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ThesisItem Restricted EFFECT OF PUTRESCINE AND CALCIUM CHLORIDE ON THE STORAGE AND QUALITY OF MANGO (Mangifera indica) cv. DUSEHRI(PAU Ludhiana, 2011) Madhu Kumari; Harminder KaurThe investigations on the “Effect of putrescine and calcium chloride on the storage and quality of mango cv.Dusehri” were conducted in the Department of Horticulture, PAU, Ludhiana during 2009-2010. In group 1 experiment, mango trees were sprayed with putrescine (1.0, 2.0, 3.0 mmol/l) and calcium chloride (1.0, 2.0, 3.0%) solution 10 days before harvest. Fully matured fruits were harvested, washed, disinfected, dried and packed in corrugated fibre board boxes (CFB). In group II experiment, fully matured fruits were dipped in putrescine (1.0, 2.0, 3.0 mmol/l) and calcium chloride (1.0, 2.0, 3.0%) solutions. Thereafter, fruits were dried and packed in corrugated fibre board boxes. Packed fruits from both the groups were stored for 20 days in cold room (13±10C temperature) and 85-90% R.H. Physico chemical analysis of fruits were done after 5, 10, 15 and 20 days of storage. General appearance of fruits was better in treated fruits as compared to highly shrivelled control fruits in both the groups. Treatment of mango fruits with chemicals significantly reduced the physiological fruit weight loss. The maximum reduction in fruit weight loss was recorded in putrescine 2.0 mmol/l and CaCl2 2.0 per cent in both groups. Rotting of fruits was better checked with putrescine and calcium chloride treatments. Minimum rotting percentage was recorded in putrescine 2.0 mmol/l and CaCl2 2.0 per cent. Organoleptic rating was better with treatment CaCl2 2.0 per cent and putrescine 2.0 mmol/l in both the group. Total soluble solids, TSS/acid ratio, -carotene content total and reducing sugars increased as the storage period advanced and were higher in control fruits. The acidity of fruits decreased as the storage period increased and maximum decrease in acidity was observed in control fruits. pre harvest spray of putrescine 2.0 mmol/l (T8), calcium chloride 2.0 per cent (T11) and post harvest dip of putrescine 2.0 mmol/l and calcium chloride 2.0 per cent were the best treatments for prolonging the shelf life of mango fruits, by reducing the physiological loss in weight and rotting , delaying ripening and maintaining the fruit quality during storage at 13 ±10C temperature. However post harvest dip of calcium chloride 2.0 per cent was found more effective and economical than pre harvest spray.ThesisItem Restricted “Studies on improvement of fruit quality through girdling and thinning in Satluj Purple plum”(PAU Ludhiana, 2011) Neeraj Sharma; Harminder KaurThe present investigation entitled “Studies on improvement of fruit quality through girdling and thinning in Satluj Purple plum” was carried out in the New Orchard, Department of Horticulture, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during 2009. Plants of Satluj Purple plum planted at 3x1.5 m were used as experimental material. In experiment I, Trunk and limb girdling was done at full bloom and 7,14,21,28 and 35 days after full bloom. All the girdling treatments advanced fruit maturity as compared to control. Least number of days taken for maturity were recorded when limb girdling was done 21 days after full bloom. Yield was found to increase and fruit drop was reduced in all the treatments. Maximum yield, fruit weight and size, pulp/stone ratio, colour and better fruit quality in terms of higher TSS, TSS/acid ratio, β-carotene with lower acidity and firmness were observed when limb girdling was done 21 days after full bloom. Healing of the girdle was satisfactory and there was no detrimental effect noticed in any of the treatments. Leaf nitrogen and chlorophyll content were decreased and total carbohydrates were increased with the girdling. In experiment II, Hand thinning was done at fruit set and 7, 14,21and 28 days after fruit set. Hand thinning treatments advanced fruit maturity and also resulted better quality of fruits as compared to control. Higher yield fruit weight, size, colour, TSS, TSS/acid ratio and lower acidity and minimum firmness were recorded when hand thinning was done 14 days after fruit set. Significant increase in β-carotene and diameter of thinned fruits was recorded with hand thinning as compared to control. Leaf nitrogen and chlorophyll content were found to decreased whereas total carbohydrates increase with hand thinning treatments.ThesisItem Open Access MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF GERMPLASM AND F1 HYBRIDS.(PAU Ludhiana, 2013) Daljinder Singh; M. I. S, . GillThe present investigation entitled “Morphological and molecular characterization of guava (Psidium guajava L.) germplasm and F1 hybrids” was conducted during years 2010 to 2013 at P.A.U., Ludhiana and Regional Fruit Research Station, Bahadurgarh. Thirty five guava genotypes grafted on seedling rootstocks were evaluated for tree, vegetative, reproductive, fruit and seed characters based on UPOV descriptors. Statistically significant difference for all the traits was observed among tested genotypes. Among components of genetic variation, phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation for different traits ranged from 7.26 and 6.95 to 35.00 and 33.11 %, respectively. Divergence analysis based on D2 statistic grouped the tested genotypes into six clusters with variable number of genotypes in each cluster, indicating the presence of genetic diversity in them. Cluster I, cluster IV, cluster V and cluster VI showed intra cluster distance of 55.12, 55.40, 50.70 and 61.84 respectively, indicating sufficient dissimilarity among genotypes for morphological features. Molecular characterization using 80 SSR primer pairs was done enabling cluster analysis of 43 guava genotypes. Among the primers, 78 markers amplified 258 alleles across the 43 genotypes with an average of 3.25 alleles per locus. The highest number of seven alleles per locus was amplified by mPgCIR 32, followed by six alleles per locus by mPgCIR98. The power of discrimination was found to be least (0.00) for markers mPgCIR251 and mPgCIR 414 and highest (0.84) for markers mPgCIR137. Values of expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.00 in monomorphic locus (mPgCIR251 and 414) to maximum 0.79 for locus mPgCIR32, with an average 0.47 expected heterozygosity. Estimated genetic dissimilarity coefficient ranged from minimum 0.020 (between genotypes 14-10 and 12-11) to 0.590 (between One Kg and Portugal) with an average dissimilarity of 0.322 across all the genotypes. Cluster analysis on the basis of molecular analysis classified the guava genotypes into two major groups having 3 and 40 genotypes each. The dendrogram generated using SSR markers along with the phenotypic data will be useful for choosing the diverse parents for further guava breeding programmes. A total of nine F1 hybrids were generated and vegetative parameters were recorded in different hybrids to distinguish them, as well as SSR markers were also used to confirm the parentage of these hybrids.ThesisItem Restricted PREBEARING RESPONSE OF KINNOW TO DIFFERENTIAL DOSES AND APPLICATION TIMINGS OF FERTILIZERS(PAU Ludhiana, 2011) Khushboo Rai; G. S., KahlonThe present investigations entitled “Pre-bearing response of Kinnow to differential doses and application timings of fertilizers” were carried out in the old orchard and analytical laboratory of the Department of Horticulture, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during the year 2010. Kinnow plants of uniform size and age were selected in the month of January and differential fertilizer treatments were imposed from February, 2010 onwards. The effect of different fertilizer doses of nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P) and potassium(K) as well as different number of split applications on vegetative growth of plants were observed in terms of plant height, plant spread, stock girth, scion girth, plant volume and leaf colour. The leaf and soil analyses with respect to N, P and K were done to establish the effect of differential fertilizer treatments on plant nutritional status as well as availability of these elements in the soil. There were three sets of fertilizer treatments; the first set (T1) consisted of the standard practice of applying N in two split doses (mid February and mid April). In the second set, there were differential fertilizer treatments (T2 to T7) which were given in four split doses (mid February, mid April, mid June and mid August) and in the third set ( T8 to T13) there were six split doses (mid February, mid March, mid April, mid May, mid June and mid July). The treatment T7 (N125P50K125 in 4 splits) was found to be the best than all the other treatments and it was closely followed by T6 (N125P50K100 in 4 splits) for all the plant growth parameters as well as leaf and soil nutrition status. Application of fertilizer treatments in 4 splits was found to be better than 2 or 6 split doses.ThesisItem Restricted EFFECT OF CHEMICALS ON STORAGE LIFE AND QUALITY OF BER CV. UMRAN(PAU Ludhiana, 2011) Salveen Kaur; JS, BalThe investigations on “Effect of chemicals on storage life and quality of ber cv. Umran” was conducted in the Department of Horticulture, PAU, Ludhiana during year 2011. The fruits were harvested at peak maturity period (29th March) along with pedicel and were dipped in ascorbic acid, boric acid and sodium carbonate (1, 2, 3 %) each for 5 min. Treated fruits were packed in Corrugated Fibre Board boxes of 2 Kg capacity and kept in cold chamber at 7ºC temperature and 90-95 per cent RH. The fruits were analysed after 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of storage. The lowest physiological loss in weight was found in ber fruits treated with ascorbic acid 2 per cent and sodium carbonate 1 per cent. High palatability rating was noted in fruits dipped in ascorbic acid 1-3 per cent. The spoilage of fruits was noted significantly less in fruits treated with ascorbic acid treatments. The highest total soluble solids and ‘b’ value of fruit colour was recorded in the fruits dipped in boric acid 3 per cent. The highest mean fruit firmness, pulp/stone ratio and total sugars were noted in the fruits treated with ascorbic acid 3 per cent. The pedicels were properly retained with fruits up to 21 days of storage. The lowest acid content was estimated with boric acid 3 per cent and sodium carbonate 1-2 per cent. Higher retention of vitamin C was observed in fruits with ascorbic acid 2 and 3 per cent treatments. The physiological loss in weight, spoilage and TSS/ acid ratio were increased with prolongation of storage days whereas palatability rating, fruit firmness, pulp/stone ratio, acidity, vitamin C were decreased with advancement of storage period. TSS and total sugars increased significantly up to 14 days of storage but followed a decrease at later period of storage. It was concluded that Umran ber kept with pedicel could be stored satisfactorily for 21 days in cold chamber (7ºC) without any major effect on their quality.ThesisItem Open Access Assessment of genetic divergence and hybridization studies in pomegranate germplasm(PAU, 2013) Raina, Dimpy; Gill, P.P.S.The present investigation entitled ―Assessment of genetic divergence and hybridization studies in pomegranate germplasm‖. The objectives of this study were to assess genetic diversity based on horticultural traits, characterization of pomegranate genotypes using DNA markers, effectiveness of pollen storage conditions and exploration of the possibilities of F 1 hybrid production during year 2011-12. A significant and wide range of variation was observed among genotypes for various quantitative characters. Higher coefficient of variation was observed for characters like number of hermophrodite flowers per tree (26.67), number of fruits per tree (20.55), yield per tree (22.73), acidity (11.62) and TSS/acid ratio (13.23). ‗Ganesh‘ recorded maximum yield (21.16 kg/plant), fruit weight (309.3 g), aril weight (31.62 g /100 aril weight), peel weight (103.42 g) and TSS (13.39 %) but with minimum juice per cent (28.54 %). Mridula was observed promising for fruit length (6.75 cm), fruit breadth (7.85 cm), TSS/Acid ratio (51.18) and less in acidity (0.26 %). Highest juice per cent (67.26) and lowest TSS (11.0 %) was found in ‗Anar Shirin‘. Jhodpur White had highest number of hermophrodite flowers (338.3) and fruits per tree (60.84). The yield per tree was found correlated positively with fruit weight, aril weight and peel weight and negatively with juice per cent. The clustering of genotypes into eight different clusters was based on mean values of quantitative characters. The maximum inter -cluster distance of 72.74 was observed among genotypes of the cluster V and VII and minimum (23 .85) between the cluster IV and III. The principal component analysis showed that more than 82 per cent of the variability observed for quantitative characters in different pomegranate genotypes. Genetic divergence among the genotypes was estimated by 47 SSR markers. Six SSR markers (Pom010, ABRII-MP28, PGCT046, PGCT088, PGCT112 and PGCT037) showed monomorphic pattern and 41 showed polymorphic patterns with amplification of alleles ranging from 2 to 4. PIC value ranged from 0 and 0.66 (PGCT093) among 41 polymorphic primers. The UPGMA clustering grouped the genotypes into three main clusters I, II and III. The cluster I comprised of one genotype followed by the cluster II which contained eight genotypes, whereas, sub-cluster IIIA contained 12 genotypes, five and four in sub-cluster IIIB and IIIC, respectively. Genetic similarity values between genotypes ranged from 0.78 to 0.95 and dissimilarity was only 0.17. Maximum pollen viability was observed at -200 C storage temperature for 9 weeks and highest viable pollens found in Ganesh (95 %) followed by ‗Mridula‘ (94.7 %), ‗Jyoti‘ (92.7 %) and ‗Kandhari‘ (92 %). Highest pollen germination was recorded in Ganesh (78.9 %) followed by ‗Mridula‘ (75.8 %), Jyoti (58.9 %) and minimum in ‗Kandhari‘ (51.6 %). In hybridization study of pomegranate genotypes 80.47 per cent success rate in terms of fruit set after crossing was achieved. Highest fruit set observed in ‗Mridula‘ x ‗Ganesh‘ (85.54%) and lowest in ‗Mridula‘ x ‗Kandhari‘ (76.61 %). Five SSR primer pair (PGCT093, PGCT059, PGCT097, PGCT111, and ABRII-MP42) was found to produce the polymorphic alleles to confirm the hybridity of hybrids.ThesisItem Restricted Morphological and molecular characterization of guava (Psidium guajava L.) germplasm and F1 hybrids(PAU, 2013) Daljinder Singh; Gill, M. I. S.The present investigation entitled “Morphological and molecular characterization of guava (Psidium guajava L.) germplasm and F1 hybrids” was conducted during years 2010 to 2013 at P.A.U., Ludhiana and Regional Fruit Research Station, Bahadurgarh. Thirty five guava genotypes grafted on seedling rootstocks were evaluated for tree, vegetative, reproductive, fruit and seed characters based on UPOV descriptors. Statistically significant difference for all the traits was observed among tested genotypes. Among components of genetic variation, phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation for different traits ranged from 7.26 and 6.95 to 35.00 and 33.11 %, respectively. Divergence analysis based on D 2 statistic grouped the tested genotypes into six clusters with variable number of genotypes in each cluster, indicating the presence of genetic diversity in them. Cluster I, cluster IV, cluster V and cluster VI showed intra cluster distance of 55.12, 55.40, 50.70 and 61.84 respectively, indicating sufficient dissimilarity among genotypes for morphological features. Molecular characterization using 80 SSR primer pairs was done enabling cluster analysis of 43 guava genotypes. Among the primers, 78 markers amplified 258 alleles across the 43 genotypes with an average of 3.25 alleles per locus. The highest number of seven alleles per locus was amplified by mPgCIR 32, followed by six alleles per locus by mPgCIR98. The power of discrimination was found to be least (0.00) for markers mPgCIR251 and mPgCIR 414 and highest (0.84) for markers mPgCIR137. Values of expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.00 in monomorphic locus (mPgCIR251 and 414) to maximum 0.79 for locus mPgCIR32, with an average 0.47 expected heterozygosity. Estimated genetic dissimilarity coefficient ranged from minimum 0.020 (between genotypes 14-10 and 12-11) to 0.590 (between One Kg and Portugal) with an average dissimilarity of 0.322 across all the genotypes. Cluster analysis on the basis of molecular analysis classified the guava genotypes into two major groups having 3 and 40 genotypes each. The dendrogram generated using SSR markers along with the phenotypic data will be useful for choosing the diverse parents for further guava breeding programmes. A total of nine F 1 hybrids were generated and vegetative parameters were recorded in different hybrids to distinguish them, as well as SSR markers were also used to confirm the parentage of these hybrids.ThesisItem Open Access A STUDY OF SERVICES AVAILED BY THE FRUIT GROWERS OF CLUSTER-I UNDER NATIONAL HORTICULTURE MISSION IN PUNJAB(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2012) Garg, Sahil; Kaur, PrabhjotThis study was undertaken to know the services availed, satisfaction, problems and suggestions of the fruit growers and problems faced by the extension personnel of cluster I under National Horticulture Mission. Four districts of cluster I namely Bathinda, Faridkot, Ferozpur and Mukatsar were selected. A sample of 120 fruit growers was selected using proportional allocation method and all the extension personnel were selected for the study. For data collection two instruments were prepared. Interview schedule was prepared for fruit growers which had two parts. First part consisted of socio-personal characteristics while second part dealt with services availed, satisfaction, suggestions and problems faced by the fruit growers regarding services of National Horticulture Mission. The findings of the study showed that most of the respondents engaged in fruit cultivation were in the age group of 36 to 53 years, belong to nuclear family, had matriculation as their educational level, operational land holding of 4.40 to 20.02 acres and had fruit growing as their main occupation. Majority of respondents had dairy farming as subsidiary occupation, 12-24 years fruit growing experience, not acquired training regarding fruit growing under NHM. Most of the respondents were medium on extension contacts, mass media exposure, risk bearing capacity and scientific orientation. A vast majority of respondents reported that Department of Horticulture was the first source of information regarding services of NHM. A large number of respondents availed service of establishment of new orchard followed by rejuvenation of senile plantation and showed satisfaction regarding various services rendered by NHM. Majority of the respondents gave reasons of satisfaction in descending order timeliness, assistance provided by concerned authorities, good results of services, quality of inputs. Lengthy documentation procedure, less quantity of inputs and amount of subsidy, payment of subsidy in installments were the problems faced by the respondents regarding services under NHM. Quantity of inputs given should be increased, marketing hub should be created for marketing were the suggestions given by the majority of the respondents. Lack of mother plant seed, water logging problem, minimum selling price of fruits and lack of staff were the major problems faced by majority of the extension personnel in providing services under National Horticulture Mission.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of pre-harvest application of nutrients and growth regulator on storage life and quality of peach cv. Shan-i-Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2012) Arvind Preet KaurThe present investigations entitled, “Effect of pre-harvest application of nutrients and growth regulator on storage life and quality of peach cv. Shan-i-Punjab” were carried out in the Department of Horticulture PAU, Ludhiana during the years 2010 and 2011. Peach trees of cv. Shan-i-Punjab were sprayed with CaCl2, Boric acid and KNO3 (all at 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 per cent) and GA3 (20, 40 and 60 ppm), one and two weeks before harvesting. Fruits after harvesting at hard mature stage were transported to the laboratory. The fruits of uniform size and free from diseases, bruises were selected, washed, dried, packed in CFB boxes and kept upto 35 days in cold stores and 6 days under ambient conditions. The cold stored fruits were analyzed after 24, 48 and 72 hrs at different storage intervals. 2.0 per cent KNO3 advanced fruit maturity and improved fruit quality in terms of TSS, size, weight, colour and palatability rating. During cold storage, 2.0 per cent CaCl2 treated fruits helped in reducing PLW, spoilage, fruit colour degradation and improved fruit quality. Phenolic content decreased whereas carotene content and activity of PME increased with the advancement of storage period in all the treatments. The levels of N, K, B and Ca both in leaves and fruits were higher in the treatments where the respective chemicals were applied. The shelf life of cold stored fruits declined rapidly after 24 hrs in all the treatments. Under ambient storage, 2.0 per cent CaCl2 helped in reducing PLW with average fruit quality upto 2 days. The present study showed that the fruits treated with 2.0 per cent CaCl2 can be stored upto 28 days of cold storage without any spoilage and good palatability rating.
