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ThesisItem Restricted Development of video modules for creating awareness on safe and judicious use of chemicals at household level(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Jasbir Kaur; Kanwaljit KaurThe rural women play an important role in managing major household activities. Due to their involvement in farming and household activities, they are exposed to poisonous chemicals in daily life. There is a need to encourage them to adopt corrective measures to minimize the use of chemicals during the performance of day to day activities. In this context, study was conducted to identify different household practices on safe and judicious use of chemicals at household level. On the basis of 30 identified practices, a knowledge test and video modules were developed. A knowledge test was administrated on 100 rural women of Ludhiana district of Punjab. After that, prepared video modules were shown to the women through WhatsApp message. Post knowledge scores of the video modules were recorded. Comparison of pre and post knowledge scores showed that significant change was seen for all major practices related to safe and judicious use of chemicals at household level. The overall significant change in mean knowledge score for all five major practices was 42 per cent. After video exposure, percentage of the respondents in high level of knowledge category was shifted from 2 to 77 per cent. So, prepared video modules are proved to be effective for creating awareness among people regarding safe and judicious use of chemicals at household level.ThesisItem Embargo Analytical study of women engaged in income generation activities(Punjab Agricultural University, 2022) Monika; Sidhu, KiranjotPresent study entitled āAnalytical study of Women engaged in Income Generation Activitiesā was conducted to identify the type of income generating activities (IGAs), factors influencing the selection of activity and contributing to success and failure and determine economic and employment generation performance of IGA. Data were collected personally from 200 women who had started IGA and had either continued or discontinued IGA. Largest percentage were young, middle aged, married , matriculate, not members of any organization belonged to nuclear and small families with farming as major source of income. More than half had family income between 100000 - 350000 rupees. Majority were continuers and were sustaining since 8-14 years and were independently functioning. Initial funds were pooled from different sources. Own saving was used by majority and very few took loan from the bank. Largest percentage of continuers were engaged in garment construction and among discontinuers in dairy and processing. Largest percentage of continuers and discontinuers were self-motivated. Low family income and continuity of family IGA were major reasons for starting the IGA. Profitability, previous involvement of family and use of family labor were factors contributed to selection of IGA. Majority of income generating women (IGW) that is 160 earned between 30000-60000 rupees generating 62954 man days of employment. Very few attended formal trainings. Majority of continuers wanted to upscale or continue with the activity. Half of them cited financial independence and enjoyment of being a role model for other as the major reason for it. Unprofitability was major reason to discontinue. Lesser demand, inability to compete, time management and lack of physical support from the family were reasons given by those who had already discontinued. Educational status was negatively and significantly related to duration of sustainability. Higher income from the IGA and number of trainings attended were positively related with duration of sustainability. Employment generation was positively significantly related with family size and percentage of loan returned. It was recommended that women motivated to start IGA should be identified, trained and supported through linkage development with different agencies for managing resources, marketing and other aspects in which women lack desired level of competencies.ThesisItem Embargo Aspirations and expenditure behavior of farm women of Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Rupinder Kaur; Gupta, Ritu MittalAspirations are goals, individuals are willing to invest time, effort or money in to attain. Individual must act, must have time, effort or money to pursue their goals. In this context the study was designed to identify aspirations, time utilization pattern, expenditure behavior and to ascertain congruence among aspirations, time utilization pattern and expenditure behavior of farm women. For this study, 500 farm women were selected from proportionately selected districts from five agro climatic zones of Punjab. Data was collected by semi structured interview schedule. Findings of the study revealed that farm women aspire more for childrenās occupation, childrenās education and their settlement in foreign countries. They did not aspiretheir children to be agriculturist. Majority of farm women had medium level of aspirations. On an average, farm women spent their maximum time i.e. 4.15 hours/day on kitchen work and minimum time i.e. 1.18hours/day on community related work. On an average, farm families had maximum expenditure (Rs. 80,552/annum) on food and had minimum personal expenditure (Rs. 10,079/annum). Farm families had average expenditure i.e. Rs. 2, 75,668/annum which means they monthly spent Rs. 22,972 on different household components. Between the three income groupsālow income, medium income, and high income, the high income group had the highest average expenditure. Levels of aspirations, time utilization pattern and expenditure behavior were significantly associated with each other. Aspirations were found to be positively and significantly correlated withtime utilization pattern and expenditure behavior. Time utilization and expenditure behavior were also positively and significantly related with each other.ThesisItem Open Access Development of video modules for creating awareness on safe and judicious use of chemicals at household level(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Jasbir Kaur; Kanwaljit KaurThe rural women play an important role in managing major household activities. Due to their involvement in farming and household activities, they are exposed to poisonous chemicals in daily life. There is a need to encourage them to adopt corrective measures to minimize the use of chemicals during the performance of day to day activities. In this context, study was conducted to identify different household practices on safe and judicious use of chemicals at household level. On the basis of 30 identified practices, a knowledge test and video modules were developed. A knowledge test was administrated on 100 rural women of Ludhiana district of Punjab. After that, prepared video modules were shown to the women through WhatsApp message. Post knowledge scores of the video modules were recorded. Comparison of pre and post knowledge scores showed that significant change was seen for all major practices related to safe and judicious use of chemicals at household level. The overall significant change in mean knowledge score for all five major practices was 42 per cent. After video exposure, percentage of the respondents in high level of knowledge category was shifted from 2 to 77 per cent. So, prepared video modules are proved to be effective for creating awareness among people regarding safe and judicious use of chemicals at household level.ThesisItem Open Access Adoption of value added milk products by trainees of dairy development board for income generation(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Gurpreet; Gupta, Ritu MittalThe present study was conducted to assess the acceptability and adoption of value added milk products by trainees of Dairy Development Board for income generation. Secondary data from all the nine Dairy Training and Extension Centres (DTEC) of Dairy Development Board in Punjab were collected to identify the trainings on value added milk products conducted by each centre. Data about trainings were also taken from Northern Regional Demonstration and Training Centre, Jalandhar. Primary Data, was collected from Dairy Training and Extension Centre (DTEC), Chitamali as it provides most comprehensive trainings on value addition of milk products. Only 123 trainees of this centre were available for data collection so rest 27 trainees were selected from DTEC, Bija to complete the sample for study. Self-structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Acceptability was studied in terms of mental acceptance and perceived feasibility. Results revealed that round half of the respondents had medium acceptability for dairy products making followed by one third who had high acceptability. Income and land holding was significantly related with Acceptability of dairy products and caste was associated with overall Perceived Feasibility. Perceived Feasibility, Mental acceptance and Acceptability score of long duration trainees was significantly higher as compared to medium duration trainees which shows that long term trainings had more impact than medium duration trainings. Half of the respondents have adopted manufacturing of Butter at commercial level closely followed by Paneer and Curd. Around one third of respondents adopted making Desi Ghee, Flavoured Milk and Cream at commercial level. Increasing income, ample of milk production, personal interest and financial independence were the major reason for adoption of dairy products at commercial level. Financial constraints, less additional income, lack of skill, lack of family support and high risk in start activity were the major reasons for non-adoption at commercial level. Lack of space, inadequate credit facilities, high rate of interest on loans and quality issues were major reasons for discontinuance at commercial level. the study highlights the need to focus on long duration trainings along with past training support mechanism ensuring quality check, marketing linkages and loans at cheaper rates.ThesisItem Open Access Communication behaviour of dairy farmers in Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Vaishali; Gupta, Ritu MittalThe present investigation was conducted to analyze the communication behaviour of dairy farmers in Punjab. The aim of the study was to analyze the communication behaviour along its different parameters i.e. information seeking, processing and dissemination behaviour besides the constraints faced by dairy farmers to access the various information sources. A total of 160 dairy farmer (male and female) from three socio-cultural zones of Punjab who had at least four milch animalsconstituted the sample for the study. Data were collected through a well-structured and pre tested interview schedule. Gender desegregated role performance in dairy shows that males were more responsible for the dairy activities like feeding, breeding, animal health care, marketing while in the activities like finance, shed house cleaning, milk sale and produce records femaleās involvement was more. Information seeking was found to be associated with gender while information processing was associated with family type and information dissemination was associated with marital status. Overall communication behaviour of majority male dairy farmers lies in the medium level while female dairy farmers had low communication behaviour. Information seeking, information processing, information dissemination and communication behaviour all were found to be significantly related to each other. Communication behaviour was found to be significantly related with age and qualification. Female respondents faced personal, technical/ organizational as well as psychological constraints significantly more than their male counterparts. Therefore, innovative strategies using IT and social networking sites should be chalked out to provide information to females as well so that information is effectively transferred and readily accepted by dairy farming families.ThesisItem Open Access Perception of farm families towards farming as an occupation(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Rai, Anjana; Sidhu, KiranjotThe present study was conducted in Punjab to analyse the perception of 200 farm families represented by male child studying in class 10/11/12, father and mother towards farming as an occupation using an interview schedule. Majority of farm families were cultivating between 5 to 15 acres of land, annually earning upto three lakhs with farming as primary source of income. Loan for agricultural purposes was used for constructing houses, marriage or sending members abroad. WhatsApp was most used media. Prevalence of mono cropping was observed with product being sold in raw form in the nearest market. Very low physical involvement of mother and children was found in farming activities. Most of the farm families had negative perception towards farming as an occupation and it significantly varied within factors (economic, social, personal, physical and psychological) and zones but not between three members of the family. Farming and farm related enterprises were not the first choice of occupation. Government job was considered an occupation and was first choice of majority of parents and children. Going abroad was the first preference of those not interested in choosing any career options in India. Higher, fixed income, luxurious life, security, social status were basis for making the choice. Positive perception led to better ranking of farming Father and child who perceive farming to be economically profitable were more inclined towards it as an occupation. Families having more cultivated land perceive farming more positively as an occupation. Parents age, education and exposure to different media significantly and positively impacted their perception. Physical involvement of mother in farming impacted their perception . Socially active fathers were more inclined towards farming. Based upon the findings it is recommended that carrier counselling should be an integral part of school activities and children and their parents should be made aware of, not only the conventional occupational choices, but occupational choices which can be pursued along with farming but based upon aptitude of the child. They should be persuaded to learn skills particularly those which can help them to substitute income from farming and can be undertaken along with farming. Extension personnel should conduct programmes to improve perception towards farming and help children make appropriate occupational choices. Economic, social, physical, personal and psychological factors associated with farming should be highlighted during such programmes through sharing success stories in farming and allied activities.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of Food Habits on Health of Farming Families in Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Vij, Abhishek; Manshahia, Sukhdeep KaurThe present investigation was conducted to study the effect of food habits on the health of farming families in Punjab. A total of one eighty respondents from sixty farming families were selected from three socio-cultural zones of Punjab. Data were collected through a well structured and pre tested interview schedule. The study reported that a majority of the respondents were following food safety practices during the preparation of food. However, food safety purchasing practices were not followed at large extent by the respondents. Findings also revealed that cent per cent of the respondents were having two major meals i.e. breakfast and dinner. The frequency of consumption of major group food groups was found to be medium except fruits and nuts & oils which were found in the low consumption category. The percent adequacy of food intake presented low intake of vitamin c and high intake of fat and sodium by all the three categories of the respondents. The data on percent adequacy of nutrients also highlighted that female respondents had low intake of iron and high intake of energy. The results indicated that the majority of the respondents had poor level of physical activity. The classification of body mass index showed that the majority of the child respondents (90%) were underweight while 45 percent of female respondents were overweight. Prevalence of anemia, diabetes and hypertension was observed to be high as compared to other dietary related disorders. A significant and positive relationship was found between intake of fats & oils, energy and sodium with the prevalence of disease whereas no association was found between dietary choice and health problems of the respondents. On the basis of the results of the current study, an intervention in the form of a booklet has been prepared which can be popularized among the farming families to improve their eating habits and health.ThesisItem Open Access Organizational culture and job satisfaction of employees in Indian universities: a comparative study(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Gautam, Minakshi; Sukhjeet KaurOrganizational culture is a pattern of shared basic assumptions that was learned by a group of people as it solved its problems of external adaptation and internal integration that has worked well enough to be considered valid and, therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way you perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problems. Organizational culture has much more influence on performance of employees by impacting the psychological state of employees and even the whole organization because job satisfaction of employees occupies the important place in the field of human resource management. Faculty of higher education institutes make a big community of this sector. They train, teach and lead their students to work efficiently in the interest of society. Therefore, keeping in view the present scenario of society, educational institutes this study attempts to explore the organizational culture type and to explore the relationship between organizational culture and employees job satisfaction of employees in selected universities. For this study 600 employees were selected from four state agricultural universities and four traditional universities by using simple random sampling technique. Data was collected by using self-structured questionnaire based on Cameroon and Quinn organizational culture model (1991) for organizational culture and Herzbergās motivation and hygiene theory for job satisfaction. Findings of the study revealed that hierarchy culture was the overall dominant culture followed by clan culture in all selected State Agricultural Universities and Clan culture was the overall dominant culture followed by hierarchy culture in all selected traditional universities. Faculty members from selected state agricultural universities (SAUs) and traditional universities (T.Us) had the medium level of job satisfaction. In conclusion, there is need to follow the organizations beliefs, values and basic assumptions for increasing the productivity, effectiveness and betterment of the organization and there is a need to make certain improvements so that satisfaction of the employees could be increased which can further lead to more productivity.
