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ThesisItem Open Access Electron-acoustic waves in quantum plasma with κdeformed Kaniadakis hot electrons(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Amanpreet Kaur; Parveen BalaThe propagation properties of electron acoustic waves (EAWs) are studied in the quantum plasma system containing inertialess hot electrons, inertial cold electrons and stationary ions which forms the charge neutralizing background for understanding the properties of solitary wave structures. It is assumed that hot electrons follow κ-deformed Kaniadakis distribution, governed by parameter κ. The dispersion relation is obtained using the linearization method. Using the appropriate stretched coordinates and reductive perturbation method (RPM) the Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) and modified KdV (mKdV) equation has been derived. For the analysis, a limit of range of deformation parameter (κ) has been set as -0.4≤κ ≤0.4. For the defined range, it has been observed that plasma system supports rarefactive solitary structures. The amplitude and width of KdV soliton have been significantly affected by quantum parameter (H), whereas amplitude and width of solitary wave remains unaffected by deformation parameter (κ). The analysis was further extended to explain double layers solution in such plasma system. It is found that rarefactive double layers significantly depend on deformation parameter (κ), quantum parameter (H) and hot to cold electron density ratio (α). The presented investigation may be helpful to understand the study of nonlinear waves in the astrophysical plasmas.ThesisItem Open Access Remediation of Cd (II) ions from aqueous solution using carbon based nano hybrid(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Inderpreet Kaur; Kiran JeetThe present study focuses on preparation of carbon based nano hybrid which act as an adsorbent for removal of Cd (II) from aqueous solution. Synthesis of graphene oxide was carried out by modified Hummer’s method. Fuctionalization of multiwall carbon nanotubes was carried out with the help of refluxing. Magnetic graphene oxide nanoparticles were formed with co-precipitation of iron nanoparticles on the surface of graphene. Graphene oxide multiwalled carbon nano tube hybrid (GO- MWCNT) was prepared by providing mechanical shear to functionalized carbon nanotube and graphene oxide powder in acid solution. Morphology, structure of synthesized materials were studied using high resolution imaging techniques such as Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and X Ray Diffraction (XRD) and spectroscopy techniques such as Ultraviolet Visible spectroscopy (UV-VIS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). The maximum adsorption capacity for Cd (II) was obtained to be 50.00, 47.61, 45.45 and 41.66 mg/g for MGO, GO, C-MWCNTs and GO-C-MWCNTs respectively at optimum condition (i.e. pH = 6, contact time = 20 minutes and temperature = 30°C). MGO has high efficiency to remove Cd (II) ion from contaminated water and also other adsorbents such as GO, C-MWCNTs and GO-C-MWCNTs and shows great potential in the field of water decontamination. Thermodynamic parameters indicate that the adsorption processes is spontaneous and exothermic.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of temperature on ultrasonic velocity in adulterated mustard oil(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Parhanpreet Kaur; Paramjit SinghThe utilisation of edible oils for consumption has been in vogue since time immortal. The heavy consumption of edible oils lead to adulteration which degrades the quality and nutritional value of oils. Pure edible oil is adulterated with low quality oil having similar appearance as that of pure edible oil. The method to detect adulteration in edible oil should be a non-destructive test as it does not influence the chemical composition of sample. Ultrasonic waves are used for detection of adulteration because these are non-destructive, non-toxic and have many applications in food processing. In the present study, palm oil was used as an adulterant in pure mustard oil because of its similar appearance and easily mixing character. The parameters like ultrasonic velocity, viscosity and density were measured for different concentrations (100, 90, 80, 70 and 60%) of mustard oil at different temperature (30, 40, 50, 60 and 70˚C). From these parameters, further thermodynamic parameters like surface tension, adiabatic compressibility, bulk modulus, acoustic impedance and intermolecular free length were calculated. Except density, all parameters showed significant results with different temperature and concentration. Ultrasonic velocity, density, surface tension, bulk modulus and acoustic impedance were found to decrease linearly with temperature while viscosity decreased exponentially with temperature. Other parameters like adiabatic compressibility and intermolecular free length increased linearly with temperature. The linear correlation of logarithmic ultrasonic velocity with logarithmic density and ultrasonic velocity with logarithmic viscosity were observed. Another linear correlation between surface tension and intermolecular free length was also confirmed.ThesisItem Open Access Influence of ohmic heating on electrical properties of tomato puree(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Kiranjot Kaur; Paramjit SinghOhmic heating is a green processing technique that is different from other processing methods. In this process electric current is allowed to pass through the food sample and heating occurs due to inherent resistance of sample. It is highly efficient technology and provides rapid and uniform heating. In this study, ohmic heating treatment was applied to different concentrations (100, 90, 80, 70 and 60%) of tomato puree. The puree was ohmically heated from 30 to 70⁰C at four different voltage gradients of 8, 6, 4 and 2V/cm for different concentrations. Measurements have been made on electrical conductivity, ohmic heating rate, density, pH, TSS and specific heat. The voltage gradient and concentration has significant effect on electrical conductivity of tomato puree. Electrical conductivity and ohmic heating increases linearly with rise in temperature, concentration and voltage gradient. pH and TSS are also noted before and after the ohmic heating treatment. Statistical analysis has been conducted and observed that this treatment has no significant effect on pH and TSS values. System performance coefficient was also calculated for ohmic heater at different voltage gradients and observed that as the concentration of tomato puree decreases the efficiency of ohmic heating apparatus shift towards higher voltage gradient in prescribed voltage range.ThesisItem Restricted Improved randomised response technique for estimation of sensitive character(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Manpreet Kaur; Grewal, Inderjit SinghGetting correct answers to sensitive questions from the respondents and estimating the population parameters on variables that are sensitive in nature is still a problem in survey sampling. In the present project work, problem of estimation of population proportion of sensitive characteristic have been studied. For this improved randomized response device has been developed by taking the two cases of unrelated question, case-I „when the unrelated characteristic is known‟ and other case-II „when the unrelated characteristic is not known‟. Two estimators have been proposed one for known value of and other for unknown value of which were found to be unbiased. The expression for variances and unbiased estimates for the variances of the proposed estimators have been obtained. The optimum value of sample sizes have been worked out for which the minimum variance for the proposed estimators have also been obtained. In order to see relative efficiency, the proposed estimators have been compared on the basis of relative efficiency with respect to Tiwari and Mehta (2016) and Mangat (1992). An empirical study have been conducted and concluded graphically that proposed estimators are better than the estimators of Tiwari and Mehta (2016), Mangat (1992).ThesisItem Restricted Interrelationship between electrical conductivity, refractive index and viscosity of honey(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Jasleen Kaur; Paramjit SinghThe present work has been undertaken to make a systematic study of the physicochemical parameters of raw honey like electrical conductivity, refractive index and viscosity to establish an interrelationship between them. This interrelationship will help to determine the refractive index and viscosity from electrical conductivity values of honey. All the measurements were taken at different temperatures (20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70˚C) and concentrations (100, 90, 80, 70, 60 and 50%). The electrical conductivity increased linearly both with temperature and upon dilution. The refractive index decreased linearly with temperature and was found to increase linearly with concentration of honey. The viscosity of honey decreased exponentially both with the increase of temperature and with decrease of concentration. The Arrhenius mathematical model was applied to establish the temperature dependence of honey viscosity and thus used for the determination of its activation energy. The honey with highest viscosity values displayed the highest value for activation energy. The temperature-coefficient of refractive index (thermo-optic coefficient) was found to be same for all the concentrations. The data obtained were statistically analysed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) at 5% level of significance. The studied parameters were found to vary significantly with temperature for all honey concentrations. The equations modelling the relationship of electrical conductivity with viscosity and refractive index values of honey were obtained. The regression equations were found to have high correlation coefficients (> 0.93).ThesisItem Open Access Estimation of water content in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) using beta radiations and plant water indices(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Akshdeep Kaur; Sharma, Rajeev KumarA field experiment was set up in split-plot design to use beta attenuation technique for estimation of water content (WC) of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Wheat cultivar PBW 550 Unnat was grown having two nitrogen contents i.e. 120 kg ha-1 (N1) and 150 kg ha-1 (N2) each under different irrigation regimes viz., irrigation at critical stages (I1), based on IW/CPE ratio of 0.9 (I2) and water stress conditions (I3) that were replicated thrice. 204Tl has been used as radioactive source with 0.766 MeV as end point energy. Logarithmic relative intensity versus thickness curves are plotted for fresh and dry state of wheat leaves for all treatments and mass attenuation coefficient (μm) values are used to evaluate WC. It is observed that μm is more for dry leaves than for fresh leaves. Maximum WC is found in I1 followed by I2 and minimum is in I3 for both nitrogen levels. Also, results of WC using beta attenuation are found in good agreement with direct weighing method and comparable with relative leaf water content. Stress degree days is evaluated and found minimum for N2I2 treatment. Also, the highest grain yield is obtained for N2I2 treatment. Study revealed that increasing N content can reduce stress due to more temperature and less irrigation. Considering the results, it can be inferred that N2I2 treatment would be best management intervention for wheat cultivation. Beta attenuation technique is found useful for estimation of WC and can effectively be used in irrigation scheduling for saving of water.ThesisItem Restricted Determination of moisture content, mass attenuation coefficient and density of Oak and Mango wood using gamma radiations.(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Arshdeep Kaur; Rajeev KumarDue to the availability and particular features, wood is one of the first materials used by mankind with a wide variety of applications. Changes in moisture content lead to changes of virtually all physical and mechanical properties (e.g. shrinkage or swelling, strength and stiffness properties) of wood. The present study deals with the determination of mass attenuation coefficient of Oak(Grevillea robusta) and Mango(Mangifera indica) wood samples as it varies across material thickness and at varying moisture levels using gamma ray transmission method. NaI(Tl) scintillation detector and a radioactive source 137Cs of energy 0.662 MeV was used. Wood samples were placed in an oven for fixed durations to vary moisture levels. Logarithmic relative transmitted intensities were plotted against the thickness of wood samples and mass attenuation coefficients were obtained from the slopes of plots at different moisture levels. The obtained mass attenuation coefficients were plotted against the relative moisture content of wood samples and it is obtained that attenuation varies with decreasing moisture content i.e., the mass attenuation coefficient was minimum for completely wet state and maximum for oven dry state of the samples. Wood density is also a vital parameter giving knowledge about anatomical and physical properties of wood. Wood densities were also measured for these wood samples by using conventional, oven dry and nuclear method. Owing to the fact that the shielding capacity of wood samples can be determined easily, wood can be used as shielding material from radiation.ThesisItem Open Access Gardner solitons in Electron-Positron-Ion plasma featuring Cairns-Tsallis electrons(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Manpreet Kaur; Parveen BalaSolitary waves are nonlinear and localized structures which arise when there is balance between nonlinearity and dispersion. In the present study, the effects of non-thermal and non-extensive distribution of electrons on the soliton propagation in plasma system containing Boltzmann positrons have been studied. The given distribution is applicable to this study to a limited range of values of q and α, 0.6< q≤ 1 and 0≤ α< 0.25. Using Reductive Perturbation method, Korteweg-de Vries (K-dV), modified K-dV (mK-dV) and Gardner equations are derived for electron-positron-ion (e-p-i) plasma system. The soliton solution of the Gardner equation is discussed in detail. Results have been interpreted in the form of graphs. It is found that for a given set of parameter values, there exists a critical value of q (i.e, qc) below which only rarefactive K-dV solitons exist and above it compressive K-dV solitons exist. However, at the critical value of q, both compressive and rarefactive mK-dV solitons co-exist. In this region, for q > qc, rarefactive Gardner solitons and for q < qc, compressive Gardner solitons are found. The present investigation may help us to understand the electrostatic perturbations in laboratory and space plasmas.