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ThesisItem Restricted Development of Rough lemon hybrids using embryo rescue and their identification with microsatellite markers(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Danish Kumar; Krishan KumarThe present study was carried out in 2017-18 to develop Rough lemon × X-639 hybrids using embryo culture and their differentiation by SSR markers. The fruit setting and final retention of the crossed fruits was higher in the year 2018 than in 2017. Of the 3731 sown crossed seeds under net house condition, 2337 (62.63%) showed germination while cent per cent seed germination was recorded through embryo culture. Embryo culture was performed from fruits harvested at 75, 100 and 125 days after pollination (DAP) in 2017 and at 90 and 160 DAP in 2018. The frequency of monoembryonic seeds significantly varied from 23% at 75 DAP to 3.4% at 160 DAP. Out of the four stage (globular, heart, torpedo and cotyledonary) of embryos, the cotyledonary embryos were most abundant (>90%) at all DAP. With increase in DAP, the size of the cotyledonary embryos increased. The cotyledonary embryos recorded higher germination than that of pro-embryos. Thirty six SSRs were tested between Rough lemon and X-639, 13 were polymorphic and three were used for hybrid identification. From the 1233 analyzed seedlings derived from 853 seeds, 109 seedlings were identified as zygotic by three SSRs. The SSR markers Ci08C05, DY287851 and CCSM-4 identified a total of 100, 96 and 38 hybrids with hybrid detection efficiency of 91.74%, 88.07% and 34.86% respectively. The hybrids recovery through embryo culture was higher than that of seed sowing experiment. Under embryo rescue, 27.27% and 15.68% zygotic hybrids were recovered at 90 and 160 DAP, respectively. The hybrids displayed great variation in leaf lamina and leaf apex shapes. For leaf division and petiole wing shape, the progeny was present in two different classes. In conclusion, the study has developed a hybrid population, which can be screened against Phytophthora and soil salinity for determining their relative tolerance against these stresses.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of different mulches on weed management and growth parameters of guava nursery plants(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Parminder Singh; Kang, Kirandeep KaurThe present investigation to study the effect of different combinations of organic (paddy straw mulch and coco mulch mats) and inorganic mulches (biodegradable polythene mulch, black and silver polythene mulch and black and green polypropylene woven mats) on the weed control efficacy, health and productivity of nursery plants was conducted during the year 2018-19. The studies clearly revealed that black and green polypropylene woven mats in combination with paddy straw mulch were very effective in suppressing the weed growth as the weeds did not appeared even after 240 days of application. Weed biomass of 0.6 g/m2 was recorded in black polypropylene woven mats in combination with paddy straw mulch after 300 days as compared to 42.5 g/m2 in control.The biodegradable mulch started degrading after 120 days of application and recorded a weed biomass of 5.3g/m2 at this stage. The chemical, nutritional and soil microbial properties improved with the application of organic mulches. Black polypropylene woven mats resulted in 2-3 per cent higher soil temperature during winters and maintained 1.5-2 percent higher moisture content during the month of May-June. Among the plant growth parameters, maximum plant height (47.51 cm) was recorded under green polypropylene woven mats and stem diameter (1.47 cm) was recorded under black polypropylene woven mats as compared to other mulching treatments. The plots mulched with black polypropylene woven mats resulted in highest B: C ratio (0.95) closely followed by green polypropylene woven mats in combination with paddy straw mulch (0.91) while the lowest B: C ratio was observed under the control plots. From the study, it was concluded that, the polypropylene woven weed mats can be applied in the guava nursery plots to control the weed growth effectively as well as to enhance the percentage of buddable seedlings.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of plant bio-regulators on growth, yield and quality of pear cvs. "Patharnakh‟ and "Punjab Beauty‟(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Shubhkiran Kaur; Gill, Mandeep SinghThe present investigation entitled “Effect of plant bio-regulators on growth, yield and quality of pear cvs. „Patharnakh‟ and „Punjab Beauty‟” was conducted at Fruit Research Farm, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during the year 2018-19. Eight years old pear cvs. „Patharnakh‟ and „Punjab Beauty‟ plants trained on the Y-trellis training system were treated with three plant bio-regulators of varying concentrations viz. Pro-Ca (prohexadione calcium)@ 100 mg Lˉ¹ (T1), 200 mg Lˉ¹ (T2), 400 mg Lˉ¹(T3); CCC (chlomequat chloride)@ 250 mg Lˉ¹ (T4), 500 mg Lˉ¹ (T5), 1000 mg Lˉ¹ (T6); PBZ (paclobutrazol) @ 100 mg Lˉ¹ (T7), 250 mg Lˉ¹ (T8), 500 mg Lˉ¹ (T9) and water spray (T10) after 10 days of full bloom through foliar application. Evaluation of data recorded for growth, ecophysiology, fruit yield and quality parameters was done. All the treatments significantly reduced the vegetative growth of pear plants. TCSA (trunk cross-sectional area) of pear plants was significantly reduced by T9 and T3 treatments in „Patharnakh‟ and „Punjab Beauty‟ pear, respectively. Shoot length was reduced by 31.11 % and 17.63 % by treatments T3 and T2 in cvs.. „Patharnakh‟ and Punjab Beauty‟, respectively, along with the significant increase in shoot diameter. T3 treatment significantly reduced the internodal length and spur length was significantly decreased by the T9 and T3 treatments in „Patharnakh‟ and „Punjab Beauty‟ pear, respectively. Plant bio-regulator treatments reduced the leaf area of „Patharnakh‟ and „Punjab Beauty‟ pear by 17.15 % and 23.73 %. Pruning wood weight (PWW) was decreased as a result of reduced shoot length and number of shoots. Ecophysiological parameters viz. PAR (photosynthetic active radiation) and net photosynthesis rate were improved significantly throughout the season. Deduction in canopy size led to improved light penetration and hence, higher photosynthesis. Leaf total chlorophyll (FW) and spur carbohydrate content were enhanced by T3 treatment in both the cultivars. The plant bio-regulator treatment T3 increased fruit number, size and weight contributing to improved yield (up to 36.56 % in „Patharnakh‟ and 33.84 % in „Punjab Beauty‟ pear) and production efficiency. Pedicels of pear fruits were shortened and thickened by T3 treatment in „Patharnakh‟ and by T2 treatment in „Punjab Beauty‟ pear. Fruit firmness, TSS and reducing sugars were significantly improved while the effect on fruit titratable acidity was insignificant. Lowest leaf nitrogen content and highest leaf phosphorus and potassium were recorded in T3 treatment. Pro-Ca@400 mg Lˉ¹ could be considered as best in terms of growth control and improvement in yield, PAR and net photosynthesis rate as well as fruit quality.ThesisItem Restricted Effect of rootstocks and spacing on growth and productivity of plum (Prunus salicina L.) cv. Satluj purple(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Saini, Amolpreet Kaur; Harminder SinghThe present investigations “Effect of rootstocks and spacing on growth and productivity of plum (Prunus salicina L.) cv. Satluj Purple” were conducted at Fruit Research Farm, Department of Fruit Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during the years 2018 and 2019. The plum plants of cv. Satluj Purple grafted on four rootstocks viz. „Kala Amritsari‟, „Kabul Green Gage‟, „Sharbati‟ and „Flordaguard‟ were planted during January, 2015 at two spacing i.e. 6 x 6 m and 6 x 1.5 m. All the trees were trained to „Modified Leader‟ training system. Vegetative growth in terms of stock girth, scion girth, tree height, tree spread and canopy volume was maximum in trees grafted on Kala Amritsari and Kabul Green Gage rootstocks and minimum on Flordaguard rootstock. Reproductive growth (flowering, fruit set, fruit retention, number of fruits and fruit yield per tree) was also found to be higher on Kala Amritsari rootstock. Fruits harvested from trees grafted on Kala Amritsari and Kabul Green Gage matured earlier and were superior in fruit quality (fruit size, weight, color, TSS, titratable acidity and TSS/acid ratio). Irrespective of the rootstocks, the performance of plum trees in terms of growth, flowering, yield and fruit quality was better in 6 x 6 m planted trees as compared to trees planted at 6 x 1.5 m distances.ThesisItem Open Access Comparative efficacy of organic media and mycorrhizae in enhancing the growth and buddability of rough lemon (Citrus jambhiri Lush.)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Harish Kumar; Arora, RachnaThe study entitled “Comparative efficacy of organic media and mycorrhizae in enhancing the growth and buddability of rough lemon (Citrus jambhiri Lush.)” were carried out during 2018-2019 in College Orchard, Department of Fruit Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. Five different growing media (Soil, Soil + FYM, Soil + FYM + Cocopeat, Soil + Biogas slurry and Soil + Vermicompost) used in citrus nursery were fortified with bioinoculants (Glomus mossae, Gigaspora and Acaulospora, Consortium of AM fungi and Trichoderma sp.) and uninoculated was kept as control. Among all growing media, soil + biogas slurry resulted in significantly superior shoot and root growth of rough lemon seedlings as compared to other four media. Among bioinoculants, the maximum seedling growth was observed with consortium of AM fungi, followed by Gigaspora and Acaulospora. Soil + Biogas slurry enriched with consortium of AM fungi recorded maximum seedling height, diameter, number of leaves, plant biomass, length and diameter of tap root, number of secondary roots and microbial count. The highest T-budding success and minimum days required for bud sprout were registered for the Kinnow budlings raised in soil and biogas slurry fortified with consortium of AM fungi. The same treatment combination recorded the m aximum sprout length, diameter, leaf area, number of leaves, N, K, Fe and Mn in leaves of Kinnow budlings, whereas P concentration in roots was found to be the highest in soil + vermicompost in combination with consortium of AM fungi. The present study concluded that the growth and nutrient uptake of rough lemon seedlings and bud uptake of Kinnow budlings was significantly enhanced when raised in organic growing media containing soil and biogas slurry (2:1) enriched with consortium of AM fungi. The treatment combination can be used as the best alternative for getting healthy and quality rough lemon nursery plants with improved growth and bud uptake.ThesisItem Restricted Effect of supplemental foliar application of potassium on yield and fruit quality of winter guava (Psidium guajava L.)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Vikrant; Arora, N.K.The present investigations entitled „Effect of supplemental foliar application of potassium on yield and fruit quality of winter guava (Psidium guajava L.)‟ was carried out at Fruit Research Farm and PG Laboratory, Department of Fruit Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana and at the Regional Fruit Research Station, Bahadurgarh during the year 2017-18. At Ludhiana experiment was conducted on 5-years-old-tree of guava cv. L-49 and at Bahadurgarh experiment was conducted on 8-years-old-tree of guava cv. Shweta. The trees were sprayed with various doses of KNO3 and K2SO4 (1.0 %, 2.0 % & 3.0 %) during the first week of August, September and October. Maximum per cent increase in tree height (9.42 % in L-49 and 9.36 % in Shweta) and canopy volume (20.34 % in L-49 and 19.99 % in Shweta) was observed with three sprays of KNO3 @ 3 per cent. Likewise higher shoot length (36.05 cm in L-49 and 34.62 cm in Shweta) was recorded in treatment (T6) i.e three sprays of KNO3 @ 3 per cent as compared to control. The foliar application of KNO3 @ 3 per cent thrice had significantly higher fruit weight (224.13 g in L-49 and 230.13 g in Shweta), fruit size i.e fruit length (8.1 cm in L-49 and 8.1 cm in Shweta) and fruit breadth (7.2 cm in L-49 and 7.3 cm in Shweta) and yield (59.17 kg in L-49 and 48.90 kg in Shweta) which was statistically at par with treatment (T12) in which three superimposed foliar application of K2SO4 was given at monthly interval. Whereas, fruit firmness (6.47 kg/cm2 in L-49 and 6.53 kg/cm2 in Shweta) was observed higher in trees sprayed with KNO3 @ 3 per cent twice. Fruit colour was measured with hunter colour lab and value of „l‟, „a‟ & „b‟ were recorded. Foliar application of K2SO4 @ 1 per cent twice showed improvement in fruit colour as compared to other treatments. Fruit quality characteristics viz. Total soluble solids content (TSS), TSS/acid ratio and total sugars were also enhanced with two and three superimposed sprays of potassium over untreated trees however fruit acidity was not affected significantly by potassium salts. Leaf N and K contents were significantly higher with foliar sprays of KNO3 and K2SO4 over control. Higher shelf life was observed with three foliar application of KNO3 @ 3 per cent and parameters viz. Physiological loss in weight, TSS, Acidity, Fruit Firmness, organolaptic score and fruit colour were significantly improved with potassium salts. The three spray of KNO3 at 3 per cent was found to be the best in terms of improving fruit yield and production of good quality fruits with longer shelf life.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of pre-harvest application of antioxidants on storage life and quality of plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.) cv. Satluj Purple(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Rana, Manju; Jawandha, S.K.The aim of present investigation entitled “Effect of pre-harvest application of antioxidants on storage life and quality of plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.) cv. Satluj Purple” was to extend the post-harvest life and maintenance of quality of plum fruits under cold storage conditions. The research was conducted in Department of Fruit Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. The healthy plum trees were sprayed with sodium nitroprusside (SNP) @ 50, 100 and 150 μmolL-1 and salicylic acid (SA) @ 1, 2 and 3 mmolL-1 before 7 and 14 days of harvest. The fruits were harvested at colour break stage, packed in corrugated fibre board (CFB) boxes and stored at low temperature (0-1ºC and 90-95% RH).The various physicochemical observations were recorded after 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days of storage. The results revealed that the fruits treated with 100 μmolL-1 sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and 150 μmolL-1 sodium nitroprusside (SNP) 14 days before harvest effectively prolonged the storage life of fruits by minimizing the physiological loss in weight, spoilage, the actitvities of fruit softening enzymes (pectin methyl esterase and cellulase) and maintaining higher firmness, sensory quality, all sugars (total sugars, reducing sugars and non-reducing sugars), titratable acidity, total soluble solids (TSS), total antioxidant activity, total phenols and flavonols content under low temperature storage conditions.ThesisItem Unknown Diversity analysis and characterization of morpho- anatomical and photosynthetic traits in mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Arshdeep Singh; Uppal, Gurteg SinghThe present study entitled “Diversity analysis and characterization of morpho- anatomical and photosynthetic traits in mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco)” was carried out during the years 2017-18 and 2018-19 at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. Fifteen mandarin genotypes grafted on rough lemon (Citrus jambhiri Lush) rootstocks were evaluated for morphological characters based on IPGRI descriptors. Furthermore, the leaf samples of these genotypes were imaged in scanning electron imaging mode in (model Hitachi S-3400 N) SEM for morpho-anatomical and photosynthetic diversity analysis. The genetic diversity based on these traits was assessed by using DARwin software. The dendrogram grouped genotypes into six different clusters based on morphological characters. The highest similarity coefficient (0.861) was recorded in genotypes Dancy and Wilking. However, Michal showed lowest (0.402-0.539) genetic similarity coefficient with all other mandarin genotypes and these were genetically distinct from each other. The Genotypic Variance (VG) and Phenotypic Variance (VP) of morphological characters were maximum for fruit weight followed by rootstock girth, fruit granulation, scion girth and pollen viability. The heritability was maximum for traits like seed weight, aerola diameter, pedicel length, length of filament, length of style, petal length and vesicle length. Similarly, dendrogram grouped genotypes into five different clusters based on morpho-anatomical and photosynthetic characters. The Genotypic variance (VG) and Phenotypic Variance (VP) were maximum for stomatal density (4531.37 and 7385.39, respectively) followed by number of closed stomata, number of open stomata and palisade parenchyma tissue length. The maximum genetic advance was recorded for stomatal density (108.62). PAU Kinnow 1, a mutant of Kinnow was clubbed in separate cluster due to variation with respect to morpho-anatomical traits. This clearly differentiated the Kinnow from its mutant PAU Kinnow 1. The study clearly indicated presence of moderate level of genetic diversity within mandarin germplasm and this can be exploited for future mandarin breeding programme.ThesisItem Unknown Effect of protective covering and individual cluster wrapping on fruit quality in grapes (Vitis vinifera L.)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Himatkhwah, Rahimullah; Arora, N.K.The investigations entitled “Effect of protective covering and individual cluster wrapping on fruit quality in grapes (Vitis vinifera L.)” were carried out at Fruit Research Farm Department of Fruit Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during 2018 and 2019 fruiting seasons. The first experiment was conducted on own rooted vines of Perlette, Flame Seedless, Superior Seedless and Punjab Purple grapes grown in protective structure and open field condition. In second experiment, at colour break stage, clusters of Flame Seedless grapes were bagged individually with red and white coloured non-woven bags, LDPE sheets and butter paper bags. Advancement in time from bud-burst to fruit ripening was observed in treatment protective covering as compared to open field condition. Maximum cluster weight and size was recorded in Superior Seedless and Perlette grapes, respectively, under protective covering. Berry weight and size was maximum in variety Superior Seedless grown in protective covering. Maximum TSS (20.3% in 2018 and 19.5% in 2019) and Total Sugar (15.4% in 2018 and 14.8% in 2019) were recorded in Punjab Purple and Perlette varieties, respectively, under protective covering. The lowest acidity (0.60 % in 2018 and 0.62% in 2019) was recorded in Superior Seedless grapes grown under protective covering. TSS/acid ratio was higher in grape varieties grown under protective covering. Maximum total anthocyanin contents (68.0 mg in 2018 and 68.8 mg in 2019) were found in Punjab Purple grown in protective covering. In second experiment, colour improvement and significantly lowest uneven berries colour per cluster (18%) were recorded in white colour non-woven bags. Maximum cluster weight (366.55 g), size (length and breadth) and berry weight of Flame Seedless grapes were recorded in cluster covered with white coloured non-woven bags. Berry length (1.7 cm) and breadth (1.69 cm) and TSS (18.52 %) were significantly higher in T2 (white coloured non-woven bags) which was followed by T3 (LDPE sheet). The lowest acidity (0.48%) was recorded in white coloured non-woven bags. The highest mean TSS: acid ratio i.e. 38.5 per cent was recorded in treatment T2 (white coloured NWB) which was followed by T3 (LDPE sheet) (28.38 %). Total sugars (17.39 %) were higher in T2 (white coloured non-woven bags) followed by red coloured non-woven bags (15.65%). Whereas, maximum total anthocyanin contents (38.95 mg) were also found in white coloured NWB followed by LDPE sheet (30.1 mg). As fruit ripening time coincides with monsoon raining in Punjab, butter paper bag was completely damaged by rain, and also there was high percentage of spoilage of cluster due to trapping of rain water in LDPE Sheet.