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ThesisItem Embargo Impact of water quality on plant physiological parameters, fruit quality and soil properties in kinnow mandarin(Punjab Agricultural University, 2024) Harpreet Kaur; Dr. Mandeep Singh GillThe increasing demand for irrigation water to secure food for ever growing global population with declining fresh water resources carves the path for introduction of alternative ways of using saline water. Management of saline water through desalination or blending with low salinity canal water may be a viable strategy for Kinnow irrigation in semi-arid regions having saline ground water and scarce canal water. Long-term irrigation with saline water causes accumulation of salts in the rhizosphere, inducing increased osmotic potential of the soil solution thus impairing plant water and nutrient uptake. A long term on-going drip irrigated field experiment being conducted under the NHM sponsored project “Centre of excellence for utilization of brackish water for fruits and vegetable production in S-W Punjab” at PAU RRS Bathinda was selected to study the effect of different qualities of irrigation water namely canal (WQ1), desalinated (WQ2), tube well (WQ3) and mixed CW: TW (WQ4) water on growth , yield and soil properties under Kinnow mandarin orchard. The results showed that highest fruit yield and other fruit quality parameters was obtained with WQ1, followed by WQ2 and WQ4, while lowest with WQ3. Plant growth and photosynthetic activities were highest under canal water irrigation which was followed by the photosynthetic activities observed in desalinated water. Highest electrolyte leakage was observed in tube well irrigation and consequently the highest enzymatic activities (SOD, POD and CAT) were recorded in tube well irrigation. The concentration of sodium and chloride ions in leaves were increased significantly with increasing salinity of irrigation water. The pH and electrical conductivity of soil increased significantly in WQ3 and WQ4 in comparison to WQ1 and WQ2 before and after the fertigation. Saline water (WQ3 and WQ4) increased the salinity build up away from the drip lateral to a greater extent than non-saline water (WQ1 and WQ2). Soil SAR values were also found to be higher in WQ3 and WQ4. However EC, pH and SAR values of soil with WQ2 were found to be quite similar to that of WQ1. Available P, K and organic carbon content of soil decreased with the increasing salinity of irrigation water. To conclude, desalinated water or mixing canal and tube well water in equal proportion can be used for irrigation to Kinnow mandarin under drip system in case of scarcity of good quality irrigation water.ThesisItem Restricted Assessment of biochemical and nutritional changes in sweet oranges at different developmental stages(Punjab Agricultural University, 2024) Sharma, Diya; Chahal, Tanjeet SinghThe present study was conducted at Fruit Research Station, Jallowal-Lesriwal, Jalandhar, Department of Fruit Science and Department of Biochemistry, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during the year 2022-23 on six sweet orange varieties viz. Early Gold, Ruby Nucellar, Westin, Itaborai, Vernia and Moro. The fruit pulp and peel samples were analysed for physico-chemical parameters like fruit weight and size, peel thickness, moisture content and juice content along TA, TSS, sugars, pectin and carotenoids. Most of these parameters exhibited an increasing trend towards progressing fruit maturity except peel thickness and TA which decreased with advancement of fruit maturity. The vitamin C, total phenol and flavonoid content, DPPH scavenging activity and hesperidin content exhibited decreasing trend as the fruit matured with more concentration in fruit peel in comparison to fruit pulp. Early Gold was observed to be suitable for table purposes due to high sugars and TSS whereas Moro peel was found more suitable for medicinal purposes due to high phenol and flavonoid content, hesperidin, carotenoids and antioxidant activity. Considering nutritional content, leaves of Moro registered the highest nutritional content with respect to nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, iron and copper whereas the maximum calcium, magnesium, zinc and manganese were exhibited by Ruby Nucellar leaves.ThesisItem Embargo Morphological, Physiological and Biochemical characterisation of Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus Undatus) under different growing conditions(Punjab Agricultural University, 2023) Basheer, Aadil; Brar, Jaswinder SinghThe present investigation entitled “Morphological, physiological and biochemical characterisation of dragon fruit (Hylocereus undatus) under different growing conditions” was conducted at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. The aim of the study was to optimise the ideal growing conditions for dragon fruit under Punjab conditions and the evaluation was carried out under open sunlight, partial shade and 40-mesh poly net house conditions. The results revealed that higher temperature coupled with low relative humidity under open field conditions negatively impacted the growth of cladodes; however, the initiation of vegetative buds and cladode development was earlier as compared to other conditions. Significantly higher cladode length (83.77 cm), cladode rib width (2.13 cm) and areolar distance (4.93 cm) were recorded in the plants grown under 40-mesh poly net house conditions. Whereas, under open field conditions, the thickness of cladode ribs (3.89 mm) and thorn length (3.37 mm) were recorded highest among all conditions. Similarly, under different growing conditions, the varied microclimatic conditions viz. temperature and humidity also exhibited significant variation in the flowering and fruiting behaviour. Though the morphology of flowers did not alter with growing conditions, but the flower bud emergence, fruit development as well as the maturity advanced during first and second fruiting flush among all four fruiting flushes. One additional flowering was also observed under open field conditions which got damaged due to high temperature and failed to set any fruit. The anatomical studies revealed that the opening and closing of stomata occurred at 20:00 and 12:00 hours, respectively. Though, the stomata density did not alter with growing conditions, but the stomata size was significantly less under open sunlight conditions as compared to the other growing conditions. Chlorophyll a and b content was significantly more in the cladode of plants under 40-mesh net house. The average fruit length (13.12 cm), fruit diameter (8.15 cm) and fruit weight (253.44 g) were highest under partial shade conditions. The fruit quality in terms of biochemical parameters viz., TSS (14.7 °Brix), total sugars (11.61 g per 100g), total phenols (25.92 mg GAE per 100g), flavonoids (17.50 mg CE per 100g), carotenoids (18.01 µg per g), antioxidants (142.78 µmol per 100g) and vitamin C (31.80 mg per 100g) were significantly higher under open sunlight conditions. It was concluded from the present investigation that dragon fruit performed better under partial shade conditions and proved to be more promising as compared to other growing conditions.ThesisItem Embargo Genetic variability studies in guava (Psidium guajava L.) genotypes for growth, yield and quality attributes(Punjab Agricultural University, 2024) Kuldeep; Gagandeep KaurThe present study was carried out at Fruit research farm, PAU Ludhiana from 2022 to 2023 to assess phenotypic variability among twenty seven guava accessions for tree growth, fruit yield and quality. The varieties Punjab Pink, Pear shaped and Allahabad Safeda, had spreading growth habit, while the other varieties under evaluation had intermediate growth habit. The varieties like Punjab Kiran, Pant Prabhat and Punjab Pink were vigorous, while the others were semi-vigorous. The leaf length was maximum i.e. 146.05 mm in CISH G-5. The varieties Allahabad Safeda, Pant Parbhat, Hiasar Safeda, Punjab Kiran, CISH G-5, CISH G-35 and Taiwan Pink had oblong leaf, while Pear Shaped had obovate leaf shape. The other varieties had lanceolate, oblanceolate and round leaf shape. Acute apex was noticed in variety Punjab Pink, Shweta, HB-88, MPAUTN S-1, and CISH G-1. Likewise, the leaf base in different guava varieties ranged from acute-obtuse. The maximum fruit size (length 91.67 mm; breadth 92.45 mm) was recorded in variety Allahabad Safeda. Fruit shape was round in most of the varieties, while Punjab Pink had ovate fruits and fruits were pyriform in the variety Pear Shaped. The maximum T.S.S (11.89 %) was obtained in variety CISH G-1 followed by 11.87 per cent in Seedless. The acidity in different varieties ranged from 0.23 per cent in Thailand to 0.79 per cent in hybrid Seedless. Maximum glucose content was observed in case of CISGH-5 cultivar. Sucrose content varied from 1.86 to 9.85 per cent. Fructose content varied from 2.04 to 7.77 per cent among the varieties. The total number of seeds per fruit ranged from 109 in variety Seedless to 525 in Arka Kiran. The 100 seed weight, among varieties evaluated was minimum in variety Allahabad Safeda (0.88 g) and highest (3.11 g) in SRDH-4. In second experiment, changes in physico-chemical composition during fruit development and ripening in were studied in three guava cultivars namely Punjab Kiran, Shweta and Punjab Apple guava during rainy and winter season. Fruits were analyzed for fruit size, fruit weight, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, reducing sugars, Vitamin C content and bio active compounds content at different fruit development stages. Fruit length was reported in an array of Punjab Kiran> Shweta > Punjab Apple Guava during rainy and winter season. And on the other hand, fruit diameter has a different array i.e., Shweta> Punjab Apple Guava> Punjab Kiran. Fruit weight was reported in an array of Shweta > Punjab Kiran> Punjab Apple Guava during rainy and winter season. The TSS was highest (12.6%) in Punjab Kiran during winter season. Acidity was highest in Punjab Apple Guava. Total sugars were highest in case of Punjab Kiran (7.91%) during winter season while reducing sugars were the highest in Shweta. Vitamin C content was highest in Punjab Apple Guava (193.6 mg/ 100 g pulp) among three varieties. Bioactive compounds like anthocyanin and carotenoids were maximum in Punjab Kiran during ripening stage. While phenol content and total flavonoid were maximum in Punjab Apple Guava among the three varieties during winter season. Pectin content varied in all the three varieties and was maximum (1.12%) in Punjab Apple Guava at 90 DAFS during rainy season. Antioxidant content was highest in Punjab Apple Guava.ThesisItem Embargo Morphological and Biochemical characterization of pomegranate germplasm(Punjab Agricultural University, 2023) Shagun; Sangwan, Anil KumarThe present investigation entitled “Morphological and Biochemical characterization of pomegranate germplasm”. The objectives of this research were to study biochemical and morphological parameters of exotic pomegranate genotypes and to assess the potentiality of exotic genotype(s) in comparison with domestic growing variety(ies). A wide and significant range of variation was observed among ten pomegranate varieties for various quantitative and qualitative characters which include physical, flowering, fruiting, biochemical and nutritional characters. Under physical parameters, plant growth habit, plant height, leaf shape, leaf apex shape, leaf dimensions, petiole length were studied. Number of sepals, petals, flower size and other qualitative characters were studied under flowering parameters. Fruit morphological characters include fruit colour, shape, size, weight, aril characteristics, aril moisture per cent and fruit juice content. Biochemical analysis included total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), vitamin C in juice, total anthocyanin content, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoids content (TFC), total antioxidant activity in peel and juice of fruit, ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), superoxide dismutase activity (SOD) in juice and pectin per cent in peel. Results indicated that ‘Shainakskii’ variety had maximum plant height (2.17 m), leaf blade length and diameter (7.77 cm and 1.84 cm, respectively), while ‘Ariana’ variety exhibited maximum fruit length (7.31 cm) and diameter (7.20 cm), fruit weight (269.7 g), aril moisture per cent (78.2 %), juice content (51.0 %) and total antioxidant activity by DPPH (76.5 %) and FRAP methods (68.5 mmol/ L Fe+2), therefore, its arils may be utilised for anardana purpose,Variety ‘Vkusnyi’ possessed maximum antioxidant activity in peel (87.0 %), thus, it may be used for pharmaceutical or cosmetic industry. Also, variety ‘Nusai’ and ‘Myatadzhy’ had lower TA and high juice content and TSS, so, it may be used for table or juice purpose. A significant and positive correlation was found between TPC, total antioxidant activity in peel and total anthocyanin content in juice.ThesisItem Embargo Effect of harvesting season on fruit nutraceutical properties and nutrient profiling of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch)(Punjab Agricultural University, 2023) Lovedeep Kaur; Nav Prem SinghThe present investigations were conducted to elucidate „the effect of harvesting season on fruit nutraceutical properties and nutrient profiling of strawberry during 2021-23 at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. Five strawberry varieties (Rania, Camarosa, Nabila, Sans Andreas, Tropical Beauty) produced during January, February and March were evaluated for physical attributes (fruit size, weight, dry weight, pericarp and pulp colour coordinates) and biochemical parameters (TSS, TSS/acid, juice pH, total sugars, reducing sugars, non-reducing sugars, anthocyanin content, antioxidant activity, flavonols, ascorbic acid and total phenols). Physico-chemical characters were significantly superior in „Camarosa‟, „Nabila‟ and „Sans Andreas‟ varieties in comparison to „Tropical Beauty‟ and „Rania‟. Pulp and pericarp L*, C* coordinates were significantly better in these varieties; however, fruit anthocyanin content, a* and h* angle was recorded the lowest values depicting the better red colour development. Fruits of all varieties matured during February-March had better quality related parameters. Leaf macro and micro nutrients content was also estimated in different varieties and it was ranged from 2.23 % to 2.85%, 0.22% to 0.27%, 0.63% to 0.93%, 0.91% to 1.16%, 0.33% to 0.47%, 155.66 ppm to 212.0 ppm, 30.6 ppm to 37.5 ppm, 10.1 ppm to 18.8 ppm and 24.19 ppm to 33.89 ppm in leaf of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu and B content, respectively. Overall, strawberry varieties produced during February-March are superior in term of fruit size, weight, colour development and chemical attributes.ThesisItem Embargo Management of Fruit Splitting in Daisy Mandarin(Punjab Agricultural University, 2023) Komalpreet Kaur; Gupta, MonikaThe present study entitled “MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT SPLITTING IN DAISY MANDARIN” was carried out at Fruit Research Station Jallowal-Lesriwal, at a farmer field in an arid irrigated zone and laboratories of Department of the Fruit Science and Botany, Punjab Agricultural University Ludhiana during 2021 and 2022. This study aimed to investigate the physiological, biochemical and anatomical changes occurring during fruit splitting and management of fruit splitting in Daisy mandarin. This study investigated the various physical and biochemical attributes in both healthy and splitted fruits of Daisy mandarin. The different treatments, including foliar application of growth regulators and nutrients, were applied at different developmental stages to mitigate fruit splitting and improve fruit quality. Splitted fruits exhibited increased fruit size, weight, pulp weight and moisture content in peel and pulp. Healthy fruits had thicker peel and higher peel content. The biochemical attributes viz. total soluble sugars, proteins, free amino acids and proline content were found higher in peel of splitted fruits as compared to healthy fruits. The activity of antioxidant enzymes viz. peroxidase, polygalacturonase and cellulase were found higher in peel of splitted fruits. However, splitted fruits had lower juice content, TSS, acidity, ascorbic acid and total phenolic content. The mineral nutrients (P, Ca and B) were also observed low in peel of splitted fruits. The cross section of the peel, stem end and pedicel of healthy and splitted fruits of Daisy mandarin showed significant difference in peel thickness, epidermal thickness, arrangement of oil glands and vascular tissues. Among the different growth regulators treatments, application of the 100 ppm salicylic acid was found to be most effective in reducing fruit splitting severity and improving biochemical parameters such as total soluble sugars, proteins and enzymatic activity in fruit peel. The application of 10 ppm GA3 improved the fruit’s physical parameters including yield, weight, size and juice attributes. The foliar application of K2SO4 (2%)+paddy straw mulching was superior in reducing the fruit splitting severity and biochemical parameters of peel such as total sugar, protein and enzymatic activity in fruit peel. Fruit yield, weight, size and juice attributes were improved with KNO3 (2%)+paddy straw mulching. Thus it was concluded that among growth regulators, the application of 100 ppm salicylic acid and K2SO4 (2%) + paddy straw mulching was the most effective treatments to reduce the fruit splitting severity and enhance the other quality attributes in Daisy mandarin.ThesisItem Restricted Effect of edible coatings enriched with cinnamic acid on postharvest life and quality of mango fruit under low temperature storage(Punjab Agricultural University, 2023) Ajay; Gill, Parmpal SinghThe present investigations entitled ‘Effect of edible coatings enriched with cinnamic acid on postharvest life and quality of mango fruit under low temperature storage’ were conducted in Postharvest Laboratory, Department of Fruit Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during 2022. The fruit were applied with coatings of gum arabic, xanthan gum and carrageenan alone and their combination with cinnamic acid at different concentrations and stored at low temperature (12 ± 1 °C and 85-90 % RH) for 28 days. Both coated and uncoated fruit were analyzed for different physico-chemical attributes and enzymatic assays on 7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th day for stored fruit. The experiment was laid out in completely randomized design. It was concluded that under low temperature storage conditions, the composite coatings of GA 20 % + CA 0.2 %, XG 1.0 % + CA 0.2 % and CG 1.0 % + CA 0.2 % efficiently delayed the ripening process and preserved the fruit quality attributes in ‘Dusehri’ mango up to 28 days of storage period. Fruit applied with these coating recorded the lowest weight loss, membrane permeability & fruit decay and maintained significantly higher fruit firmness, organoleptic profile, TSS, titratable acidity, sugars, vitamin C, TPC, TFC, TCC and TAA. Also, these treatments registered higher activities of antioxidant enzymes (PAL, SOD, CAT and POD) and suppressed the activities of PME, CL and PG cell wall degrading enzymes.ThesisItem Embargo Effect of girdling on vegetative, fruiting and quality attributes of litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) cv. Calcuttia(Punjab Agricultural University, 2023) Pawneet Kaur; Sumanjit KaurThe present study was carried out during the year 2021-23, to evaluate the effect of different levels of girdling on vegetative, fruiting and quality attributes of litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) cv. Calcuttia at M S Randhawa Fruit Research Station, Gangian. The girdling of 25% and 50% of primary branches was done in the first fortnight of October at three thickness levels namely 2mm, 4mm and 6mm and girdled trees were compared with control trees. In regard of photosynthesis parameters and enzymatic activity, different girdling treatments significantly reduced the leaf stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, internal CO2 concentration and net photosynthesis while enzymatic activity was significantly increased in girdled trees as compared to control. Highest fruit drop percentage (58.43%) was recorded with girdling of 50% primary branches with 2mm intensity. Fruit yield was increased by 14.11%, 33.41% and 4.50% for 2mm, 4mm and 6mm girdling of primary branches, respectively. Fruit weight (25.53g), pulp weight (18.14g), pulp-stone ratio (6.17) and anthocyanin content (9.93mg/100g) were found maximum in girdling of 50% of primary branches with 4mm thickness. The fruits with higher physico-chemical parameters viz. TSS, acidity and sugars content were observed in girdling of 25% of primary branches with 6mm thickness. Likewise, K, Fe and Mn (leaf, peel and pulp) content was increased with various girdling treatments as compared to control. It is concluded that 50% girdling of primary branches with 4mm girdling thickness improved fruit yield and physico-chemical characteristics in litchi cv. Calcuttia.
