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ThesisItem Open Access Uses and Gratifications of Social Media in Senior Secondary Students of Ludhiana and Dhandhra: A Comparative Study(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Deepali; Thapar, SheetalIn the 21st century, social media is an immensely popular medium of mass communication. It's influence can have both positive and negative results. A study was conducted to identify the uses and gratification of social media in senior secondary school children of Ludhiana and Dhandhra. Using a close-ended questionnaire, responses were obtained from 200 (50 from each school) senior secondary students of P.S.E.B and C.B.S.E Ludhiana and Dhandhra. The demographic profile largely constituted of students in the age range of 16> and <17 years, most of them had family income of Rupees <20,000 per month and many live in nuclear families. Reflecting the huge penetration of Social Media, it shows that in today's era everyone uses social media and social networking sites to remain connected, updated and informed. Every household has a mobile phone which shows the importance of this device. Wi-Fi connection was present in most of the areas of Ludhiana as well as Dhandhra. Whatsapp ranked on top position in their preference as well as according to safe uploading of pictures and easy connection with people. Education and assignments were the main purpose and entertainment followed that. More than 50 percent of the students never keep their phones always with them as they share it with their family and relatives. Many students face their parents’ objection while using social media in their day to day routine. Through this study one comes to know that social media is so much inter woven in our life that it seems impossible to live without social media.ThesisItem Restricted Agricultural Coverage in Media– Awareness of Farmwomen: A Case Study of Village Pakhowal(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Middha, Gursimar Kaur; Sarabjeet SinghThe present study was carried out to assess the awareness of farmwomen regarding agricultural coverage in different media. A total of 100 farmwomen in village Pakhowal and were analysed. Demographic profile of respondents revealed that more than one third of the farmwomen belonged to relatively younger age group i.e. 25-35 years (37 percent); almost all of them (98 percent) were married. All of the farmwomen were workers on their farms. Status of family revealed that most of the farmwomen were living in nuclear family (79 percent). Educational qualification of more than half of the farmwomen (53 percent) was up to matric, senior secondary (20 percent). About 16 percent were graduated, mostly in Arts stream. Apart from this, 10 percent of farmwomen were uneducated and only 1 percent did her masters. Punjabi newspaper Ajit (58 percent) was widely acceptable and preferred newspaper for reading. Although, there was a supply of newspapers in every households but very less farmwomen reads newspapers (only 9 percent). Radio is there but again female listeners are about one third (30 percent). Use of social media (51 percent) is there but only for leisure and entertainment purposes. About half of the usage was of WhatsApp. Very few farmwomen read books (4 percent) while Magazines were not preferred at all. Television was the most used and preferred type of Media (90 percent). About one in 10 farmwomen (9 percent) were specifically reading and watching agricultural coverage in different media.ThesisItem Open Access Changing Pattern of Dowry and Its Implications-A Study of Rural Punjab(PAU, 2015) Kaur, Gaganpreet; Singh, SukhdevThe present study was conducted to assess the changing pattern of dowry and its implications in four districts of Punjab by taking a sample of two generations i.e. 360 mothers-in-law (G1) and 360 daughters-in-law (G2). The age at marriage has shown significant difference between two generations i.e. from 19.5 years to 23.6 years. Data revealed that the marriages of all the G1 respondents were arranged and intra-caste while there was a shift towards marriage by choice and inter-caste marriages in G2. As regard to the matrimonial alliance in G1 all marriages were arranged by Vicholas (middleman) and relatives whereas in G2 group new sources of introduction of marriage took place. Further, in G1 group most of marriages were performed in Tent houses and catered by Local Halwais whereas in G2, 48.89% marriages were in palaces with help of professional caterers (55.83%) which are quiet expensive also. The form of owry was quiet simple in G1 group and dowry was never indicated by groom‟s side whereas in G2 lot of modern luxury items are becoming a part of dowry. The findings reveal that in high economic status group and medium economic status group expenses on marriages over time increased whereas for the low conomic status group the expenses are becoming out of reach. Number of traditional ceremonies and religious beliefs attached to marriage are significantly reduced. Land holding with bridegroom, restige issue, demonstration effect, following of traditions and to meet the expectations of in-laws were some of the important factors responsible for the phenomenon of dowry. Besides, caste and land holding, the outlook of the girl is considered as an important factor in selection process. Dowry proved to be a source of debtedness in both the generations i.e. 67.50% and 73.33% coupled with negative social and sychological consequences. Curiously, dowry proved to be a source of happiness for 61% of G2 while 23.06 % of G1 respondents. A new phenomenon of „reversal dowry‟ came in light in which girls heaving PR or eligible to take spouse abroad seeks dowry. Developing role models in the society, generating awareness largely through media and enforcement of strict laws were some of the suggestions by both the generations to arrest the phenomenon of dowry.ThesisItem Open Access A SOCIOLOGICAL STUDY ON ABANDONED BRIDES OF NON-RESIDENT INDIAN GROOMS IN DOABA REGION OF PUNJAB(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2012) Lavjit KaurIn Punjab the woeful stories of abandoned brides by their NRI grooms are increasing at an alarming rate. Punjab, which contributes the highest number of NRIs among the 30 million NRI populations living in 180 countries, owes this as a moral duty to address this social problem. Thus, an exploratory study entitled “A Sociological Study on Abandoned Brides of Non-Resident Indian Grooms in Doaba Region of Punjab” was conducted in all four districts of Doaba region. The present study was endeavored to find out the interplay of various factors responsible for abandonment and to suggest rehabilitation measures. Fifteen abandoned brides were selected randomly from each district on the basis of FIRs lodged with NRI Police Stations, Complaints filed at Regional Passport Office and NGOs. In all, 60 abandoned brides were personally interviewed. The study found that the majority of abandoned brides were young, less educated, not gainfully employed, belonged to Jat Sikh caste. Their families had marginal and small land holding and nuclear family structure. Majority of NRI grooms were settled in USA, UK and Canada. Marriages were mostly settled by friends and relatives (83.33%), with no prior meeting of bride (81.67%) with groom and within 2 weeks (55.00%) time. Parents of brides spent lakh of rupees on marriage ceremonies which were mostly conducted in marriage palaces (78.33%). Still 13.33 per cent did not register their marriage. More than half of NRIs went back within 20 days after marriage and three fourth never called back their brides after reaching there. Fifty eight per cent got conceived and 10 per cent succeeded in going abroad to join her husband. Though all expenses were bore by parents only. Dowry (66.67%) and extra marital affairs (51.67%) were main socio-cultural reasons stated by brides, responsible for abandonment. One third of brides held physical and verbal abuses behind abandonment. Parents of majority significantly supported the devastated brides. They succeeded in filing FIR (88.33%) with NRI police stations and challans were issued for one fourth. One third got alimony and Look out Circular (LOC) was issued in 8.33 per cent of cases following which two passports were impounded with the help of RPO. Study suggested the girl to get equipped with vocational skills to become economically independent. Parents were suggested to cautiously verify the antecedents of the grooms. Brides need to be vigilant and not to take any decision in haste. NGO’s along with strong state intervention could prove helpful in curbing the menace.ThesisItem Restricted Problems and Support Systems of Disabled Women in Rural Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2016) Kaler, Simrathjit Kaur; Sharma, ShaliniWomen and girls are reported to be the largest group in the global disability population, and they have been historically subjected to discrimination both on ground of their disability and gender. The present research was undertaken with the specific objectives: to assess the socio-economic status of the disabled women, to highlight the problems faced by disabled women at various stages of life cycle, to explore the support systems available to the disabled women, and to assess the awareness regarding disability rights and legal provisions and benefits availed thereof by the respondents. The blind, dumb and deaf, loco motor, limb deformities and respondents with spinal cord defects were interviewed. The study was conducted in two districts of Punjab i.e. Ludhiana and SAS Nagar. Multistage random sampling technique was used for sample selection. Three blocks from each district were selected. Fifteen disabled women were selected from each block, thus sample of 90 respondents from six selected blocks were personally interviewed for the purpose of study. The disabled women between age group of 15 years to 45 years and above were interviewed. The study found nearly half of the disabled were between 21 to 35 years of age, one third disabled by birth and more than half (56.7%) were illiterate. Eighty seven per cent were housewives and were not gainfully employed, married (54.4%) and belonged to General caste (44.6%). Inaccessibility to education (54.4%), gender biasness (61.1%) and isolation (76.6%) were the major socio-economic and psychological problems during childhood. Oppressive culture (93.3%), insincere sympathy (87.8%) and demand for dowry (63.3%) to accommodate disability was major problem before marriage. Last to receive resources (91.83%), stigmatized identity (93.87%), incapacity (73.46%) were the major problems after marriage. Village panchayat merely helped in securing information and access to limited concessions by the state. Sixty percent of the disabled had Disability Identity Cards except disability pension, less than 10 per cent were aware about different government sponsored welfare schemes. Lack of mobility and cumbersome procedure was major reason behind not availing the benefits. Study recommended that, government schools in rural areas should have the provision to cater the special needs of blind and dumb and deaf respondents. Avenues of vocational trainings should be promoted with government and non government interventions to make the disabled economically independent.ThesisItem Restricted Study on Adoption of Model Nutrition Garden by Farming Families of Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2016) Rupinder Kaur; Sukhjeet KaurThe present investigation entitled “A Study on Adoption of model nutrition garden by farming families of Punjab” was conducted with the objectives to study the extent of adoption of model nutrition garden by selected farming families of Punjab. The study was conducted in Punjab state. Ten districts were randomly selected with the help of respective KVKs. From each district one village was purposively selected. Then twenty farmers were randomly selected from each village. Thus total 200 respondents formed the sample for the study. The study highlighted that large proportion of the respondents (69.5 per cent) used 1 kanal area under nutrition garden and nearly half of the respondents (47 per cent) cultivated vegetables, pulses and fruits for their nutrition garden. Adoption quotient of area under nutrition garden was 43 per cent and adoption quotient of crops (vegetables, pulses and fruits) cultivated for nutrition garden was 80 per cent. On the whole adoption of model nutrition garden was 61.5 per cent. The findings revealed that gap analysis for practice I (area under nutrition garden) was 56.3 per cent and gap analysis for practice II (crops cultivated in nutrition garden) was 19.6 per cent. Time consuming activity, less space, health problems, animal problems and discontinued support from KVKs etc. were considered the reasons for partial adoption and discontinuance of the nutrition garden.ThesisItem Restricted Development of antimicrobial finish for cotton using selected plant sources(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2016) Khushwinder Kaur; Bains, SandeepThe present study was conducted to develop antimicrobial finish for cotton fabric using natural plant sources. Twenty plant species were identified and Disk method was used to study their antimicrobial properties. Out of twenty plant sources four plants having maximum antimicrobial activity were selected. The selected four medicinal plants were Eugenia caryophyllata (Clove), Eclipta alba (False daisy), Plumbago zeylanica (Leadwort), and Mentha Arvenesis (Mint). The parts of plant sources were dried, powdered, grinded and extracted with appropriate solvents (ethanol, methanol, chloroform) by Soxhlet extraction method. The concentration of plant extracts were optimized on the basis of antimicrobial activity. The concentration selected were 3, 5, 7g/l and were worked for 12, 18, 24 hours. The antimicrobial activity of these extracts was checked with Disk Diffusion method. The results indicated that the zone diameter of Clove and Mint extracts with 7g/l concentration and 24 hours against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria was significantly higher than that of Leadwort and False daisy extracts with same concentration and time. The extracts with optimized parameters were applied to the fabric with direct application using pad-dry-cure method and with microencapsulation technique. After direct application treatment Clove showed maximum antimicrobial activity with minimum value of absorbance value 0.50 followed by False daisy, Leadwort, and Mint with optical density of 1.57, 1.69 and 1.71 respectively. The physical properties of untreated and treated fabrics were assessed to determine the appearance, performance and serviceability of the fabric. The test samples were assessed for fabric weight, thickness, tensile strength, drapability, bending length, flexural rigidity, crease recovery, moisture regain, elongation using standard test methods. The efficacy of the finish was analyzed after washing all the finished samples in ‘Launder-o-meter’ by using standard test method ISO: 6330-1984E. The fabric samples were then subjected to antimicrobial testing and the bacterial growth was analyzed after 5, 10, 15 and 20 washing cycles. The results showed that the absorbance value was minimum for 0 washes i.e. 0.894 and it increased to 1.146, 1.276, 1.574, 1.891 after 5, 10, 15, 20 washes respectively. Hence, the antimicrobial activity of microencapsulated finish was effective till 15 wash cycles.ThesisItem Open Access Changing interaction patterns among Dalits and Jat Sikhs in Doaba region of Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2016) Amanpreet Kaur; Sharma, ShaliniRural population of Punjab mainly comprised of Jat Sikhs and Dalits. The land owning Jat Sikhs were locally dominant and Dalits were dependent upon them. Off late with benefits from affirmative action program of government, NRI remittances and political mobilization, Dalits had improved their socio-economic status. This had impacted the interaction patterns amongst Dalits and Jat Sikhs of the region. The present study was conducted with specific objectives: to study the socio-economic status of the respondents; to analyze the changing socio-economic and political interaction patterns among Dalits and Jat Sikhs; to identify the conflict between both castes, if any, and the reasons thereof and to investigate state intervention in conflict resolution as perceived by Dalits and Jat Sikhs. The study was based on primary data collected from 320 respondents (160 Dalits and 160 Jat Sikhs) from Doaba. Study found that almost half of Jat Sikhs (49.3%) and Dalits (43.7%) had medium socio-economic status. Three fourth of the Jat Sikhs (74.3%) and Dalits (80.0%) were from 31-50 years of age. More than one third of the respondents were educated up to higher secondary level and 42.4 per cent of Dalits were doing semi-skilled and skilled jobs whereas almost three fourth of Jat Sikhs (73.2%) were engaged in farming. It was reported that 5.6 per cent of high status Dalits had moved to the village locality inhabited by Jat Sikhs without any resistance. A significant majority of Dalits (96.2%) reported no restriction on their entry into Jat Sikh kitchen and 58.7 per cent of them attended the social ceremonies of Jat Sikhs as guests. Economic dependence on Jat Sikh patrons was reported by 19.3 per cent Dalits. In 87.5 per cent of villages there was separate Dalit gurudwaras. It was Dalit sarpanch in forty three per cent of the villages. A significant majority of Jat Sikhs were apprehensive (88.7%) of Dalit dominance while Dalits were conscious and assertive (65.6%) of their newly acquired identity. Religious issues were found most responsible behind subtle form of conflict among both castes. Two third of the respondents felt that police personnel favoured their caste group while resolving the dispute. Socially mobile, economically influential and subaltern Dalits carry the movement of a separate Dalit identity and Jat Sikhs need to understand it and act accordingly to avoid any conflict.
