and n (fitting parameter) were found to be most sensitive in respect to the model output. The validation of model was done by comparing observed and modeled values of soil moisture and nitrogen at different depths. The average relative error during the validation of moisture content was 5% and for nitrogen was 5.66%. The model performance in simulating soil moisture and nitrogen was evaluated by comparing observed and simulated values using four parameters namely relative error, root mean square error, correlation coefficient and model efficiency. The modeled values of moisture content and available nitrogen were in good agreement with the observed values.ThesisItem Open Access MODELLING THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON GROUNDWATER RESOURCES IN CENTRAL PUNJAB(2013) samanpreet kaurA study was planned to assess the impacts of climate change on groundwater resources in Ludhiana district under PRECIS A1B climate change scenario by linking the outputs of climate, soil-water-vegetation and groundwater models using GIS. Bias correction of climate data was done by correction functions, developed using modified difference, approach at daily time scale for rainfall and at monthly time scale for Tmax and Tmin. The methodology consists of development of simulation zones by overlaying soil, drainage, canal and landuse thematic maps in GIS and estimating water balance components using CropSyst and well defined norms. The groundwater draft for individual simulation zones was computed on the basis of landuse, irrigation requirement and rainfall conditions. The spatial distribution of recharge and groundwater draft was mapped to GIS and was provided as input to groundwater model. The results showed that temperature and rainfall would be increased by 2.4°C, 315 mm in MC (2021-2050); and 5.1°C and 465 mm in EC (2071-2098), respectively. During kharif season increase in RF would be 28.0% in MC and 52.0% in EC compared to that in PTS (1971-2010). The corresponding values during rabi would be 82.3% and 88.6%, respectively. As a consequence of increased precipitation, the irrigation requirements in MC and EC would decrease by 46% and 45% during kharif; and 21% and 34% in rabi, respectively. However, the potential groundwater recharge would be reduced by 23.1 and 4.2 per cent in kharif, and increased by 39.1 and 79.6 per cent in rabi during MC and EC, respectively. The average groundwater levels would decrease by 2.2 m in 2050 and increase by 4.8 m in 2098, compared to base year of June 2000. The results presented here should be interpreted as trends and not as accurate quantitative predictions of the hydrological changes as there are numerous sources of uncertainties associated with climate change prediction. Keywords: Climate change, Groundwater, MODFLOW, CropSyst, Geographical information systemThesisItem Open Access Impact of resource conservation interventions on water and sediment yield in a watershed of Shivalik(PAU, 2015) Yangchan, Jigmet; Jain, A.K.Soil and water are considered as one of the world‟s limited and non-renewable resource. Soil erosion by water is being increasingly recognized as a problem across the world. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of resource conservation interventions on water and sediment yield in a watershed. Morphometric analysis of Sukhna Lake watershed covering Chandigarh, Punjab and Haryana was carried out by using GIS technique. This analysis shows that the basin has a dendritic pattern with fifth order stream. Bifurcation ratio, drainage density, drainage texture, elongation ratio and relief ratio value of the watershed confirm that the geologic structures do not distort the drainage pattern. The area was impermeable subsurface having sparse vegetation, hilly relief and steep slop es with very fine texture cause prone to soil erosion. Impact analysis for six scenarios have indicated that in the initial period (1958-70) rainfall was less but runoff percentage was 22% of rainfall, no soil conservation measures were present due to which heavy soil loss of 150 ton/ha/yr, where as in 2013 rainfall was high but runoff percentage significantly decreased to 7.8% of rainfall due to increased number of structures over 190 as a result the sediment yield also decreased to 5 ton/ha/yr. This study shows that an adequate soil conservation measure exists, as result creations of new strictures are not required. In order to retain the sediment yield, the structures need regular maintenance. High evaporation rate in the region causes drying of the lake as the capacity has reduced from 10.74 million cubic meter (MCM) initially to 5.24 (MCM) at present, almost 50% of the lake‟s capacity reducing the depth of lake. In case of afforestation preference should be given to drought resistant species and deep rooted plantation. However the sediment yield has reduced to 5 ton/ha/yr but from the catchment of 4284 ha it is a huge amount settling down in the lake and reducing its capacity. In such case periodic desilting has to be taken up once in 2-3 years. To maintain the required water level in Sukhna Lake on a sustainable basis throughout the year, strategies must be made to divert the water from the other adjacent catchments.ThesisItem Restricted Modelling the impact of climate change on groundwater resources in central Punjab(PAU, 2013) Samanpreet Kaur; K.G. SinghA study was planned to assess the impacts of climate change on groundwater resources in Ludhiana district under PRECIS A1B climate change scenario by linking the outputs of climate, soil-water-vegetation and groundwater models using GIS. Bias correction of climate data was done by correction functions, developed using modified difference, approach at daily time scale for rainfall and at monthly time scale for Tmax and T min. The methodology consists of development of simulation zones by overlaying soil, drainage, canal and landuse thematic maps in GIS and estimating water balance components using CropSyst and well defined norms. The groundwater draft for individual simulation zones was computed on the basis of landuse, irrigation requirement and rainfall conditions. The spatial distribution of recharge and groundwater draft was mapped to GIS and was provided as input to groundwater model. The results showed that temperature and rainfall would be increased by 2.4°C, 315 mm in MC (2021 - 2050); and 5.1°C and 465 mm in EC (2071-2098), respectively. During kharif season increase in RF would be 28.0% in MC and 52.0% in EC compared to that in PTS (1971-2010). The corresponding values during rabi would be 82.3% and 88.6%, respectively. As a consequence of increased precipitation, the irrigation requirements in MC and EC would decrease by 46% and 45% during kharif; and 21% and 34% in rabi, respectively. However, the potential groundwater recharge would be reduced by 23.1 and 4.2 per cent in kharif, and increased by 39.1 and 79.6 per cent in rabi during MC and EC, respectively. The average groundwater levels would decrease by 2.2 m in 2050 and increase by 4.8 m in 2098, compared to base year of June 2000. The results presented here should be interpreted as trends and not as accurate quantitative predictions of the hydrological changes as there are numerous sources of uncertainties associated with climate change prediction.ThesisItem Open Access SIMULATION OF SOIL MOISTURE MOVEMENT UNDER RICE FIELD(2010) Mahesh Chand SinghSoil moisture is a key variable in controlling the exchange of water and heat energy between the land surface and the atmosphere through evaporation and plant transpiration. A field study was conducted at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, in the year 2009, to simulate the soil moisture movement under rice field using numerical model Hydrus-2D. The treatments included two dates of transplanting (June 5 (D1) and June 20 (D2)), two varieties (PAU-201 (V1) of 120 days duration and hybrid RH-257 (V2) of 90 days duration (from transplanting to harvest)) and two irrigation regimes (intermittent irrigation at 2-days drainage period (I1) and irrigation based on soil water suction (SWS) of 16 k Pa (I2)). During calibration, for both varieties the parameters Ks (saturated hydraulic conductivity) and n (fitting parameter) were found to be most sensitive in respect of the model output. The validation of model was done by comparing observed and simulated values of soil moisture content at different depths. The model performance in simulating soil moisture profiles was evaluated by comparing observed and simulated values using four parameters namely, RMSE, Absolute percentage error, correlation coefficient and model efficiency. The distribution of the soil moisture under field experiment and by model simulation at different growth stages agreed closely. In case of PAU-201 (V1), it was observed that the irrigation water applied in the treatment D1V1I1 was 44 mm higher than the treatment D2V1I1 and the irrigation water applied in the treatment D1V1I2 was also 44 mm higher than the treatment D2V1I2. In case of RH-257 (V2), the irrigation water applied in the treatment D1V2I1 was 44 mm higher than the treatment D2V2I1 and the irrigation water applied in the treatment D1V2I2 was 124 mm higher than the treatment D2V2I2. In case of PAU-201 (V1), the deep drainage loss in treatment D1V1I1 was 133 mm less than the treatment D2V1I1 and in treatment D1V1I2 it was 75 mm less than the treatment D2V1I2. In case of RH-257 (V2), the deep drainage loss in treatment D1V2I1 was 120 mm less than the treatment D2V2I1 and in the treatment D1V2I2 it was 46 mm less than treatment D2V2I2. During validation the absolute error varied from 2.19 to 13.21 percent, Root Mean Square Error varied from 0.006 to 0.032 cm, correlation coefficient varied from 0.773 to 0.996 and the average model efficiency was 98.6 percent. Thus, Hydrus-2D model can be successfully adopted for simulating soil moisture profiles under rice crop.ThesisItem Open Access Impact of drip irrigation on microbial activity in summer mungbean(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2016) Harpinder Singh; Siag, MukeshA field experiment was conducted in the summer of 2015 at PAU to determine the impact of drip irrigation on soil microbial activity, nodulation, growth and yield in summer mungbean. A mungbean variety “SML-832” was sown with three drip irrigation treatments of I1:1.0ETc, I2:0.80ETc, I3:0.60ETc and one controlled flood irrigation treatment. There was significant difference between treatments for growth parameters of plant height, leaf area index, root weight and chlorophyll content. Similarly, for symbiotic traits of nodule count, nodule dry weight and leghemoglobin content in nodules at flowering stage and yield parameters of grain yield, number of pods and grains per plant, significant difference existed between irrigation treatments. However for all growth, symbiotic traits and yield parameters there was non-significant difference between I1 and I2 treatments. The maximum number of nodules per plant (34.53), nodule dry weight (76.66 mg) and grain yield (1107 kg/ha) was in I2 while the minimum number of nodules (14.93), dry weight of nodules (44.46 mg) and grain yield (778 kg/ha) was in flood irrigation treatment. In case of soil quality parameters the viable count of soil microbes increased from sowing to flowering stage but decreased at maturity of crop. During flowering stage, the maximum viable count of soil bacteria (6.57 log Cfu/g), actinomycetes (5.52 log Cfu/g) and fungi (4.87 log Cfu/g) was found under I2 irrigation treatment while minimum under flood irrigation. Nodule count per plant and microbial activity in soil has positive linear correlation with crop yield. From the study it was concluded that drip irrigation in mungbean results in higher microbial activity in soil, increase in nodulation and better crop yield.
