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ThesisItem Restricted Studies on seed germination in peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) rootstock ‘Flordagurd’.(PAU Ludhiana, 2012) Bhawna Thakur; Bhawna ThakurHarminder SinghThe present investigations entitled “Studies on seed germination in peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) rootstock Flordaguard” were carried out at the New Orchard of the Department of Fruit Science Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during 2010-2011. Fruits of peach rootstock ‘Flordaguard’ were harvested in the 2nd week of July and the seeds were extracted, washed, dried and then stored in the gunny bags for stratification. The seeds were sown on three dates at 10 days interval (15th December, 25th December and 5th January) after stratification (which was considered as control), scarification (mechanical rupturing of the seed coat) and after soaking in GA3 (100 & 200 ppm), thiourea (1% & 2 %) and Kinetin (100 & 200 mg/lt) for 24 hours before sowing. The germination was started and completed earlier and the seed germination was found to be maximum when the seeds were sown after scarification. The vegetative parameters in terms of height, girth and number of leaves of the seedlings was also significantly higher under this treatment. The root growth and survival percentage of the seedling at the end of the experiment was found to be maximum when the seeds were sown after scarification on 25th December. All the growth regulators were not found to be effective for improving seed germination in peach rootstock ‘Flordaguard’.ThesisItem Restricted EFFECT OF POSTHARVEST TREATMENTS AND PACKAGING ON STORAGE LIFE AND FRUIT QUALITY OF MANGO (Mangifera indica L.) CV. LANGRA UNDER LOW TEMPERATURE CONDITION(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2013) Singh, Judgepreet; Gill, PPSThe present study entitled “Effect of postharvest treatments and packaging on storage life and fruit quality of mango (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Langra under low temperature condition” was carried out in the Department of Fruit Science, PAU, Ludhiana during the year 2012. Physiologically mature, uniform and free from diseases fruits were harvested and were thoroughly washed, disinfected and were dipped in aqueous solutions of GA3 (100 and 200 ppm) and CaCl2 (2% and 4%) for five minutes. The treated fruits were air dried under shade before LDPE packaging. The fruits were placed in CFB boxes and subsequently stored at 13±1oC with 90-95% RH for 34 days. The cold stored fruits were analysed after 10, 20, 27 and 34 days of storage. PLW of fruits decreased with storage, however, LDPE packed fruits recorded significantly lower PLW as compared to other treatments. Similarly, fruit firmness, acidity and ascorbic showed declining trend with increase in storage period. TSS and sugars were increased upto 27 days of storage and after 34 days decline was recorded in unpacked treatments but in LDPE packed fruits TSS and sugars increased throughout the storage period. Fruit palatability rating was maximum at 27 days of storage after which it showed the decreasing trend. The carotenoids content increased with advancement of storage upto 27 days. During cold storage, CaCl2 (2%) + LDPE packed fruits helped in reducing PLW, spoilage, fruit colour degradation. The fruit treated with calcium chloride 2 per cent and LDPE packaging was found most effective in extending the storage life of mango cv. Langra fruits with excellent fruit quality at 27 days and with acceptable quality fruits at 34 days of low temperature storage.ThesisItem Restricted Evaluation of strawberry (Fragaria anasassa Duch.) cultivars under sub tropical conditions of Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2016) Ramandeep Singh; Sangwan, A.K.he present investigation was carried out on ‘Evaluation of strawberry (Fragaria anasassa Duch.) cultivars under sub tropical conditions of Punjab’. Ten strawberry cultivars viz. ‘Chandler’, ‘Camarosa’, ‘Sweet Charlie’, ‘Antana’, ‘Ofra’, ‘Gorella’, ‘Brighten’, ‘Catispill’, ‘Elaranthra’, ‘Belrubi’ were characterized for morphogenetic characters under Ludhiana (Punjab) agro climatic conditions. Plants were transplanted in 2nd fortnight of October, 2014-15 on raised beds of 5.0 m x 1.2 m. Plants were grown under uniform cultural practices whereas fertilizers and irrigation were applied with drip irrigation at different intervals. A wide range of variability among different cultivars was observed in vegetative, flowering and fruit characters. ‘Antana’ cultivar had shown minimum (4.0%) plant mortality and the highest production of runners/plant to the tune of 19.0 as compared to other strawberry cultivars. Maximum plant height (13.4 cm) and petiole length (10.3 cm) was found in ‘Chandler’ and ‘Camarosa’ cultivars, respectively. The flowering was initiated after 64.8 days after transplantation of runners in ‘Sweet Charlie’; whereas it was between 71.3 to 80.3 days in the rest of strawberry cultivars. Maximum numbers of flowers per plant were found in cultivar ‘Catispill’ (44.5) and ‘Antana’ (40.9) while least in ‘Ofra’ (19.3). Fruit length and breadth ranged between 3.96 cm to 2.22 cm and 3.34 cm to 1.91 cm) respectively. Cultivars ‘Chandler’ and ‘Camarosa’ had the maximum marketable fruit weight (17.9, 18.4 g), fruit yield/plant (246.1, 227.4 g) and fruit yield/acre (8.52, 7.82 MT) respectively. The maximum TSS (9.5 0B), TSS/acid ratio (12.5) and Anthocyanin (66 mg/100g) while the total sugars were higher in ‘Camarosa’ (6.64 %) and ‘Ofra’ had the maximum vitamin C content (88.1 mg/100 g) as compared to other cultivars under evaluation.ThesisItem Restricted Effect of biofertilizers on growth and buddability of rough lemon seedlings in containerised nursery system(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2016) Amandeep Singh; Thakur, AnirudhThe present investigations entitled “Effect of biofertilizers on growth and buddability of rough lemon seedlings in containerized nursery system” were carried out during 2014-2015 in Citrus Nursery, Department of Fruit Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. Two commercial growing media (Soil + FYM and Soil + FYM + Cocopeat) used in citrus nursery were fortified with biofertilizers (Azospirillum, phosphate solubilizing bacteria and AM fungi) alone or in combinations. The effect of growing media and biofertilizer combinations was studied on growth of rough lemon and subsequently produced Kinnow plants. In general, the growing media, Soil + FYM + Cocopeat resulted in better growth of rough lemon seedlings and Kinnow mandarin plants as compared to Soil + FYM. Fortification of growing medium with biofertilizers significantly improved growth parameters of rough lemon and Kinnow mandarin plants. In rough lemon seedlings, the highest seed germination, seedling height, seedling girth, number of leaves, leaf area and root growth was recorded with Azospirillum + AM fungi. The highest improvement in growth of Kinnow plants in terms of sprout length, sprout grith, number of leaves and leaf area was also recorded in growing medium Soil + FYM + Cocopeat fortified with Azospirillum + AM fungi. Higher leaf N, P and K content was recorded in growing media soil + FYM + cocopeat, irrespective of the biofertilizer treatments. The colony count of actenomycetes, bacteria and fungi significantly increased by the application of biofertilizers and the effect was more pronounced in the growing media ‘Soil + FYM + Cocopeat’ as compared to ‘Soil + FYM’. The root colonization, spore count of AM fungi, root phosphorous content and phosphorus content in growing media were highest for the biofertilizer combination Azospirillum + AM fungi in the growing media Soil + FYM + Cocopeat. The growing medium Soil + FYM + Cocopeat fortified with Azospirillum + AM fungi resulted in better growth and development of rough seedlings and Kinnow plants.ThesisItem Open Access SHELF LIFE ENHANCEMENT STUDIES IN GUAVA ( Psidiumguajava L . ) C V . SHWETA(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2016) Parambir Kaur; Brar, J.S.The fruits of guava are highly perishable in nature and require strategies to enhance post harvest life for extended fresh fruit market period. Therefore, the present investigations were carried out in guava cv. Shweta to explore the possibilities of storage under cold and ambient conditions with treatments of ethylene inhibitor, antioxidant and wax coating. The fruits of guava harvested at physiological maturity were subjected to the treatments of salicylic acid (100, 200, 300 ppm), ascorbic acid (1.0, 1.5, 2.0 %) and chitosan (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 %), packed in CFB boxes and stored under cold (6-8 oC temperature and 90-95 % RH) and ambient conditions. The fruits were analyzed for various physiological and biochemical parameters at weekly interval. Under both the storage conditions, all the treatments exhibited potential to maintain the post harvest life of fruits as compared to untreated fruits. However, salicylic acid 300 ppm followed by 200 ppm treatments registered higher potential to retain the fruit quality for longer period under both conditions. These were found effective in reducing the PLW, fruit spoilage and maintained the fruit firmness and quality attributes such as TSS, sugars, and palatability rating of fruits. The chitosan has also maintained the fruit quality but, discoloration of fruit surface lead to reduction in organoleptic value of fruits. The promising effects of these treatments showed that the winter season guava fruits can be stored up to 14th day under cold storage and up to 7th day under ambient condition without deteriorating the fruit quality. During prolonged storage these treatments seems to hold potential to maintain fruit quality.ThesisItem Restricted Influence of different chemicals on quality of pear fruit under cold storage(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2016) Kawaljit Kaur; Gill, P.P.S.The present study entitled "Influence of different chemicals on quality of pear fruit under cold storage" was carried out in the Department of Fruit Science, PAU, Ludhiana during the year 2015. Physiologically mature, uniform fruits were harvested. These fruits were thoroughly washed, disinfected and dipped in aqueous solutions of CaNO3 (2%, 3 and 4%) Gibberellic acid (20,40 and 60 ppm) and oxalic acid (2, 4 and 6 mmolL-1 ) for five minutes. The fruits were placed in CFB boxes and subsequently stored at (0-1⁰C and 90-95% RH) for 70 days. The fruits were analysed after 30, 50 and 70 days of storage. PLW of fruits decreased with storage, however, fruits treated with CaNO3 @3% recorded significantly lower PLW as compared to other treatments. Similarly, fruit firmness, acidity and total phenolics showed declining trend with increase in storage period. TSS and sugars were increased up to 50 days of storage and thereafter, a decline was recorded in all treatments throughout the storage period. Fruit sensory quality rating and PME activity was maximum at 50 days of storage after which it showed the decreasing trend for fruits treated with CaNO3 @3% but in control fruits sensory quality and PME decreased throughout the storage period. The TSS: TA ratio and spoilage increased with advancement of storage. During cold storage, CaNO3 3% treatment was found most effective in extending the storage life of Nijisseiki pear fruits with acceptable quality fruits during the entire storage period.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on in vitro propagation of promising grape (Vitis Vinifera L.) rootstocks(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2014) Avtar Singh; Gill, M.I.S.The present investigation entitled “Studies on in vitro propagation of promising grape (Vitis Vinifera L.) rootstocks” was carried out in the Tissue Culture Laboratory of the Department of Fruit Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during 2013-2014. The MS medium fortified with BAP (1.0 mg/l) + Kinetin (1.0 mg/l) shows maximum establishment 45.54 % and 40.80 % from nodal segments and shoot tips respectively. Rootstock R 110 and 1613 C rootstock exhibited the maximum nodal segment and shoot tip establishment 47.37 % and 35.42 % respectively. The maximum shoot regeneration (65.67 %) was recorded in MS medium supplemented with BAP (1.0 mg/l) and Kinetin (1.0 mg/l). Degrasset rootstock gave the maximum (52.89 %) shoot regeneration. Maximum number of shoots (3.63) per explant were produced at BAP (1.5 mg/l). Maximum shoot length (3.13 cm) was recorded on MS supplemented with BAP (0.5 mg/l) and Kinetin (0.5 mg/l) medium. The maximum shoot length (1.73 cm) was recorded in 1613 C rootstock. Maximum rooting was (64.95 %) recorded with MS media fortified with IBA (0.1 mg/l) and NAA (0.1 mg/l). Maximum rooting (55.64 %) was recorded in Degrasset rootstock. Maximum number of roots (13.75) was recorded in R 110 rootstock on IBA (0.01 mg/l) and NAA (0.01 mg/l). Maximum length of roots (5.66 cm) was recorded in rootstock Degrasset cultured on MS medium supplemented with IBA (0.1 mg/l). The 2:1:1 ratio of peat perlite and vermiculite and Degrasset rootstock is the best rootstock for plantlet establishment under ex vitro conditions.ThesisItem Restricted Studies on in vitro propagation of promising grape (Vitis Vinifera L.) rootstocks(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2014) Avtar Singh; Gill, M.I.S.The present investigation entitled “Studies on in vitro propagation of promising grape (Vitis Vinifera L.) rootstocks” was carried out in the Tissue Culture Laboratory of the Department of Fruit Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during 2013-2014. The MS medium fortified with BAP (1.0 mg/l) + Kinetin (1.0 mg/l) shows maximum establishment 45.54 % and 40.80 % from nodal segments and shoot tips respectively. Rootstock R 110 and 1613 C rootstock exhibited the maximum nodal segment and shoot tip establishment 47.37 % and 35.42 % respectively. The maximum shoot regeneration (65.67 %) was recorded in MS medium supplemented with BAP (1.0 mg/l) and Kinetin (1.0 mg/l). Degrasset rootstock gave the maximum (52.89 %) shoot regeneration. Maximum number of shoots (3.63) per explant were produced at BAP (1.5 mg/l). Maximum shoot length (3.13 cm) was recorded on MS supplemented with BAP (0.5 mg/l) and Kinetin (0.5 mg/l) medium. The maximum shoot length (1.73 cm) was recorded in 1613 C rootstock. Maximum rooting was (64.95 %) recorded with MS media fortified with IBA (0.1 mg/l) and NAA (0.1 mg/l). Maximum rooting (55.64 %) was recorded in Degrasset rootstock. Maximum number of roots (13.75) was recorded in R 110 rootstock on IBA (0.01 mg/l) and NAA (0.01 mg/l). Maximum length of roots (5.66 cm) was recorded in rootstock Degrasset cultured on MS medium supplemented with IBA (0.1 mg/l). The 2:1:1 ratio of peat perlite and vermiculite and Degrasset rootstock is the best rootstock for plantlet establishment under ex vitro conditions.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on canopy management in peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2016) Sharma, Yamini; Harminder SinghThe present investigations “Studies on canopy management in peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch)” were conducted at Fruit Research Farm in Department of Fruit Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during the years 2014 and 2015. Peach trees of cv. Shan-i-punjab were planted in January 2011 at two spacings viz., 5m x 2m and 5m x 3m and were trained to four training systems viz., Y shaped, Hedge row, Espalier and V trellis. The total radiation interception and penetration in the upper and lower parts of the canopy were higher in Espailer and V trellis trained trees. Average radiation interception during the year was higher in the upper part of the canopy as compared to lower canopy part irrespective of spacings and training systems. Vegetative growth in terms of tree girth and spread was higher in V trellis trees whereas Hedge row trees recorded higher tree height, shoot length and canopy volume. Reproductive growth ( lower bud density, fruit set and yield) was maximum in V trellis trees and minimum in Hedge row trees. Fruits harvested from Espailer and V trellis trained trees were superior in fruit quality (size, weight, colour and total soluble solids) and matured earlier than the Y shaped and Hedge row trees. The 5m x 3m planted trees were found to be better in terms of light interception, vegetative growth, fruit yield and quality as compared to trees planted at 5m x 2m. Foliar nutrient content of peach leaves was not affected significantly by different training systems and spacings during the present studies.
