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ThesisItem Open Access Effect of plant spacing on vegetative and reproductive behaviour of guava (Psidium guajava L.) cv. Shweta(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Chawla, Himanshu; Arora, N.K.The present investigation on the effect of plant spacing on vegetative and reproductivebehaviour of guava (Psidium guajava L.) cv. Shweta was carried out in the Fruit Research Farm, Department of Fruit Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during the year 2021- 22. The observations were recorded on five-year-old plants of guava cv. Shweta at densities viz. 6x5 m, 5x5 m, 5x4 m, 5x3 m, 4x4 m and 4x3 m. Each replication consists of a unit of five trees. The experiment was laid out as per Randomized Block Design. The present investigation revealed that characters like scion girth, stock girth, scion stock ratio, canopy volume and stomatal density increase with an increase in plant spacing while plant height, leaf size and crotch angle have reversed correlation with spacing. Fruiting attributes viz. flower bud density (38.86 %), fruit set (66.12 %) and fruit retention (61.22 %) were recorded higher in trees spaced at 6x5 m as compared to other spacings; whereas, trees planted at closers pacing (6m x 3m) has taken higher 76 days from fruit set to maturity. The number of fruits per tree, fruit yield per tree, fruiting density and yield efficiency (maximum in 5x5 m spacing) were increased with an increase in plant spacings (4x3 m to 6x5 m) while seed number per fruit was found to be decreased. Quality characters namely palatability rating (8.9), TSS (12.6 %), pulp content (93.72 %), vitamin C (228.1 %), total sugars (8.42 %) and pectin content (1.01 %) were found maximum in winter season crops specifically, at wider spaced plants (6x5 m and 5x5 m). With wider plant spacing (from 4x3 m to 6x5 m), solar radiation interception and canopy temperature increased with an increase in the spacing of plants while the relative humidity was found to be decreased. The present study suggested that guava planted at 5x3 m (267 trees/ acre) registered higher yield per acre as compared to others treatments. However, tree spaced at 5m x 5m had significantly higher yield vis-à-vis improved fruit quality as compared to trees planted at recommended spacing i.e. 6m x 5m.ThesisItem Restricted Studies on nutritional management of greening affected Kinnow mandarin plants(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Kudrat Preet Kaur; Sangwan, Anil KumarThe present investigation was carried out at Dr J C Bakhshi, Regional Research Station, Abohar during the year 2020-21. It was aimed to investigate the influence of spraying zinc and manganese solutions on 13-year-old Kinnow mandarin plants that were affected by the greening disease. The experimental design was a randomized block with 3 plants per treatment (nutrition) subdivided into replicates. Different treatments of varying doses of zinc and manganese alone or in combination were applied. First spray was scheduled for mid august and second dose wherever required (as per treatments) was given during September. Fruits were harvested at maturity and analysed in the laboratory for various quality and physic-chemical parameters in PG, Nutrition Laboratories of Department of Fruit Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab. In general, it was observed that double sprays of zinc and manganese alone or in combinations were superior over single sprays. In particular, zinc sprays were found to be superior over manganese sprays. However, zinc and manganese together gave a synergistic effect and proved to be better than individual sprays of nutrients. The results indicated that application of zinc and manganese in combination [Zn (0.5%) + Mn (0.5%) (Two Sprays)] gave maximum increment in plant height (15.82 cm), spread and volume (5.26 cubic m) along with highest number of fruits (681.7) and fruit yield (112.71 q/acre). While, treatment T12 [Zn (0.5%) + Mn (0.3%) (Two Sprays)] recorded maximum fruit size, weight (150.7 g) and volume with highest fruit TSS (10.30 oBrix), TSS/ acidity ratio (12.26), pH (4.35), total sugars (6.32%), ascorbic acid (25.1 mg/100ml juice) and phenol content (32.2 mg GAE/g DW) along with minimum acidity (0.84%), showing at par results with treatment T14 [Zn (0.5%) + Mn (0.5%) (Two Sprays)] and the lowest values of these parameters were recorded with control treatment. Whereas, maximum juice percent (50.0%) and minimum peel (24.0%) and rag (26.0%) percent along with peel thickness (1.98 mm) were recorded with treatment T4 [Zn (0.5%) (Two Sprays)].ThesisItem Restricted Studies on physico-chemical and antioxidant properties of lime and lemon during fruit development(Punjab Agricultural University, 2022) Chauhan, Kriti; Jawandha, S.K.The present studies were conducted at Fruit Research Farm, Department of Fruit Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during the year 2021-22 on four lime and lemon varieties viz. Baramasi Lemon, Tahiti Lime, Galgal and Sweet Lime. The fruit and leaf samples of Lime and Lemon cultivars were collected from 30 days after fruit set till commercial harvesting at 30 days intervals starting from the month of April. The physicochemical parameters like fruit size, weight, juice content, seed size, moisture content, TSS, TSS/acid ratio, carotenoids and sugars were recorded maximum at final stage of harvesting. Titratable acidity, vitamin C and peel thickness exhibited a declining trend from first to final stage of fruit harvesting. In all four varieties of lime and lemon peel contained greater antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, hydroxyl ion free radical scavenging activity and total flavonoid content as compared to pulp of fruits. In peel and pulp, antioxidant activity declined during fruit development. Limonin was recorded highest in seeds followed by peel and pulp irrespective of stages of development. Sweet Lime was found the most suitable cultivar for table as well as medicinal purposes due to higher level of TSS, sugars, antioxidants, flavonoids and vitamin C content. However, fruits of Baramasi lemon, Galgal and Tahiti Lime are also good sources of different types of antioxidants at initial stages of development. In terms of mineral nutrition leaves contained higher concentrations of nutrients followed by peel and pulp exhibiting a distinct pattern during fruit growth and development.ThesisItem Restricted Effect of harvest dates and packaging on storage of pear cv. patharnakh(Punjab Agricultural University, 2022) Sandeep Kaur; Gill, Mandeep SinghThe investigations on the "Effect of harvest dates and packaging on storage of pear cv. Pathernakh." was conducted in Post harvest Laboratory, Department of Fruit Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during 2021. The two factors affecting the storage of pear i.e harvest dates and packaging materials were studied independently. For 1st experiment pear fruits cv. Patharnakh harvested on four different dates (2nd, 3rd, 4th week of July and 1st week of August) and packaged in CFB boxes and stored under cold temperature conditions (0-1 ºC and 90-95 % RH). The observations for various quality attributes were recorded on the day of storage and at 30th, 45th, 60th and 70th days of storage. Results demonstrated that fruits harvested on 2nd week of July consistently exhibited the highest fruit firmness, titratable acidity, total antioxidant activity (TAA) and total phenolics content (TPC) than the late harvested fruits. Contrarily, delayed harvested fruits recorded higher total soluble solids (TSS) and total sugars. Moreover, fruits harvested in 3rd week of July had minimum the weight loss and highest sensory quality until 70th day of storage. The fruit harvested at later harvesting stage recorded higher activities of fruit softening enzymes activities like pectin methylesterase (PME), polygalacturonase (PG) and cellulase enzymes as compared to fruit harvested at earlier stage. Thus, the results revealed that fruits harvested during 3rd week of July had retained all the physico-chemical characteristics and enhanced the storage and keeping quality of pear. On the other hand, packaging methods could have a significant effect on quality and storage life of pear fruits. Hence, this second experiment was conducted to study the effects of different packaging materials on storage quality of Patharnakh pear fruit. The fruit were packed in corrugated fibre board (CFB) boxes, shrink film, cling film and wooden boxes and placed under low temperature storage conditions (0-1 ºC and 90-95 % RH). Physico-chemical parameters and enzymatic activities were conducted on the day of harvest and at 30th, 45th, 60th and 70th days of storage. Results revealed that both film packaging‟s significantly reduced the weight loss and maintained higher fruit firmness throughout the storage period, but showed higher spoilage at the end of storage. However, the fruits packed in CFB boxes exhibited lower spoilage and maintained higher sensory quality, total soluble solids (TSS) and total phenolics content (TPC) at the end of storage. Throughout the storage period, film packaging treatments resulted in higher fruit firmness, acid content, total antioxidant activity (TAA) and lower activities of fruit softening enzymes like pectin methylesterase (PME), polygalacturonase (PG) and cellulase. The results showed that for long term storage of pear fruits CFB box packaging is appropriate method because of higher sensory quality and lower spoilage.ThesisItem Embargo Effect of edible coatings enriched with karonda polyphenolic extract for improving the post-harvest quality of ber(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Karandeep Kaur; Gupta, NavjotThe present investigation entitled “Effect of edible coatings enriched with karonda polyphenolic extract for improving the post-harvest quality of ber” was conducted at the Food Quality Control Lab of Regional Research Station, Bathinda during the year 2021. Healthy and uniform sized ber fruits of cv. Umran were coated with pectin (1%), chitosan (1%) and beeswax (2%) alone, as well as with these coatings infused with karonda polyphenolic extract (K-PPE) in concentrations of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% and packed in corrugated fibre board (CFB) boxes (5% perforation) with paper lining before storage at 7.5 °C and 90-95% RH for 28 days. Fruits were analysed for physical and biochemical parameters at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days interval. Results revealed that the physiological loss in weight and spoilage increased progressively with the progression in storage period. Fruit firmness, titratable acidity, vitamin C content, total phenols, flavonoids and antioxidant activity of ber fruit showed a declining trend with the progression of storage period. Whereas, total soluble solids (TSS), sugars, pectin methyl esterase (PME) and cellulase enzyme activity exhibited an initial increase in all the fruits during storage followed by a decreasing trend towards the end of storage period. However, the rate of increase in TSS, sugars, PME and cellulase enzyme activity was slower in coated fruits as compared to uncoated fruits. The ber fruits coated with beeswax (2%) + K+PPE (1.5%) showed a prolonged shelf life up to 28 days under low temperature storage conditions by exhibiting moderately desirable sensory quality, minimum physiological loss in weight as well as spoilage percentage and maintaining higher content of TSS, titratable acidity, Vitamin C, total sugars, phenols, flavonoids, antioxidant activity and optimally maintaining PME and cellulase enzymatic activity of fruits during storage.ThesisItem Embargo Evaluation of cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.) germplasm under subtropical conditions(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Arshnoordeep Kaur; Gupta, MonikaThe present investigation entitled “Evaluation of cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.) germplasm under subtropical conditions” was undertaken at Fruit Research Farm, Department of Fruit Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during 2020-21 & 2021-22. It consisted of three experiments viz., to evaluate cape gooseberry Varieties under subtropical conditions of Punjab, phenological studies of cape gooseberry and investigating the effect of different mulches on yield and quality attributes of cape gooseberry var. „Jabalpur Oblong‟. Five cape gooseberry Varieties viz. „Naandhar‟, „Banglora‟, „Jabalpur Oblong‟, „Jabalpur Round‟ and „Gaya‟, were characterized under Ludhiana (Punjab) agro-climatic conditions. The seeds of cape gooseberry were sown in the third week of July and transplanted in the first week of September on raised beds at spacing 0.75 × 0.60 m. A wide range of variability among different cultivars was observed in vegetative, flowering and fruit characters. The maximum plant height was reported in „Naandhar‟ (114.47 cm) followed by „Jabalpur Oblong‟ (99.96 cm). The maximum plant spread in East-West (92.50 cm) and North-South (86.65 cm) directions was noted in „Jabalpur Oblong‟. The yield and fruit quality attributes were significantly higher in „Jabalpur Oblong‟ than other Varieties followed by „Banglora‟. The flowering in cape gooseberry plantsinitiated after 65-70 days after transplanting, 85-90 days for fruit development and 170-180 days for fruit ripening. Mulching with black polythene considerably improved the physico-chemical characteristics as compared to white and paddy straw mulch. It is concluded that black mulch substantially enhanced fruit yield contributing attributes under subtropical climatic conditions of north India. From the studies, it may be concluded that cape gooseberry cv. „Jabalpur Oblong‟ and „Banglora‟ were found superior under Punjab conditions in terms of yield attributes and biochemical characteristics.ThesisItem Embargo Effect of plant spacing on vegetative and reproductive behaviour of guava (Psidium guajava L.) cv. Shweta(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Chawla, Himanshu; Arora, N.K.The present investigation on the effect of plant spacing on vegetative and reproductivebehaviour of guava (Psidium guajava L.) cv. Shweta was carried out in the Fruit Research Farm, Department of Fruit Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during the year 2021- 22. The observations were recorded on five-year-old plants of guava cv. Shweta at densities viz. 6x5 m, 5x5 m, 5x4 m, 5x3 m, 4x4 m and 4x3 m. Each replication consists of a unit of five trees. The experiment was laid out as per Randomized Block Design. The present investigation revealed that characters like scion girth, stock girth, scion stock ratio, canopy volume and stomatal density increase with an increase in plant spacing while plant height, leaf size and crotch angle have reversed correlation with spacing. Fruiting attributes viz. flower bud density (38.86 %), fruit set (66.12 %) and fruit retention (61.22 %) were recorded higher in trees spaced at 6x5 m as compared to other spacings; whereas, trees planted at closers pacing (6m x 3m) has taken higher 76 days from fruit set to maturity. The number of fruits per tree, fruit yield per tree, fruiting density and yield efficiency (maximum in 5x5 m spacing) were increased with an increase in plant spacings (4x3 m to 6x5 m) while seed number per fruit was found to be decreased. Quality characters namely palatability rating (8.9), TSS (12.6 %), pulp content (93.72 %), vitamin C (228.1 %), total sugars (8.42 %) and pectin content (1.01 %) were found maximum in winter season crops specifically, at wider spaced plants (6x5 m and 5x5 m). With wider plant spacing (from 4x3 m to 6x5 m), solar radiation interception and canopy temperature increased with an increase in the spacing of plants while the relative humidity was found to be decreased. The present study suggested that guava planted at 5x3 m (267 trees/ acre) registered higher yield per acre as compared to others treatments. However, tree spaced at 5m x 5m had significantly higher yield vis-à-vis improved fruit quality as compared to trees planted at recommended spacing i.e. 6m x 5m.ThesisItem Embargo Studies on performance of new plum genotypes under Punjab conditions(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2023) Kaul, Smriti; Harminder SinghThe present investigations entitled ‗Studies on performance of new plum genotypes under Punjab conditions‘ were carried out at Fruit Research Farm, Department of Fruit science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during the year 2021-22. Plants of seventeen introduced plum genotypes (KCA-I, KCA-II, Sharps Early, Frontier, Amritsari Alubokhara, Red Plum, Black Amber, Yellow Alubokhara, Shimla Sanitorium, Kotagiri, Sierra Plum, Adarshah, Manake Lalri, Kataru Chak, Dhariwal, Mariposa, Santa Rosa) and two existing genotypes (Satluj Purple and Kala Amritsari) were evaluated for their vegetative, flowering, fruiting, and biochemical characteristics. Maximum tree height and girth were found in genotypes Amritsari Alubokhara and Manake Lalri, respectively. Genotype Sharps Early recorded maximum fruit set and high fruit retention. The time of harvesting of existing cultivars of Punjab - Satluj Purple and Kala Amritsari (pollinizer) almost coincided with genotypes Frontier and Sharps Early (1st fortnight of May). Fruit yield per tree was found to be higher in Kala Amritsari, Satluj Purple, Frontier and Sharps Early. Apart from Kala Amritsari, other self-compatible genotypes were KCA-II, Sharps Early, Frontier, Amritsari Alubokhara, Manake Lalri, Kataru Chak and Dhariwal. Genotypes Frontier, Amritsari Alubokhara, and Manake Lalri exhibited freestone characteristic. Genotypes Satluj Purple, Frontier and Sharps Early possessed higher fruit weight and fruit size. Higher TSS was found in genotypes Kala Amritsari, Sharps Early and Frontier. Plum genotypes Sharps Early and Frontier are self-compatible and performed better than other genotypes in terms of maturity, yield, fruit quality and can be further evaluated under Punjab conditions.ThesisItem Embargo Effect of foliar application of iron and molybdenum on horticultural traits and nutrient uptake in guava (Psidium guajava L.)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Amit Kumar; Khokhar, YogeshThe present investigation was carried out to study the effect of supplemental foliar application of Iron and Molybdenum sources on horticultural traits of winter season fruits and nutrient uptake in guava cv. Shweta (Psidium guajava L.) trees. X years old trees were sprayed once and twice with ferrous sulphate (0.3%, 0.4% and 0.5%), single spray of ammonium molybdate and sodium molybdate each at 0.05 %, 0.10 % and 0.15 % concentration during middle of August and September. The results revealed that greater vegetative shoot extension (33.74 cm), leaf area (81.3 cm2 ), fruit set (62.7 %), fruit retention (67.3 %) were recorded with single spray of ferrous sulphate @ 0.5 % which were at par with 0.10 % ammonium molybdate spray. Similarly, fruit physical parameters such as fruit weight (204.9 g), fruit size i.e. fruit length (7.9 cm) and fruit breadth (7.5 cm) and yield (29.6 kg) were recorded significantly higher in single spray of ferrous sulphate treatment. Likewise, in the same treatment biochemical characteristics viz. total soluble solids content (TSS), vitamin C and proline also recorded maximum which were at par with foliar application of 0.10 % ammonium molybdate. Foliar application of ferrous sulphate @ 0.5 % twice exhibited significant improvement in fruit colour as compared to other treatments. However, pectin content was not affected by ferrous sulphate as well as molybdenum sprays. Foliar N, P, K and Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu, Mo contents also improved with foliar sprays of ferrous sulphate and ammonium molybdate over control. In conclusion, the application of single spray of 0.5 % ferrous sulphate has a potential to improve vegetative growth, fruit yield and quality of guava.
