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ThesisItem Restricted Morphological and physico-chemical characterization of Indian jujube (zizyphus mauritiana lamk.) germplasm in Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Karthik, K P; Gill, Karan Bir SinghThe present investigation entitled “Morphological and Physico-chemical characterization of Indian jujube (Zizyphus mauritiana lamk.) germplasm in Punjab” was conducted at Regional Fruit Research Station, Bahadurgarh, Patiala, Punjab, during 2019-2020. The study had two objectives viz. Morphological and physico-chemical characterization of ber germplam in Punjab and to assess the genetic diversity within 27 genotypes of ber in Punjab. From an already established ber orchard the study was conducted. Throughout its different growth phases different observations were recorded year round, which include tree characters, foliar characters, floral characters, fruit and stone characters. Genotypic variance (42.15) and phenotypic variance (0.02) was found higher for fruit weight and lowest for stone width (0.02) and (0.03). Genotypic coefficient of variation (50.39) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (53.97) was found higher for fruit weight and lowest for leaf length (11.00) and (11.92). Heritability was found maximum for fruit weight (88.16 %), while minimum heritability was found for stone length (63.64 %). Per cent genetic advance was found maximum for fruit weight (97.46 %), while minimum for stone length (20.26 %). Highest positive genotypic correlation was found between fruit width and fruit weight (0.955), highest negative correlation was found between leaf length and fruit weight (-0.391).Highest positive phenotypic correlation was found between fruit width and fruit weight (0.831), highest negative correlation was found between fruit length and leaf length (-0.366). Path coefficient analysis revealed that the indirect effect of stone length through fruit length on fruit weight was recorded highest (0.4643), while indirect effect of stone weight on fruit weight through stone width (-0.2470) was recorded lowest. Based on diversity analysis all the cultivars can be grouped into three clusters but for biochemical data the genotypes under study are divided into two clusters, considering the similarities between the genotypes with respect to biochemical attributes .ThesisItem Open Access Anatomical aspects of fruit drop in mandarin cv. Kinnow (C. nobilis Loureiro X C. deliciosa Tenore)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Sidakmeet Singh; Gupta, MonikaThe present study entitled “ Anatomical aspects of fruit drop in mandarin cv. Kinnow (C. nobilis Loureiro X C. deliciosa Tenore) was conducted in the College Orchard and laboratories, Department of Fruit Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during 2019-2020. It consisted of two experiments, viz., to study the anatomical and biochemical dynamics occur during fruit drop and to evaluate new chemicals for effective control of fruit drop in Kinnow mandarin. The length, girth and weight of fruit stalk, total soluble proteins, total soluble sugars and minerals were recorded to be significantly higher in non-abscised fruits as compared to the stalk of abscised fruits in May and October during the year 2019. Lower activity of cell wall degrading enzymes was recorded in non-abscised fruit stalks as compared to abscised fruit stalks. Absence of abscission zone, thick xylem vessels and reduced pith were observed in the sections of nonabscised fruit stalks; probably are the reasons for healthy fruit stalks in non-abscised fruits. Foliar application with different combinations of fungicides and plant growth regulators were given to the trees to reduce the fruit drop and increase the fruit yield. Fruit set per cent was found to be non-significant among different treatments. According to periodic fruit drop data, it was found to be maximum in the month of May followed by in June. The foliar application of 10 ppm 2,4-D sodium salt and 0.1% Azoxystrobin (18.2%)+Difenoconazole (11.4%) was found to be significantly superior to reduce the fruit drop and increase the fruit yield and to improve other quality parameters (TSS, acidity, vitamin C, flavonoids, phenols and C/N ratio). Maximum fruit weight (185.10 g/fruit), length (6.59 cm) and diameter (7.36) were observed in the fruits picked from trees given the foliar spray of 10 ppm 2,4-D sodium salt and 0.2% Carbendazin (12%)+Mancozeb(63%). Thus, it may be concluded that treatment with 10 ppm 2,4-D sodium salt and 0.1% Azoxystrobin (18.2%)+Difenoconazole (11.4%) was the most effective in controlling the fruit drop and enhance the fruit quality in Kinnow mandarin.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of Hydrogen cyanamide and Hexanal on maturity and quality in grape cv. Flame Seedless(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Jeevan Jyoti; Gagandeep KaurThe investigation was carried out during the year 2019 on 14 year old grapevines to study the “Effect of Hydrogen cyanamide and Hexanal on maturity and quality in grape cv. Flame Seedless” at Fruit Research Farm, Department of Fruit Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. Hydrogen cyanamide (1.5%) was applied just after pruning when the vines were under dormant condition. Two superimposed sprays of hexanal formulation (1.5, 2 & 2.5%) were given 30 and 15 days prior to the time of harvesting. Bunch thinning was followed in all the treatments where 75-80 bunches were retained at time of bunch emergence except control. Effect of hydrogen cyanamide and hexanal formulation was evaluated in combination with girdling (done at the pea stage of berry) and ethephon (400 ppm), sprayed at the veraison stage of berry development. Results showed that hydrogen cyanamide (1.5%) advanced the bud burst, flowering and ripening by 25, 17 and 8 days respectively as compared to control. However, earliest ripening (by 9 days) was induced in the clusters treated with hydrogen cyanamide @ 1.5 % + ethephon @ 400ppm. Uniform color development with maximum TSS (18.7%), total sugars (16.86%), anthocyanins (48.45mg/l), juice pH (3.68) and minimum acid content (0.55%) was observed in berries treated with hydrogen cyanamide in combination with ethephon. Also, hydrogen cyanamide increased the bud content of IAA and GA3 on each date of sampling relative to untreated buds. Hexanal application @ 2 % or 2.5% along with hydrogen cyanamide adjudged as the best pre-harvest treatment in retaining the berry firmness whereas ethephon treatment reduced the firmness of berry. Foliar spray of hydrogen cyanamide (1.5%)+ Hexanal 2.5 % +girdling significantly improved the average yield (28.39 Kg/ vine) and quality of grape clusters viz. bunch weight (368.54 g), bunch size (24.56 cm × 14.45 cm) and berry weight (2.83 g), and TSS: acid ratio (30.00). However the results of hexanal dose 2.5 and 2.0 per cent were at par for these parameters, thus hydrogen cyanamide (1.5%)+ Hexanal 2.0 % +girdling was found to be best for inducing earliness in grapes without compromising the quality of berries.ThesisItem Restricted Post harvest treatments for enhancing storage life of guava cv. Shweta(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-, 2020) Dhillon, Amanpal Singh; Brar, J. S.The guava (Psidium guajava L.) is highly perishable fruit and to extend post harvest life and fresh fruit market, the present investigations were carried out to explore the potential of guava storage under cold and ambient conditions using wax coatings and LDPE packing. Physiological mature fruits were subjected to treatments of beeswax (2.5% and 5.0%) and carnauba wax (3.0% and 6.0%) alone and in combination with LDPE packing. Treated fruits were placed in CFB boxes and stored under cold (6-8oC temperature and 90-95 % RH) as well as at ambient conditions for 25 and 15 days, respectively. The fruits were analyzed for various physiological and biochemical parameters at 3 and 5 days interval under ambient and cold conditions, respectively. All the treatments exhibited potential to maintain the post harvest life of fruits as compared to untreated fruits under both the storage conditions. However, the fruits coated with beeswax 5% + LDPE packing maintained the fruit firmness, reduced the physiological loss in fruit weight and fruit spoilage significantly. The pectin methyletrase (PME) activity was also restricted significantly with the same treatment. The quality parameters such as TSS, acidity, total phenols, pectin content and palatability rating was also highest in the treatment of beeswax 5% + LDPE packing. While, the carnauba wax 6% + LDPE also proved equally effective in maintaining higher level of total and reducing sugars under cold storage conditions. Beeswax 5 % + LDPE packing sustained the fruit quality for 20 and 9 days as compared to 5 and 3 days under cold and ambient storage in untreated fruits, respectively.ThesisItem Restricted Standardization of shoot tip grafting technique for the multiplication of mandarin cv. PAU Kinnow-1(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Sharma, Ayush Kachrulal; Dhaliwal, H. S.The present investigations entitled “Standardization of shoot tip grafting technique for the multiplication of mandarin cv. PAU Kinnow-1” were carried out in the Department of Fruit Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during the year 2019-2020. Maximum in vitro shoot establishment (58.3%) of scion PAU Kinnow-1 was reported from the nodal explant treated with HgCl2 (0.1%) for the two and half minute and cultured on the basal MS medium. The maximum number of shoots (4.67 per explant) during multiplication was obtained in the MS medium supplemented with the BA (1.0 mg L-1) + NAA (1.0 mg L-1) with the maximum shoot regeneration 86.67 per cent and maximum average shoot length 2.25 cm. Three rootstocks viz. rough lemon, Carrizo citrange and trifoliate orange seeds were treated with the HgCl2 (0.1%) and NaOCl2 (5.0%) where maximum aseptic cultures (78.30%) were established when rough lemon seeds were treated with HgCl2 (0.1%) for four minutes. Whereas, Carrizo citrange and trifoliate orange gave the maximum aseptic culture (74.33% and 69.67%) establishment with the HgCl2 (0.1%) for the four minutes. Three different type of shoot tip grafting viz. in vitro shoot tip grafting, ex vitro shoot tip grafting and microbudding were performed on three different rootstocks. Maximum in vitro shoot tip grafting success (32.67%) was obtained when scion PAU Kinnow-1 in vitro shoot tips were grafted on the Carrizo citrange rootstock of 14 days old with the inverted „T‟ cut and cultured in the liquid media supplemented with 7.5 per cent sucrose. The ex vitro shoot tip grafting gave maximum success (36.33%, 36.33% and 33.33%) when the grafting was carried out with 6 week old Carrizo citrange, trifoliate orange and rough lemon, respectively. Similarly, maximum microbudding success (59.00%, 56.67% and 50.57%) was obtained when micro buds were grafted on the six week old trifoliate orange, rough lemon and Carrizo citrange, respectively. The successfully shoot tip grafted plants were indexed for the viruses and bacterial diseases. The maximum ICRSV (64.83%), CYVCV (73.17%) and CGB (85.72%) free plants were obtained when grafted with in vitro shoot tip grafting followed by the ex vitro shoot tip grafting (50.39%, 50.61% and 62.39%) and microbudding (31.72%, 34.28% and 52.83%), respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Morphological and nutraceutical characterization of guava (Psidium guajava L.) genotypes(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Pankaj Kumar; Gill, M.I.S.Nine guava genotypes were categorized under three groups i.e. white fleshed, pink fleshed and red skinned which were evaluated for their morpho-physiological and nutraceutical parameters. White fleshed genotypes had higher fruit diameter and fruit weight than other genotypes, with maximum values observed in Punjab Safeda (8cm and 244g respectively). Core diameter was minimum in Punjab Pink (4.07cm) and maximum in Punjab Apple Guava (5.53cm), whereas Punjab Safeda and Lalima had maximum pulp thickness (1.63cm). Lalit had highest seed number per fruit (507) and seed weight per fruit (5.78g), while 100 seed weight was maximum in Lalima (1.53g). Total soluble solids ranged from 7.77 percent in Lalima to 11.27 percent in AC 1-4. The TSS: acidity ratio as well as juice pH were higher in Allahabad Safeda (21.3 and 5.35 respectively) than other genotypes. Regarding nutraceutical parameters, white fleshed genotype Punjab Safeda had maximum ascorbic acid (178.99 mg/100g pulp) and total phenols content (170.30mg/100g fw), while pink fleshed genotypes had minimum ascorbic acid and total phenols content. Carotenoids were maximum in Punjab Safeda (0.45mg/100g fw) and minimum in Lalima (0.32 mg/100g fw). While, flavonoids and anthocyanins were maximum in the red skinned genotypes. Flavonoids content was maximum in Punjab Apple Guava (115.48 mg/100g fw) and the anthocyanins content was maximum in AC 1-4 (65.77 mg/100g fw) as compared to other genotypes. Regarding enzymatic activities, Polyphenol oxidase activity was found to be non-significant in all the genotypes. Peroxidase activity was maximum in Lalit and minimum in Punjab Kiran. Phenylalanine ammonia lyase enzyme activity was found maximum in white fleshed genotypes, with maximum value observed in Punjab Safeda. Total antioxidant activity, measured by DPPH assay was maximum in red skinned genotypes, followed by white fleshed and pink fleshed genotypes. Punjab Appla Guava had highest total antioxidant activity (71.11%). The antioxidant activity had significant correlation with ascorbic acid (r=0.92) and anthocyanins content (r=0.802). Red skinned genotype namely Punjab Apple Guava had highest nutraceuticlal potential and can be promoted for commercial cultivation among the fruit growers.ThesisItem Open Access Nutraceautical and physico-chemical composition of mandarin fruits during development.(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Jaspreet Singh; Chahal, Tanjeet SinghThe present studies were conducted at Fruit Research Station, Jallowal-Lesriwal, Jalandhar, Department of Fruit Science and Department of Biochemistry, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during the year 2019-20 on three mandarin varieties viz. Kinnow, W Murcott and Daisy. The physico-chemical parameters like fruit size, weight, juice content, moisture content, TSS, TSS/acid ratio, carotenoids and sugars were recorded maximum at final stage of harvesting whereas titratable acidity presented a declining array from first to final stage of fruit harvesting. Seed size of fruit increased while peel thickness decreased with fruit development but no particular trend was observed for specific gravity of fruit. Color of fruit juice, peel and pulp improved with fruit maturity. Vitamin C and total flavonoid content varied from 24.23 to 42.11 mg/100ml and 2.08 to 7.57 mg (RE) g-1 respectively, and found highest in mid-sampling stages. Peel of mandarins consisted of greater antioxidant activity, total phenolic content and total flavonoid content as compared to pulp of fruits. In peel and pulp, antioxidant activity declined during fruit development. Pectin was increased substantially with relation to fruit maturity, however, limonin was registered highest at mid stage of sampling. Irrespective of stages, peel and seeds were the rich source of pectin and limonin, respectively. Kinnow was found highly suitable variety for table purpose utilisation as it contained higher antioxidants along with different internal quality attributes such as TSS, sugars etc. However, fruits of W Murcott and Daisy were also good source of different types of antioxidants at young and mid stage of fruit development, respectively. During this study, leaves of mandarin varieties contained higher concentration of nutrients than the peel and pulp. Different nutrients exhibited a specific pattern during fruit growth and development.ThesisItem Restricted Effect of edible surface coatings on storage behavior of mango fruit cv. Dusehri(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Mshora, Abubakar Mashaka; Gill, P.P.S.The present study entitled “Effect of edible surface coatings on storage behavior of mango fruit cv. Dusehri” was carried out in the Department of Fruit Science, PAU, Ludhiana during the year 2018. The mature and uniform fruits were harvested in the month of July and thoroughly washed, sanitized, dried up in shade and afterwards coated with Aloe vera gel 50%, Aloe vera gel 100%, beeswax 1.5%, beeswax 3.0%, chitosan 0.5%, chitosan 1.0% and control treatment (uncoated fruits). The fruits were placed in CFB (5% ventilation) boxes and subsequently stored at cold room (10 ºC±1 and 90-95% RH). The fruits were analyzed after 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of storage. Physiological loss weight in mango fruits decreased with storage however, fruits treated with beeswax 3.0% recorded significantly lower physiological loss in weight as compared to other treatments. Likewise, titratable acidity, fruit firmness, and vitamin C showed decreasing tendency with increase in storage period. Total soluble solids (TSS), colour changes, - carotenoids and sugars were increased progressively up to 28th day of cold storage. Fruit sensory quality rating was increased up to 21 days except in control fruits where the sensory quality increased up to 14 days followed by decline up to 28th day of storage. The enzymatic (Cellulase, amylase and polygalacturonase) activities were increased up to 14th day followed by decline up to 28th day of storage. During cold storage, beeswax 3.0% was found to be most effective in extending the storage life mango fruit cv. Dusehri with acceptable quality of fruits during the entire storage period.ThesisItem Restricted Development of Rough lemon hybrids using embryo rescue and their identification with microsatellite markers(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Danish Kumar; Krishan KumarThe present study was carried out in 2017-18 to develop Rough lemon × X-639 hybrids using embryo culture and their differentiation by SSR markers. The fruit setting and final retention of the crossed fruits was higher in the year 2018 than in 2017. Of the 3731 sown crossed seeds under net house condition, 2337 (62.63%) showed germination while cent per cent seed germination was recorded through embryo culture. Embryo culture was performed from fruits harvested at 75, 100 and 125 days after pollination (DAP) in 2017 and at 90 and 160 DAP in 2018. The frequency of monoembryonic seeds significantly varied from 23% at 75 DAP to 3.4% at 160 DAP. Out of the four stage (globular, heart, torpedo and cotyledonary) of embryos, the cotyledonary embryos were most abundant (>90%) at all DAP. With increase in DAP, the size of the cotyledonary embryos increased. The cotyledonary embryos recorded higher germination than that of pro-embryos. Thirty six SSRs were tested between Rough lemon and X-639, 13 were polymorphic and three were used for hybrid identification. From the 1233 analyzed seedlings derived from 853 seeds, 109 seedlings were identified as zygotic by three SSRs. The SSR markers Ci08C05, DY287851 and CCSM-4 identified a total of 100, 96 and 38 hybrids with hybrid detection efficiency of 91.74%, 88.07% and 34.86% respectively. The hybrids recovery through embryo culture was higher than that of seed sowing experiment. Under embryo rescue, 27.27% and 15.68% zygotic hybrids were recovered at 90 and 160 DAP, respectively. The hybrids displayed great variation in leaf lamina and leaf apex shapes. For leaf division and petiole wing shape, the progeny was present in two different classes. In conclusion, the study has developed a hybrid population, which can be screened against Phytophthora and soil salinity for determining their relative tolerance against these stresses.