Loading...
Thesis
Browse
43 results
Search Results
ThesisItem Open Access Influence of rootstocks on growth, yield and fruit quality of Kinnow mandarin(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Mashaal, Jamaluddin; Uppal, Gurteg SinghThe present study entitled "Influence of rootstocks on growth, yield and fruit quality of Kinnow mandarin" was carried out during 2020-21 in the Department of Fruit Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. Kinnow mandarins budded on six rootstocks viz. Kuharske, Rich 16-6, Swingle, Troyer, Carrizo, and Rough Lemon were used in this study. Carrizo rootstock had the highest mean rootstock: scion diameter ratio (0.94), followed by Rough Lemon (0.92), significantly greater than all other rootstocks. However, the bark thickness of rootstock and scion was significantly higher in Troyer (2.1 mm) and Swingle (2.1 mm) rootstocks, respectively. The largest tree canopy volume of Kinnow trees was recorded on Carrizo rootstock (10.89 m3), significantly higher than all other rootstocks. However, the least was recorded on Swingle rootstock (2.25 m3). The mean fruit weight and fruit yield of Kinnow were significantly higher on Carrizo (186.25 g, 68.27 kg/tree), followed by Rough Lemon (168.58 g, 63.62 kg/tree), which were significantly higher than all other rootstocks. Swingle rootstock had the highest mean yield efficiency (9.77 kg/m3) compared with different rootstocks. A significantly higher photosynthesis rate was recorded on Carrizo (5.41μmol m-2 s-1). Kinnow trees had the highest fruit TSS/acidity (12.94) and juice content (52.5%) budded on Carrizo (12.94), followed by Rough Lemon (11.85, 50.2%) rootstock, which was significantly higher than all other rootstocks. However, Kinnow fruits on Rough Lemon recorded the highest ascorbic acid levels ((31.10 mg/100ml juice), and it was at par with Carrizo (30.25mg/100ml juice). Citrus Colour Index (CCI) values for fruit epicarp, pulp, and juice were the highest on Swingle (24.7), Troyer (11.3), and Carrizo (11.1), respectively, which indicated that these rootstocks had higher colour development. The leaf macro and micronutrient levels were also varied in Kinnow tree budded on different rootstocks. Nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium contents were higher in Rich 16-6 (2.45 %), Troyer and Rich 16-6 (0.18 %), and Troyer (0.94%), respectively. The magnesium, zinc, calcium, and iron contents were maximum in Kinnow leaves budded on Swingle rootstock. However, Carrizo recorded significantly higher Mn (54.17 ppm) content. The study concluded that Carrizo and Rough Lemon rootstock are promising rootstocks for Kinnow mandarin for higher fruit quality and yield. Furthermore, Swingle rootstock is highly dwarf rootstock for having higher yield efficiency and better fruit colour development.ThesisItem Restricted Effect of surface coatings and pomegranate peel extract on postharvest life and quality of pear fruit under low temperature storage(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Megha M; Gill, PPSThe present investigation entitled “Effect of surface coatings and pomegranate peel extract on postharvest life and quality of pear fruit under low temperature storage” were conducted in Post Harvest Laboratory, Department of Fruit Science PAU, Ludhiana. In experiment-I the fruits were coated with chitosan (CH 1 % & CH 2 %), pomegranate peel extract (PPE 1 % & PPE 2 %) and combined coatings of chitosan with pomegranate peel extract (CH 1 %+ PPE 1 %, CH 1 %+PPE 2 %, CH 2 %+PPE 1 % & CH 2 %+PPE 2 %). In experiment-II the fruits were coated with sodium alginate (SA 1 % & SA 2 %), pomegranate peel extract (PPE 1 % & PPE 2 %) and combined coatings of sodium alginate with pomegranate peel extract (SA 1 %+PPE 1 %, SA 1 %+PPE 2 %, SA 2 %+ PPE 1 % & SA 2 %+PPE 2 %). The fruits dipped in distilled water were used as control treatment. Coated and control fruits from both the experiments were packed in corrugated fibre board (CFB) boxes and stored for 67 days at 0-10C and 90-95 % RH. Afterwards, the stored fruits were analyzed for various physico-chemical quality attributes at different storage intervals i.e at 30, 45, 60 and 67 days after storage. Results revealed that fruits coated with CH 2 %+PPE 2 % and SA 2 %+PPE 2 % were effective in maintaining the fruits quality by reducing the loss in weight, colour changes and activities cell wall degrading enzymes like pectin methylesterase (PME), polygalacturonase (PG) and cellulase, retained higher fruit firmness, TSS, sugars, titratable acidity, vitamin C, total phenolics content and total antioxidant activity. These treatments suppressed spoilage, internal browning by delaying rise in polyphenol oxidase activity (PPO) and restrict the accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA) content and colour changes of fruits.ThesisItem Restricted Influence of different orchard floor management practices on yield and quality of Kinnow mandarin in sub-mountainous region of Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Harmanjot Singh; Khokhar, YogeshThe present investigations were carried out to ascertain the influence of different floor management treatments in Kinnow mandarin orchard on weed infestation, soil microclimate, fruit yield and quality under sub-mountainous zone of Punjab. Six years old kinnow mandarin plants were subjected to different treatments viz. clean cultivation, chemical weed management, mowing of weeds, black polyethylene mulch, silver polyethylene mulch, subabul leaf mulch and control (weedy check). Although, no weed growth occurred under synthetic mulches (black and silver polyethylene mulches), but the mulching with leaves of subabul plant; the locally available wild species in abundance also exhibited significant reduction in grassy (13.41 m-2) as well as broad leaf weed (17.72 m-2) count and biomass (8.90 and 12.67 gm-2) as compared to grassy and broad leaf weed count of 54.75 and 58.67 -2 and weed biomass of 35.72 and 39.94 gm-2 under control plants, respectively. Soil micro-climatic parameters in terms of soil moisture (20.93 % and 21.18 %) and soil temperature (27.69 o C, 27.35 o C) at 10cm and 20 cm depth were recorded maximum under black polyethylene mulch, respectively. Whereas, the minimum soil moisture was recorded under control plants. The fruit yield and yield attributing characteristics were significantly higher under black polyethylene mulch with maximum fruit retention (3.01 %), fruit number per plant (447.33/plant), fruit size (6.29 × 7.74 cm), fruit weight (160.13g) and ultimate yield (71.63 kg/plant). Fruit quality in terms of TSS (10.72˚B), vitamin C (40.28 mg/100g pulp), total sugars (8.72 %), non-reducing sugars (4.44 %) was also significantly better under black polythene mulch followed by silver polyethylene mulch and subabul leaf mulch. Thus, it can be concluded that the black and silver polythene mulches were superior in terms of weed suppression, soil moisture conservation, sustained soil temperature, improving fruit yield and quality of Kinnow. However, subabul leaf mulch was economically more feasible as an orchard floor management practice for kinnow orchards under sub- mountainous region of Punjab.ThesisItem Restricted Effect of chlormequat chloride on growth, yield and fruit quality of grapes under protected conditions(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Jashanpreet Kaur; Gagandeep KaurThe investigation entitled “Effect of chlormequat chloride (CCC) on growth, yield and fruit quality of grapes under protected conditions” was carried out at Fruit Research Farm, Department of Fruit Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. The experiment was conducted on grape cvs. Flame Seedless, Perlette and Punjab Purple grown in protected structure and open field conditions. Application of chlormequat chloride (250, 500, 750 and 1000 ppm) was done when the vines reached 5-leaf stage after sprouting. Results revealed that application of chlormequat chloride reduced the vegetative growth in terms of cane length and internodal length with maximum reduction recorded in the vines sprayed with highest dose of chlormequat chloride. Under the protected field conditions the increase in cane length at various intervals was more as compared to open field. At the end of observation period (69 days), the lowest cane length (110.0cm) in Flame Seedless was recorded with chlormequat chloride@ 1000 ppm while it was 204.4 cm in case of control. Similarly, the foliar application of CCC @ 1000ppm followed by CCC @ 750 ppm was found to be the most effective in reducing leaf size and trunk girth. Also, chlormequat chloride decreased the content of IAA and GA3 on each date of sampling relative to untreated buds. Application of CCC @ 1000ppm and 750 ppm was adjudged as the best treatment for improving the bunch quality in terms of TSS, total sugars and anthocyanin content in the berries. In Punjab Purple under protected field conditions, the maximum TSS content was found in 750 ppm chlormequat chloride (20.34%) which was at par with 1000 ppm chlormequat chloride (19.85%). Among the various treatments, foliar application of CCC @ 1000 ppm significantly improved the average yield and quality of grape clusters viz. bunch weight, size, berry weight and size and TSS: acid ratio. Under protected conditions, yield of Flame Seedless (9.48 kg/vine) and Perlette (7.42 kg/vine) was highest in CCC @ 1000 ppm as compared to control (7.56 and 5.22 kg/ vine respectively).ThesisItem Restricted Effect of beeswax and chemicals on storage behavior of baramasi lemon (Citrus limon L. Burm)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Jaismeen Kaur; Jawandha, S. K.The present investigation entitled “Effect of beeswax and chemicals on storage behavior of baramasi lemon (Citrus limon L. Burm)” was conducted in the Department of Fruit Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during the year 2020. Mature light green and uniform fruits of baramasi lemon cv. PAU Baramasi Lemon-1 were harvested and treated with naphthalene acetic acid (50, 100 and 150 ppm), gibberellic acid (50, 100 and 150 ppm), sodium nitroprusside (1, 2 and 4 mM) & 2% beeswax alone and also coated with beeswax @ 2% containing similar concentrations of all these chemicals. Treated fruits were packed in corrugated fibre board (CFB) boxes (5% perforation) with paper lining before storage at 6-8℃ and 90-95% relative humidity for 60 days. Fruits were analyzed on 20, 40 and 60 days of storage for various physico-chemical characteristics. Results revealed that physiological loss in weight, L* & b* colour coordinates, spoilage, total soluble solids, total sugars, reducing sugars and non reducing sugars increased with advancement of storage period. However, other parameters like peel thickness, vitamin C content, total antioxidants, total phenolics content, total flavonoids content, β-carotene content and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity showed a declining trend with the progression of storage period. Whereas, juice content, sensory quality rating and titratable acidity showed an increasing trend during initial stages of storage, but at later stages a decline was noticed. The fruits coated with beeswax @ 2% combined with naphthalene acetic acid @ 50 ppm acid or gibberellic acid @ 50 ppm or sodium nitroprusside @ 1 mM were found to moderately to very much desirable upto 60 days of storage . Beeswax @ 2% combined with gibberellic acid @ 50 ppm was highly effective in extending storage life of baramasi lemon fruits under low temperature storage conditions by reducing the physiological loss in weight, spoilage and maintaining higher content of vitamin C, titratable acidity, juice, total antioxidants, total phenolics, total flavonoids, β-carotene and hydroxyl ion scavenging activity during entire storage period as compared to other treatments.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of foliar application of nutrients on yield and quality attributes of ber cv. Umran(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Kulwinder Singh; Bons, Harsimrat KThe present investigation on “Effect of foliar application of nutrients on yield and quality attributes of ber cv. Umran” was carried out at Fruit Research Farm, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during year 2019-2020. Fifteen year’s old uniformly grown ber plants of cultivar Umran planted at 7.5 × 7.5 m spacing were sprayed with plant nutrients like Calcium nitrate @ 0.25 and 0.50 %, Potassium sulphate @ 0.25 and 0.50 %, Boric acid @ 0.40 and 0.60 % and Liquid sulphur @ 0.25 and 0.50 % along with control (water spray) in the month of mid-November, mid-December and mid-January. Field data regarding fruit set, fruit retention, fruit drop, powdery mildew incidence was recorded. Ber fruits were also analysed for physical and bio- chemical parameters after harvesting. Among all the foliar applications, potassium sulphate @ 0.50 % resulted in maximum fruit set (8.44 %), fruit retention (34.48 %) with minimum fruit drop (65.52%). Maximum fruit size i.e. fruit length (4.86 cm) and fruit diameter (3.06 cm), fruit weight (20.24 gm), pulp content (93.96 %), yield (68.02 kg/tree), fruit volume (19.61 cm3) and fruit colour (59.50,-4.0 and 33.46) was also recorded in potassium sulphate applied @ 0.50 % .Maximum TSS (15.63 0B), TSS/acid ratio (120.23) ascorbic acid content (110.25 mg/100g), total sugars (12.70 %), reducing sugars (5.75 %) and non reducing sugars (6.60 %) and minimum titrable acidity (0.130 %) was recorded with boric acid @ 0.60 % which was statistically at par with potassium sulphate @ 0.50 %. Further it was also observed that, foliar P, K, S, Zn, B, Fe content increased and foliar N, Ca, Mg, Mn, Cu content showed decreasing trend with application of potassium sulphate @ 0.50 %. However, minimum incidence of powdery mildew was observed in liquid sulphur (0.50 %) followed by potassium sulphate (0.50 %). From the present studies, it is concluded that three foliar applications of potassium sulphate @ 0.50 % during mid-November, midDecember and mid-January resulted in higher fruit set, fruit retention, improvement in yield and quality attributes along with reduction in fruit drop and incidence of powdery mildew in ber cv. Umran.ThesisItem Restricted Postharvest application of brassinosteroids, salicylic acid and aloe vera for enhancing storage life of grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) cv. Flame Seedless(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Painda, Tasal; Arora, RachnaGrape is one of the most extensively cultivated fruit crops worldwide in varying climatic zones extending from temperate to tropics with higher nutritive value and remunerative returns; however, are extremely perishable and cannot be stored at ambient temperature for longer duration. The present experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of postharvest application of brassinosteroids (6, 8 and 10 µM) and salicylic acid (1, 2 and 3 mM) with or without aloe vera (50%) in improving the storage life and fruit quality of grapes cv. Flame Seedless, while the clusters immersed in water were kept as control. The treated fruits were packed in low-density packaging with dual release grape guard placed in corrugated fibre board (CFB) boxes and stored for 75 days in cold storage at 0-2°C and 90-95 % relative humidity. The stored fruits were analyzed for physico-chemical attributes at 15, 30, 45, 60 and 75 days interval. The results depicted that all the treatments had a significant impact on extending the storage life and fruit quality of grapes cv. Flame Seedless when compared to the control. Brassinosteroids 8 µM in combination with 50 % aloe vera as a postharvest treatment significantly improved storage life and quality of stored fruits in terms of, physiological loss in weight (0.73 %), decay incidence (0.85 %), berry shattering (1.49 %), organoleptic quality (7.87 %), cluster rachis browning (1.94 %), membrane electrolyte leakage (13.82 µS/100 g FW), TSS (18.45 %) and anthocyanin content (75.47 mg/100 g FW), while fruit colour in all treatments was at par with each other. The highest acidity, total sugars and total phenolics were found in fruits subjected to postharvest treatments of brassinosteroid @ 10 and 8 µM, salicylic acid 1 mM and salicylic acid @ 3 mM in combination with 50 % aloe vera respectively, as compared to the control under cold storage conditions. Postharvest treatment combination of brassinosteroid with aloe vera exhibited higher market acceptability and better fruit quality in storage and holds great potential for maintenance of high quality in grapes cv. Flame Seedless up to 60 days of storage.ThesisItem Restricted Effect of different spacing on growth, yield and fruit quality of lime and lemon(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Sunpreet Kaur; Harminder SinghThe present investigation entitled “Effect of different spacing on growth, yield and fruit quality of lime and lemon” was undertaken at Fruit Research Farm, Department of Fruit Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during 2020-21. The lime and lemon plants of cv. Kagzi lime, Limequat and Baramasi lemon budded on Rough lemon rootstock were planted during September, 2016 at six spacings i.e. 6 x 6 m, 6 x 5 m, 6 x 4 m, 5 x 5 m, 5 x 4 m and 4 x 4 m. Irrespective of cultivars, trees planted at 6 x 6 m distance recorded maximum vegetative growth in terms of trunk girth, tree spread and canopy volume and minimum was noted in trees planted at 4 x 4 m distance. Reproductive growth in terms of number of fruits and fruit yield per tree was also recorded maximum in trees planted at 6 x 6 m distance followed by trees planted at 6 x 5 m distance. But, productivity was found to be highest in 4 x 4 m planted trees. Fruits harvested from trees spaced at 6 x 6 m matured earlier and were superior in fruit quality (fruit size, weight, TSS, Vitamin C) as compared to other spacings. Solar radiation interception and canopy temperature was also maximum in trees spaced at 6 x 6 m and minimum in 4 x 4 m planted trees. Canker incidence was recorded maximum in 4 x 4 m planted trees and minimum in 6 x 6 m planted trees. Among the cultivars, Baramasi lemon gives two crops, whereas Kagzi lime and Limequat give one crop in a year. Growth, yield and fruit quality (fruit weight, size, juice percentage, TSS and Vitamin C) of Baramasi lemon was significantly more than Kagzi lime and Limequat. The radiation interception and canopy temperature was recorded highest in Limequat followed by Kagzi lime and minimum in Baramasi lemon. Incidence of citrus canker was recorded only in Kagzi lime during the present investigation.ThesisItem Restricted Morphological and physico-chemical characterization of Indian jujube (zizyphus mauritiana lamk.) germplasm in Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Karthik, K P; Gill, Karan Bir SinghThe present investigation entitled “Morphological and Physico-chemical characterization of Indian jujube (Zizyphus mauritiana lamk.) germplasm in Punjab” was conducted at Regional Fruit Research Station, Bahadurgarh, Patiala, Punjab, during 2019-2020. The study had two objectives viz. Morphological and physico-chemical characterization of ber germplam in Punjab and to assess the genetic diversity within 27 genotypes of ber in Punjab. From an already established ber orchard the study was conducted. Throughout its different growth phases different observations were recorded year round, which include tree characters, foliar characters, floral characters, fruit and stone characters. Genotypic variance (42.15) and phenotypic variance (0.02) was found higher for fruit weight and lowest for stone width (0.02) and (0.03). Genotypic coefficient of variation (50.39) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (53.97) was found higher for fruit weight and lowest for leaf length (11.00) and (11.92). Heritability was found maximum for fruit weight (88.16 %), while minimum heritability was found for stone length (63.64 %). Per cent genetic advance was found maximum for fruit weight (97.46 %), while minimum for stone length (20.26 %). Highest positive genotypic correlation was found between fruit width and fruit weight (0.955), highest negative correlation was found between leaf length and fruit weight (-0.391).Highest positive phenotypic correlation was found between fruit width and fruit weight (0.831), highest negative correlation was found between fruit length and leaf length (-0.366). Path coefficient analysis revealed that the indirect effect of stone length through fruit length on fruit weight was recorded highest (0.4643), while indirect effect of stone weight on fruit weight through stone width (-0.2470) was recorded lowest. Based on diversity analysis all the cultivars can be grouped into three clusters but for biochemical data the genotypes under study are divided into two clusters, considering the similarities between the genotypes with respect to biochemical attributes .
