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ThesisItem Open Access CARBON AND PHOSPHORUS DYNAMICS IN SOIL IN RELATION TO NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT IN RICE-WHEAT SYSTEM(PAU Ludhiana, 2012) Seema Sharma; G. S., SaroaThe study comprised of two field and two laboratory experiments. In field experiment on organic and integrated nutrient management of basmati-wheat sequence, the effect of inorganic, organic and integrated nutrient management was studied on crop yield and soil properties. Water infiltration rate was highest and soil bulk density was lowest in recommended fertilizer + FYM (INM2) treatement. Total water stable aggregates (WSA) in the 0-15 cm soil depth ranged from 58.5 to 82.4 per cent; minimum WSA were observed in control and maximum in INM2 treatment. Among the aggregates 0.11-0.25 mm fraction constituted the greatest proportion and > 2 mm fraction constituted the least proportion. Maximum pH and EC were recorded in control plots and minimum in plots receiving 400 kg N ha-1 through FYM. Soil organic carbon (SOC), aggregate associated C, labile C and hot water soluble C was highest in FYM 400N treatment. Ammonical-N, nitrate-N, Olsen P, Bray I P, ammonium acetate extractable K, soil P fractions and total P in soil were highest in INM2 treatment and lowest in control. Grain yield, straw yield, NPK content and their uptake by basmati and wheat were maximum in INM2 treatment and minimum in control. Basmati and wheat grain yield were significantly correlated with soil P fractions and the highest correlation was observed with saloid-P. In the second experiment, effect of rock phosphate on crop yield and P fractions in soil under rice-wheat sequence was studied. Highest SOC, Olsen P, soil P fractions, ammonium extractable K and non-exchangeable K were recorded in rock phosphate (RP) and FYM treatment and lowest content of all these parameters was observed in control. Highest pH was observed in control P treatment and lowest in treatment where FYM was applied along with RP. Grain yield, straw yield, NPK content and uptake in grain and straw were also highest in plots recieving P from RP along with FYM. Grain and straw yield of both the crops were significantly correlated with all the soil P fractions (Sa-P, Al-P, Fe-P and Ca-P). Highest correlation of paddy grain yield was observed with Sa-P whereas wheat grain yield gave highest correlation with Al-P fraction and lowest with Ca-P. Rock phosphate gave almost similar crop yield and P availability in soil as that with SSP. In laboratory study I, P was extracted by different methods and the lowest amount of P was extracted with AB-DTPA and the highest with Bray-I method. Phosphorus extracted by Olsen, Bray-I, Morgan and AB-DTPA methods gave significant positive correlations with grain yield and nutrient uptake of paddy and wheat. In the soils from long-term experiments with different fertilization history, maximum P adsorption was observed in unammended soil and minimum in soils where FYM was applied alongwith chemical fertilizer. Contrarily, desorption was minimum in control plots and maximum in plots where organic sources along with inorganic fertilizers were applied. Adsorption data fitted well to both Freunlich and Lagmuir models. .ThesisItem Restricted Studies On Moisture Regime And Nitrogen Fertilizer Interaction In Winter Sunflower(Punjab Agricultural University ;Ludhiana, 2002) Satwinderjit Kaur; Hira, G SThesisItem Open Access Mobilization, Depleton And Influx Of Iron And Management In The Rihizosphere Of Different Crop Species(Punjab Agricultural University; Ludhiana, 2005) Moral, Gobinda; Sadana, U.S.ThesisItem Open Access Carbon and phosphorus dynamics in soil in relation to nutrient management in rice-wheat system.(PAU, 2012) Sharma, Seema; Saroa, G. S.The study comprised of two field and two laboratory experiments. In field experiment on organic and integrated nutrient management of basmati-wheat sequence, the effect of inorganic, organic and integrated nutrient management was studied on crop yield and soil properties. Water infiltration rate was highest and soil bulk density was lowest in recommended fertilizer + FYM (INM2) treatement. Total water stable aggregates (WSA) in the 0-15 cm soil depth ranged from 58.5 to 82.4 per cent; minimum WSA were observed in control and maximum in INM2 treatment. Among the aggregates 0.11-0.25 mm fraction constituted the greatest proportion and > 2 mm fraction constituted the least proportion. aximum pH and EC were recorded in control plots and minimum in plots receiving 400 kg N ha -1 through FYM. Soil organic carbon (SOC), aggregate associated C, labile C and hot water soluble C was highest in FYM 400N treatment. Ammonical -N, nitrate-N, Olsen P, Bray I P, ammonium acetate xtractable K, soil P fractions and total P in soil were highest in INM2 treatment and lowest in control. Grain yield, straw yield, NPK content and their uptake by basmati and wheat were maximum in INM2 treatment and minimum in control. Basmati and wheat grain yield were significantly correlated with soil P fractions and the highest correlation was observed with saloid-P. In the second xperiment, effect of rock phosphate on crop yield and P fractions in soil under rice-wheat sequence was studied. Highest SOC, Olsen P, soil P fractions, ammonium extractable K and non-exchangeable K were ecorded in rock phosphate (RP) and FYM treatment and lowest content of all these parameters was observed in control. Highest pH was observed in control P treatment and lowest in treatment where FYM was applied along with RP. Grain yield, straw yield, NPK content and uptake in grain and straw were also highest in plots recieving P from RP along with FYM. Grain and straw yield of both the crops were significantly correlated with all the soil P fractions (Sa-P, Al-P, Fe-P and Ca-P). Highest correlation of paddy grain yield was observed with Sa-P whereas wheat grain yield gave highest correlation with Al-P fraction and lowest with Ca-P. Rock phosphate gave almost similar crop yield and P availability in soil as that with SSP. In laboratory study I, P was extracted by different methods and the lowest amount of P was extracted with AB-DTPA and the highest with Bray-I method. Phosphorus extracted by Olsen, Bray-I, Morgan and AB-DTPA methods gave significant positive correlations with grain yield and nutrient uptake of paddy and wheat. In the soils from long-term experiments with different fertilization history, maximum P adsorption was observed in unammended soil and minimum in soils where FYM was applied alongwith chemical fertilizer. Contrarily, desorption was minimum in control plots and maximum in plots where organic sources along with inorganic fertilizers were applied. Adsorption data fitted well to both Freunlich and Lagmuir models.ThesisItem Restricted Effect Of Different Land Use Systems On Soil Quality In Kandi Region Of Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University ;Ludhiana, 2003) Dhaliwal , Salwinder Singh; Bijay SinghThesisItem Open Access Influence Of Soil Characteristics On Available Pb And Cd And Their Accumulation By Brassica Sp(Punjab Agricultural University ;Ludhiana, 2003) Sikka, Rajeev; Nayyar, V. K.ThesisItem Restricted Effect Of Electrolyte Concentration, Farmyard Manure And Gypsum On Cation In Exchange Equilibria Sodic Soil(Punjab Agricultural University ;Ludhiana, 2002) Borah, Nilay; Chahal, D. S.ThesisItem Open Access Soil water dynamics and water productivity of ricewheat system under different establishment methods(PAU, 2015) Bhatt, Rajan; Kukal, S.S.The prevalent wheat-rice cropping system in Punjab has been taking a toll on the natural resources in the region. The wheat and rice grown with conservation technologies need to be studied for the cropping system as a whole. Field experiments were carried out during 2012- 14 in a sandy loam soil to assess the role of zero tillage and crop establishment method on crop performance, soil water dynamics, soil physical environment and water productivity of the wheat-rice cropping system. The treatments consisted of zero- (ZTW) and conventionaltillage (CTW) as main, establishment methods viz. direct seeded (DSR) and mechanical transplanted rice (MTR) as sub and tillage in rice viz. puddle (P), conventional (CT) and zero till (ZT) as sub-sub treatments. Zero tillage in wheat and rice did not affect the wheat yield during both the years. The grain yield of DSR was similar to MTR during 2013 but was significantly higher during 2014. The land productivity of wheat-rice cropping system was 15.8 and 11.3 per cent higher in CTW than in ZTW plots during 2012-13 and 2013-14, respectively. It was highest in CTW-DSR-P and lowest in ZTW-MT-ZT. The irrigation water productivity of the system (WPI) was highest in CTW-MT-P and lowest in ZTW-DSR-ZT. The WPI of wheat-rice cropping system was significantly higher (16-19.5 per cent) in CTW than in ZTW plots. The WPI of the cropping system was higher in MTR (0.81-0.88 g kg-1) than DSR (0.60-0.77 g kg-1). The WPI of wheat-rice cropping system, though similar in CT (0.76 g kg-1) and ZT (0.71 g kg-1) plots of rice during 2012-13, was 11.2 per cent lower in ZT plots during 2013-14. The evapo-transpiration (ET) losses of the wheat-rice cropping system were higher during 2013-14 (971-1057 mm) than in 2012-13 (908-922 mm). The ET losses of wheat-rice cropping system including the intervening period were not affected by tillage in wheat or rice.ThesisItem Open Access Soil and maize response to compaction, slope steepness and nitrogen fertilization in coarse textured soil(PAU, 2014) Singh, Jagdish; Hadda, M.S.The continuous use of farm machinery and adoption of rice-wheat cropping sequence resulted in the formation of compacted subsoil layer at the depth of 10-40 cm. The subsoil compacted layer affects nearly all soil properties and functions, which in turn affect the growth and productivity of plants. The information on the relationships among the degree of compaction, soil physical properties, N fertilizer rates, slope steepness and annual row crop performance are limited. Thus, the experiment was carried out to quantify the N fertilizer dose in the subsurface compact soils, to evaluate the effects of subsurface compaction and N fertilization on soil physical properties, plant growth and yield of maize and to investigate the effect of subsurface compaction and slope steepness on maize yield. The present investigation was carried out at Research Farm, Department of Soil Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during the years, 2012 and 2013. The experiment-I comprised three subsoil compaction treatments in main plots and three nitrogen levels in sub plots laid out in split-plot design replicated thrice. While, experiment-II comprised three subsoil ompaction levels in main plots and three slope steepness levels in sub plots replicated thrice. The bulk density and penetration resistance was higher under C2 treatment, while total porosity, cumulative infiltration and infiltration rate were lower. The N fertilization did not significantly affect the soil physical properties. Plant height, LAI and dry matter accumulation were negatively affected by subsoil compaction. However N fertilization mitigated the negative effects of subsoil compaction on growth of maize. The C2 treatment reduced heat use efficiency, delayed tasseling and silking stages, while physiological maturity was advanced under C2 treatment than that in C0 treatment. The N2 treatment improved the HUE than that in N0 treatment. The crop growth rate was significantly higher under C0 treatment at 30, 60 DAS and at harvest than that in C1 and C2 treatments. The root mass density was higher in 0-15 cm soil layer under C2 treatment at knee high and pre-tasseling stage than that in C0 treatment. However, root density was higher in C0 treatment than that in C1 and C2 at all other soil depths. The grain yield reduction of 15.5 to 23.5 % was observed under C2 treatment as compared to C0; however N fertilization improved the yield by 14.8 to 16.1 %. The total N uptake was 14.6 and 18.2 % higher under C0 treatment than that in C2 treatment, while N2 treatment had improved the total N uptake by 18.6 and 14.9 % as compared to N0 during the years 2012 and 2013, respectively. The N1 fertilization level can be recommended under subsurface compacted soils as compared to N0 and N2 fertilization. The slope steepness improved the maize grain yield by 4.2-10.2 % and biomass yield by 17-22 %, by reducing the crop lodging and cob barrenness
