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ThesisItem Restricted Evaluation of sweet orange varieties for storage characters(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Mehtab Singh; Rattanpal, H. S.The present investigation entitled “Evaluation of sweet orange varieties for storage characters” was carried out at Department of Fruit science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during the year 2017-18. The fresh fruits of sweet orange varieties; Campbell Valencia, Kodur Sathgudi, M-3, M-4, M-8, Olinda Valencia, Phule Mosambi, Trovita, Valencia late, Vernia and Westin were thoroughly washed and graded into two equal lots A and B. Lot A was kept as a control (without the application of any treatment), whereas fruits in lot B were treated with Citrashine wax coating and potassium sorbate along with Citrashine wax (60 g Potassium sorbate in 1000ml wax). The treated fruits were stored under ambient conditions (Temp. 13-25 ˚C) for 7, 14, 21 and 28 days in Corrugated Fibre Board boxes of standard size i.e. 45 x 23 x 18 cm. The observations on various physical and chemical parameters were recorded at different storage intervals. PLW of fruits increased with storage; however, fruits treated with potassium sorbate along with Citrashine wax recorded significantly lower PLW. Similarly, TSS, rag percentage, reducing sugars, total sugars showed increasing trend with increase in storage period. Declining trend was observed in organoleptic rating, peel percentage, acidity, TSS:acid ratio, vitamin C, non-reducing sugars and flavonoid content of fruits. Fruit colour and seed characters were not affected by treatments as well as storage. During ambient storage, potassium sorbate along with Citrashine wax was found to be most effective treatment in enhancing shelf life of fruits with acceptable quality fruits for 14 days of storage.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of central leader training system on growth and productivity of peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) cv. Shan-i-Punjab at different spacings(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Bachittar Singh; Harminder SinghThe present studies entitled “Effect of central leader training system on growth and productivity of peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) cv. Shan-i-Punjab at different spacings” was carried out during the years 2017 and 2018 at Fruit Research Farm, Department of Fruit Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. Peach plants of cv. Shan-i- Punjab were planted during January, 2015 at six different spacings i.e. 4.5m x 3.0m, 4.5m x 2.5m, 6.0m x 3.0m, 6.0m x 2.5m, 6.0m x 1.5m and 6.0m x 6.0m. The trees planted at 4.5m x 3.0m, 4.5m x 2.5m, 6.0m x 3.0m, 6.0m x 2.5m spacings were trained to „Central Leader‟ training system, the trees planted at 6.0m x 1.5m were trained to „Y‟-shaped system and those planted at 6.0m x 6.0m spacing were trained to „Modified Leader‟ training system. Vegetative and reproductive growth in terms of tree girth, tree spread, canopy volume, shoot length, chlorophyll content, flower bud density and fruit yield was maximum in 6.0m x 6.0m planted trees followed by trees planted at 6.0m x 3.0m distance. Fruits harvested from 6.0m x 6.0m, 6.0m x 3.0m and 6.0m x 1.5m planted trees were superior in fruit quality (fruit size, weight, grade, colour, TSS and acidity) and matured earlier than other spacings. The radiation interception and penetration in the upper and lower parts of the tree canopy was maximum in 6.0m x 1.5m followed by 6.0m x 6.0m and 6.0m x 3.0m planted trees.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) varieties for storage characters under Punjab conditions.(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Varinder; Gupta, MonikaThe present investigation entitled “Evaluation of mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) varieties for storage characters under Punjab conditions” was carried out at Department of Fruit science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during the year 2017-18. The fresh fruits of mandarin varieties; Daisy, Darjeeling mandarin, Fortune, Fremont, Khasi mandarin, Kinnow, Mudhkhed seedless, Nagpur mandarin, Okitsu wase and W Murcott were coated with Citrashine wax, and Citrashine wax along with potassium sorbate (60 g Potassium sorbate in 1000ml wax). The treated fruits were stored under ambient conditions for 7, 14, 21 and 28 days in Corrugated Fibre Board boxes of standard size i.e. 45 x 23 x 18 cm. The observations on various physical and chemical parameters were recorded at different storage intervals. Among different genotypes Kinnow, Daisy, Mudhkhed and Fortune has been found to be promising to retain the fruit physical parameters up to 21 days under ambient conditions of storage. The highest retention in colour parameters was observed in Mudhkhed and Nagpur. The highest organoleptic rating was observed in Daisy followed by Kinnow. The maximum retention in TSS was recorded in Okitsu wase whereas acidity was retained by Daisy. However, minimum change in TSS: acid ratio was noticed in Kinnow. Maximum retention of vitamin C content was recorded in Darjeeling. The W Murcott, Okitsu wase and Darjeeling were found to be more effective in retention of fruit sugar content. The maximum retention of flavonoid content was recorded in Nagpur. Physiological weight loss of fruits increased with prolongation of storage interval. However, mandarin fruits treated with Citrashine wax along with potassium sorbate recorded significantly lower physiological weight loss up to 21 days of storage under ambient conditions. Similarly, TSS, rag percentage, reducing sugars and total sugars reported to be increased with increase in storage period. Declining trend was observed in organoleptic rating, peel percentage, acidity, TSS: acid ratio, vitamin C, non-reducing sugars and flavonoid content of fruits; however, fruits treated with Citrashine wax along with potassium sorbate recorded significantly less decline as compared to other treatments. Fruit colour and seed characters were not affected by treatments as well as storage. During ambient storage, Citrashine wax along with potassium sorbate was found to be most effective treatment in enhancing shelf life of mandarin fruits with acceptable quality up to 21 days of storage.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on canopy management in pear(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Sukhchain Singh; Gill, Parmpal SinghThe present investigations “Studies on canopy management in pear” were conducted at Fruit Research Farm, PAU, Ludhiana during the years 2016 and 2017. Pear plants (cvs. Patharnakh, Punjab Beauty, Punjab Soft) trained on Espalier, Cordon and Y-trellis training systems were evaluated for eco-physiological, fruit quality and production parameters. In 1st experiment, photosynthesis efficiency of leaves was high in plants trained on Espalier system with maximum PAR and followed by Y-trellis system. Efficiency of eco-physiological parameters in pear cultivars was higher in the upper and middle canopy portions as compared to lower canopy portions irrespective of various trellis training systems. Spur formation, flower bud density and relative pattern of fruiting were also higher in middle and upper canopy portions. Vegetative growth in terms of trunk cross sectional area was higher in plants trained on Espalier and Y-trellis system. Larger size fruits were harvested from plants trained on Cordon system but with less TSS, fruit acidity and firmness whereas highest TSS and fruit acidity was found under Espalier system. Smaller size fruits with maximum fruit firmness were found under Y-trellis system. Fruit yield and production efficiency was highest in plants trained on Espalier system of pear cv. Patharnakh. In pear cvs. Punjab Beauty and Punjab Soft, yield related parameters were alike under Espalier and Y-trellis system. In 2nd experiment, plant growth regulators; BA (400, 600, 800 ppm), BA (600 ppm) + GA3 (200, 400, 600 ppm) and heading back treatments (60, 75 and 90 cm from ground level) were applied on one-year-old pear plants to promote feathering. Maximum feathering and mean crotch angle of feathers with main axis in pear cultivars were recorded with the application of BA (400 ppm and 600 ppm) whereas minimum feathering was recorded under headed plants at 90 cm. Vegetative growth and foliar nutrient status of pear plants improved by the application of plant growth regulators as compared to heading of plants at different heights.ThesisItem Restricted Influence of organic manures and biofertilizers on the growth, yield and productivity of guava (Psidium guajava L.) cv. Allabad Safeda.(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Manjeet Rani; Gagandeep KaurThe present investigations entitled “Influence of organic manures and biofertilizers on the growth, yield and productivity of guava cv. Allahabad Safeda.” were conducted in the experimental orchard of Department of Fruit Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, during the year 2017-18. The study was laid out by randomized block design with 3 replications and 9 treatments. In the present investigation the guava trees were treated with different treatment combination of vermicompost, FYM and biofertilizers (Azotobacter, Azospirillum and PSB). Significantly higher fungal population (36 × 10³ CFU/g of soil), Azospirillium population (52 × 104 CFU/g of soil), PSB population (49 × 104 CFU/g of soil) and Soil dehydrogenase activity (4.20 µg TPF /g of soil/hr) was observed in the treatment having Vermicompost + Azospirillum @250 g/tree + PSB @250 g/tree (T4) 60 days after the application of biofertilizers. The combination of Vermicompost (30 kg/ Plant) + Azospirillum @250 g/tree + PSB @250 g/tree (T4) improved physico-chemical and biological properties of soil (available soil and leaf nutrients, counts of microbes) and found to be most effective to produce better fruit quality and tree characteristics i.e. fruit weight, fruit size, TSS, total sugars, ascorbic acid and tree height, spread, stem girth days from flowering to fruit harvest. Also the yield was statistically at par with that recorded in T9 (control; recommended dose of inorganic fertilizers).ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of cytoplasmic male sterile lines of chilli pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) and their utilization in heterosis breeding(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Meena, Om Prakash; Dhaliwal, M. S.A total of 17 cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) lines were evaluated under the low (E1 and E3) and the high (E2 and E4) temperature regimes of 2014-15 and 2015-16. Based on pollen sterility and pollen release score, 10 lines namely CMS4611A, CMS4614A, CMS4622A, CMS4624A, CMS4626A, CMS46213A, CMS463D2A, CMS463D13A, CMS463D14A and CMS463L5A have been identified as temperature stable. The lines showed normal fruit and seed setting ability under the open pollination conditions, and have commercially acceptable fruit traits. The marker analysis of three selected CMS A- and their respective CMS B-lines showed that the genome recovery of the recurrent parent in CMS4611A, CMS4626A and CMS463D13A was estimated to be 98.8, 98.9 and 96.6%, respectively. Three CMS lines and 20 potential restorer lines were evaluated in a Line × tester mating design to estimate combing ability and heterosis over the better parent and two standard checks over three environments viz. the early season (E1), the main season (E2) and the late season (E3). Over the environments, the estimates due to GCA lines, GCA testers and SCA crosses were significant for all the 15 plant growth, yield and quality traits, except due to GCA lines for number of primary branches plant-1. The magnitude of the additive variance (σ2A) was more than the non-additive variance (σ2D) for all the traits studied except for number of primary branches plant-1 in E2, E3, and across the three environments; and for plant height, plant spread and number of fruits plant-1 in E3. The CMS line CMS463D13A and the testers SL 475, IS 268, PP 402, FL 201 and C 142 were identified for use in breeding to develop high yielding genotypes with superior horticultural traits for early, main and late season environments. Hybrids were identified for different crop seasons and for different purposes. Pooled across the environments, the cross CMS463D13A × IS 268 was good specific combiner for total yield palnt-1, number of primary branches plant-1, fruit weight, number of seed fruit-1, capsaicin content and SHU, and involved good × good GCA parents. The maximum mean better parent heterosis over environments was exhibited for total yield plant-1 (35.29%), followed by number of primary branches plant-1 (17.96%), number of seed fruit-1 (12.46) and number of fruits plant-1 (11.43%). The crosses CMS463D13A × SL 475, CMS463D13A × VR 523, CMS463D13A × YL 581 and CMS463D13A × IS 268 performed consistently superior over environments in respect of per se and standard heterosis for total yield plant-1, fruit weight and fruit length, and CMS463D13A × SL 475 for total yield plant-1, capsaicin content and SHU. These crosses are recommended for multi-location testing.ThesisItem Restricted Studies on morphological characterization of sweet orange germplasm(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Sunaiana; Gupta, MonikaThe present investigation entitled “Studies on morphological characterization of sweet orange germplasm” was carried out during 2016-17 at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. Eight sweet orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) genotypes were evaluated for quantitative and qualitative characters based on IPGRI descriptors. These genotypes were studied for vegetative characters (tree and leaf), flowers, fruits and seed characters. Scion trunk surface, tree shape, branch angle, shoot tip surface, shoot tip colour, vegetative life cycle, leaf division, intensity of green colour, leaf lamina attachment were similar for all the genotypes. Variability was recorded among quantitative characters. Maximum rootstock diameter, leaf lamina length and width were recorded in Kodour Sathgudi (126.29 mm), Shamouti (124.51 mm and 77.71 mm) respectively. Pollen viability was maximum in Mosambi (77.17 %) followed by Phule Mosambi (68.94%) and M-4 (58.23%). Bold seed number per fruit was recorded minimum in Blood Red (7.00) followed by M-8 (9.00) and Phule Mosambi (14.25). The main flowering season was ambe bahar (March) and longest flowering duration was recorded in Phule Mosambi (31 days). Fruit count per tree was recorded highest in M-4 (164) followed by Phule Mosambi (158). Fruit yield was recorded maximum in M-4 (28.66 kg/tree) followed by Phule Mosambi (26.10 Kg/tree) and Blood Red (25.40 Kg/tree). Juice percentage was highest in M-4 (43.60%). TSS:acid ratio was highest in Mosambi (28.74) followed by Phule Mosambi (23.12). Dendrogram illustrating genetic relationship among eight sweet orange genotypes was generated based on morphological traits and genotypes were clustered into Cluster-I (M4), Cluster-II (Mosambi, M-8 and Phule Mosambi) and Cluster III (Kodour Sathgudi, M-3, Shamouti and Blood Red).On the basis of qualitative and quantitative characters M-4 and Phule Mosambi could be suitable cultivars for cultivation under Punjab conditions.ThesisItem Open Access Comparative efficacy of plant growth regulators on fruit set, yield and quality of sapota cv. Kalipatti(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Narpinderjit Kaur; Bons, Harsimrat K.The present investigation entitled "Comparative efficacy of plant growth regulators on fruit set, yield and quality of sapota cv. Kalipatti" was carried out at Regional Fruit Research Station, Bahadurgarh (Patiala) during the year 2016-17. Eight year’s old uniformly grown Kalipatti sapota plants planted at 9×9 m spacing were sprayed with plant growth regulators NAA @ 50, 75, 100 & 125 ppm and GA3 @ 25, 50, 75 & 100 ppm except water spray and control in the month of May, August and September during flowering and at pea stage. Field data on flowering per shoot, pollen viability, fruit set, fruit drop and fruit retention were recorded. Sapota fruits were also analysed for physical and chemical parameters. Among all the spraying treatments, NAA @ 125 ppm in the month of August resulted in maximum fruit set (87.27%), fruit retention (91.20%) and minimum fruit drop (8.80%). Maximum fruit size was recorded in NAA @ 125 ppm but fruit length and fruit diameter of different treatments showed statistically non- significant results. Significant increase in fruit weight (88.33 g), fruit firmness (4.01 kg/cm2), pulp weight (70.55 g), yield (37.13 kg/tree), TSS (22.20 %), reducing sugars (9.44%), total sugars (14.39 %) and significant decrease in titrable acidity (0.16%) were recorded in the plants sprayed with NAA @ 125 ppm. Lower number of seeds per fruit and minimum seed weight (g) was recorded in NAA @ 75 ppm. Significant decrease in seed length (cm) and seed diameter (cm) was recorded in NAA @ 50 ppm treatment. However, significantly higher ascorbic acid content (8.81 mg/100g pulp) was recorded in plants sprayed with GA3 @ 100ppm as compared to control and NAA treatments. From the present studies, it is concluded that foliar application of NAA @ 125 ppm during flowering and pea stage resulted in higher fruit set per cent and improvement in quality and yield of sapota cv. KalipattiThesisItem Open Access Effect of different chemicals on crop regulation in guava cv. Shweta(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Jobanjit Singh; Boora, Rajbir SinghThe present investigation was carried out at PAU, Regional Fruit Research Station, Bahadurgarh (Patiala) during 2016-17 to study the effect of different chemicals and their time of application on plant growth, yield, fruit quality and days to fruit harvest. The treatments were NAA (400, 500 and 600 ppm), ethrel (1500, 2000 and 2500 ppm), urea 10%, manual bud removal and control applied on 30th April and 15th May. The maximum flower drop in rainy season was recorded with ethrel 2500 ppm followed by NAA 600 ppm and minimum in control. The mean per cent fruit set varied from 0.00 to 84.38 per cent in MBR and control, respectively. The foliar application of urea was less effective as compared to NAA and ethrel for fruit thinning in rainy season crop. First time of spray was found more effective as compared to second spray. Maximum numbers of days to fruit harvest were taken in control followed by urea, whereas the fruit harvesting was advanced by 42 days in MBR. In winter season, the mean fruit yield varied from 13.86 to 42.98 kg/plant in control and MBR, respectively. Among various chemical treatments, maximum fruit yield in winter season crop was recorded in NAA 600 ppm which was at par with ethrel 2500 ppm while minimum value was recorded in plants treated with urea 10 per cent. All the chemical treatments variably regulated the rainy season crop.
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