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ThesisItem Restricted Cardiovascular health of adult men and women as influenced by stress and eating behaviours(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Sahni, Samridhi; Bains, KiranThe demographic changes, increased urbanization and changes in dietary patterns have contributed to a glaring change in the trends of chronic diseases and obesity in urban areas. A sample of 100 subjects (50 men and 50 women) was drawn from fifty households from Ludhiana city with married couples in the group of 40 to 60 years and monthly family income ranging between 50,000-2,00,000₹ to have an insight into various factors such as diet, physical activity, stress levels, eating behaviours in relation to cardiovascular diseases in an urban setup. The reported incidence of metabolic disorders i.e. hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia and hypertension was higher in men (20-29%) than in women (3-26%). High blood cholesterol was among 26% men and 34% women while low HDL-C was among 40% men and 80% women. High systolic blood pressure was in 51% men and 54% women. 88.6% men and 91.4% women were overweight based on higher Body Mass Index. Abdominal obesity assessed by waist circumference was in 14.3% of men and 43% of women. 26% men had high risk of CVD while 64% of men and 74% of women were having moderate risk of CVD. A significant number i.e. 50% of men and 64% of women had moderate level of stress. Women had significantly lower level of physical activity as compared to men. Low physical activity was observed in 52% of men and 54% of women. Higher intakes of carbohydrates and fats were found in both men and women. The most prominent and significant predictors of cardiovascular health were increasing age (p=0.0001), stress (p=0.0007), emotional eating (p=0.081) physical activity (p=0.17). The blood cholesterol was influenced most by dietary fat (p=0.04) followed by stress (p=0.014) and Conicity index (p=0.019). HDL-C was influenced negatively by Conicity Index (p=0.0006) followed by energy intake (p=0.0008) and uncontrolled eating (p=0.055). The study concluded that increasing age, stress, abdominal obesity, higher energy intake and uncontrolled and emotional eating are the predictors of cardiovascular health of urban men and women. Therefore, it is recommended to emphasize stress management techniques along with mindful eating, appropriate diet and physical activity in diet counselling interventions to prevent the risk of cardiovascular diseases in urban adult men and women.ThesisItem Open Access Impact of nutrition counselling regarding pearl millet on KAP score and adaptability among adolescents(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Saikia, Nirja; Sandhu, KanchanPearl millet (PCB-165) was germinated by using two different sprouting techniques i.e. muslin cloth and sprout maker, and divided into two parts. First part of Sprouted Pearl Millet (SPM) from both the techniques was used for nutrient analysis and preparation of Khichdi, Poha and Porridge. Second part of SPM were dried to make flour by using three different drying methods i.e. open sun dry, oven dry and solar dryer and six different types of flours were obtained. All six different flours were analyzed for its nutrient content and preparation of nutritious Roti, Laddoo, and Upma. The nutrient analysis of raw, sprouted pearl millet and its flour revealed that the nutrient content of pearl millet significantly increased after sprouting. Among three different drying techniques solar dried flour had the highest nutrient content as compared to oven dried and open sun dried flour. The most acceptable recipe among all recipes was Khichdi and the least acceptable was nutritious Roti. To evaluate the impact of nutrition counselling regarding pearl millet a total sample of 80 adolescents were selected randomly from two schools of Nurmahal, Jalandhar District and divided into two groups viz. control and intervention. An intensive nutrition counselling programme was provided to the intervention group and their mothers for three months (in person and online). A significant change in the food preferences, pearl millet consumption pattern, anthropometric profile, adaptability and Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) score regarding pearl millet of intervention group and their mothers was observed after the study. Therefore, sprouted pearl millet based recipes can be incorporated in daily diets of adolescents to combat various nutrient deficiencies.ThesisItem Open Access Assessment of iron bioaccessibility in Karonda (Carissa spp.) and its products(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Anju Bala; Harpreet KaurThe objective of present study was to investigate iron bioaccessibility in different karonda products prepared from physiologically mature, unripe and ripe fruit of pink and green variety. The freshly prepared products namely chutney, murabba, pickle 1 (without spices), pickle 2 (with spices), candy, jam and syrup were analyzed for their biochemical parameters.These products were stored at ambient (14-34°C) and refrigerated (4-6°C) temperature for 10 months. The content of citric acid, succinic acid and ascorbic acid have found to be maximum in pickles of both varieties. Among bioactive compounds, total phenols were found to be maximum in pickles prepared from unripe pink and green variety and in ripened chutney of both varieties, whereas the highest content of flavonoids were observed in green unripe candy, chutney and murabba of ripened pink and green variety. In antinutritional factors, highest content of phytates was found in powder (86.54 mg/100g and 75.51 mg/100g) of both varieties while the oxalates have found to be maximum in jam (29.77 mg/100g and 29.86 mg/100g) and syrup (21.50 mg/100g and 26.43 mg/100g) of pink and green variety respectively. The iron, calcium and zinc content were found to be more in chutney (3.65 mg/100g and 3.92 mg/100g, 40.07 mg/100g and 42.43 mg/100g, 0.18 mg/100g and 0.188 mg/100g) of both varieties (fresh weight basis). The in vitro iron bioaccessibility was found to be maximum in pickle 1 (30.43%) and pickle 2 (20.75%) of both varieties and less bioaccessibility was observed in syrup of pink (2.03%) and green (1.89%) variety. After 10 months of storage percent loss of organic acids were found to be maximum in products stored at ambient temperature than refrigerated temperature, however in antinutritional products stored at refrigerated temperature found to have maximum loss than products stored at ambient temperature. Per cent loss of iron bioaccessibility was observed maximum in syrup (97.28%) and jam (95.52%) at ambient temperature whereas the minimum loss in iron bioaccessibility was in powder (0.1%) at refrigerated temperature and candy (1.45%) at ambient temperature. The products like chutney, murabba, pickle 1, pickle 2 and candy have lower iron bioaccessibility at refrigerated temperature than ambient temperature. The positive correlation of iron bioaccessibility was found with organic acids, total phenols and flavonoids however phytates, oxalates, phenolic compounds, calcium, pectin and zinc were negatively correlated with iron bioaccessibility. The study concluded that as the karonda is a rich source of iron and its formulated products have shown the good bioaccessibility of iron, therefore these products can be consumed by anaemic population to fulfill their iron requirements.ThesisItem Open Access Development and evaluation of wheatgrass enriched functional pasta.(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Bawa, Keshavdeep; Brar, Jaswinder KaurThe present study was undertaken to develop nutritious and antioxidant rich functional pasta with incorporation of wheatgrass powder and juice. Wheatgrass powder (WGP) was added @ of 3, 6, 9, 12, 15% by replacing semolina in pasta blend whereas wheatgrass juice (WGJ) was added @ of 33, 66, 99% by replacing water during mixing. The prepared pasta samples were assessed for cooking quality, proximate composition, antioxidant properties, colour, texture attributes and sensory evaluation. WGP and WGJ incorporated pasta showed significant variation among the quality parameters. Incorporation of wheatgrass powder and juice significantly (p<0.05) decreased the optimum cooking time whereas the water absorption capacity of the pasta increased. Cooking loss increased with increasing incorporation levels of wheatgrass powder and juice that ranged from 2.83 – 4.36 percent. Enrichment of pasta with wheatgrass powder and juice resulted in a significant (p < 0.05) improvement in nutritional and antioxidant properties, which was demonstrated by an increase in the content of dietary fibre, ash, protein, total phenolic content, flavonoids content, chlorophyll and antioxidant activity (FRAP, DPPH and ABTS). Incorporation of wheatgrass powder and juice significantly (p<0.05) decreased the L value while greenness (-a*) of the pasta increased progressively. The firmness and toughness of the pasta also varied significantly with the incorporation of WGP and WGJ. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirmed the presence of starch, protein, total phenol and chlorophyll in both WGP and WGJ incorporated pasta. Sensory data revealed that pasta containing 9% of wheatgrass powder and 99% of wheatgrass juice were acceptable with highest overall acceptability score of 7.57 and 7.72, respectively. Storage study of optimised pasta showed that pasta samples retained maximum bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity up to 4 months.ThesisItem Open Access Body composition in relation to metabolic syndrome among adult men and women engaged in desk jobs(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Kang, Puneet Kaur; Harpreet KaurOne hundred men and women (30-45 years old) working in desk jobs of 8 hours from Punjab Agricultural University campus were enrolled to study the relationship of body composition with Metabolic Syndrome (MS). The average Body Mass Index (BMI) of men was 27.64 Kg/m2 while it was 25.78 Kg/m2 for women which was higher than the cut off value of 23.0 for Asians (WHO 2000), the proportion of obese males was 58%, whereas, the men at risk of obesity were 19%. 62% of women were obese while 21% of them were found to be at risk of obesity. The abdominal obesity determined from waist circumference was more prevalent in women (45%) while it was low i.e., 6% in men. High Fat mass was observed in 64% of men and 81% of women. Abdominal obesity was more in women (45%) in comparison to men. Hypertension was more in men (26%) than women (9%). Family history of hypertension was among 22% men and 23% in women. Family history of diabetes was in 17 and 19% in men and women, respectively. Lower HDL-C values were observed in only 19% of men and 55% of women. On the other hand, 60% of men and 36% of women had higher level of HDL-C. The high cholesterol level was found in 36 and 26% of men and women. Higher triglycerides were found in 49% men and 36% women. The systolic and diastolic BP was higher in 51 and 34% of men and 38 and 32% in women. MS was higher in women (45%) and lesser in men (23%). Higher BMI, Waist circumference and higher fat mass were strongly associated (p≤0.01) with hyperlipidaemia and hypertension. Higher body fat was correlated (p≤0.05) with hyperglycaemia. Proteins and dietary fibre were adequate while carbohydrates and fat was higher. Higher fat intake of the subjects was significantly (p≤0.05) correlated with total cholesterol and LDL-C. Greater number of women (45%) had low level of physical activity as compared to men (23%). A significant but negative (p≤0.05) correlation was observed between fat mass of the subjects and by MET-minutes/week scores. Moderate level of stress was in majority of men and women i.e., 66 and 68%, respectively. Young adults engaged in long hours desk jobs must involve themselves in moderate to vigorous physical activity before and after their office hours to achieve optimum body composition i.e., lesser fat mass and higher fat free mass along with adequate dietary modifications in order to prevent MS.ThesisItem Open Access Impact of nutrition intervention of quinoa based foods to manage celiac disease among children(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Rajbir Singh; Navjot KaurQuinoa flour supplemented gluten free biscuits were prepared by using combination of quinoa flour, maize flour and rice flour. Quinoa flour was supplemented at three different levels of 20, 40 and 60 percent. Quinoa seeds were germinated prior the development of gluten free biscuits. The developed samples were organoleptically evaluated using nine point hedonic rating scale. The sample supplemented with 40 percent quinoa flour was found to be highly acceptable. Acceptable gluten free biscuits were chemically analysed for proximate composition, essential amino acid content, mineral content and anti-nuritional factors using standard methods. The results revealed that the most acceptable sample had appreciable amount of protein (11.45 g), fat (46.66 g), fibre (2.45 g), ash (1.64 g), energy (634.44 Kcal), iron (1.77 mg), calcium (49.43 mg), magnesium (70.08 mg), zinc (1.51 mg), tryptophan (0.58 g), methionine (0.96 g) and lysine (3.69 g) per 100 g. Anti-nutritional factors were also enhanced in the supplemented biscuits. A group of sixty celiac children in the age group of 7 to 9 years were selected and divided into two groups of thirty each. Thirty celiac children of experimental group were supplemented with highly acceptable gluten free biscuits for a period of three months and also nutritional counselling was done whereas no nutrition intervention was done in the thirty children of control group. The mean daily intake of cereals, pulses, roots and tubers, fruits, eggs, milk and milk products increased significantly (p<0.01) after the intervention period. A significant increase (p<0.01) in the intake of protein, carbohydrates, energy, thiamine, iron and calcium was observed after the intervention. The weight-for-age and BMI-for-age significantly improved after the interventions; however, the height remained unaffected. Anti-TTG IgA levels were observed to be significantly (p<0.01) decreased by 51.07 percent. Thus, study recommends the follow up and nutrition intervention of the celiac patients should be done for a longer period for better results.ThesisItem Restricted Efficacy of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy Targeting Eating Behaviour (CBT-TEB) in management of adiposity among middle-aged working women(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Muskan; Bains, KiranThe study was aimed to assess the effect of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy Targeting Eating Behaviour (CBT-TEB) in management of adiposity among middle-aged working women. Sixtysix volunteer female faculty members from Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, aged 30-60 years with BMI above 25 kg/m2 participated in the study. The participants were divided into two groups as Control Group (n=34) and CBT-TEB Group (n=32). The compliance to diet plan during a 10-week CBT-TEB programme was 72.01 to 81.86% for meals and 67.4 to 70.42% for snacking. Among different exercises, walking had maximum compliance (76.4%) followed by aerobic exercise (33.74%) while least for resistance exercises (24%). A significant reduction of body weight (4%), fat mass (2%), waist circumference (4.9%), hip circumference (2.7%), BMI (4.4%), waist-hip ratio (2.2%), Waist-Height ratio (4.8%) and Conicity Index (3.05%) was observed among the subjects. A positive behavioural change in eating pattern of the subjects through CBT-TEB programme resulted in decreased daily intake of energy (-696 Kcal), carbohydrates (-177g) and fat (-4.29g) whereas, enhanced intake of protein (19.2g), calcium (932.7mg) and iron (3.06mg). Energy and macronutrients namely carbohydrates, protein and fat from snack foods had a strong association with fat mass, hence restricting these nutrients through snacks has been proved beneficial to reduce adiposity. Walking as an exercise had been proved instrumental in reducing abdominal adiposity significantly (p≤0.05) among the subjects who received CBT-TEB for 10 weeks. The impact of CBT-TEB was positive as maximum participants were able to bring change in themselves to cope up with eating disorders. Twelve healthy snacks developed according to the psychological and social preferences of the subjects were richer in protein and fiber but lower in fat, hence more nutritious than the traditional snack foods available in the market. Therefore, Cognitive behavioural Therapy Targeting Eating Behaviours (CBTTEB) can be used as an effective tool in reducing adiposity among self-motivated women. CBTTEB involves sessions to bring positive changes in thinking process and to correct overall eating patterns and snacking behaviour in particular by reducing emotional eating that is induced by stress, anxiety and other mental attributes. Behavioural change to healthy snacking due to CBTTEB is a sustainable approach to maintain the weight loss. Healthy choices of snacks may prove beneficial in the management of adiposity.ThesisItem Open Access Snacking in relation to anthropometry and body composition of middle-aged working women(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Singla, Sakshi; Bains, KiranOne hundred and thirty female faculty members from Punjab Agricultural University were enrolled to study the snacking pattern and behaviour in relation to anthropometry and body composition. Based on age, the subjects were divided into three groups i.e. 31-40 years (29%), 41-50 years (43%) and 51-60 years (28%). The high fat and SFA intake and a low intake of MUFAs and omega-3 PUFAs in all age groups showed imbalanced fatty acid ratio Snacks contributed 39.8% energy, 31.9% protein, 37.5% carbohydrates and 46.9% fat to total daily intake. Snack foods contributed only 12.3% to daily intake of dietary fibre. The contribution of snack foods to cholesterol intake was also high (52.7%). Snacks contributed little to daily intake of vitamins (< 15%) The contribution to calcium (8.31%) and iron (19.04%) was also small. The consumption frequency of Samosa, a savoury snack and two sweet snacks namely besan ladoo and gachak were significantly (p≤0.05,0.01) correlated with waist hip ratio, waist height ratio, waist circumference, conicity index and Body mass index. Higher consumption frequency of apple during snack time had negative and significant (p≤0.01) correlation with fat mass. The higher consumption frequency of Bhujia and basen ladoo was positively and significantly (p≤0.01) associated with triglycerides and total cholesterol while almond consumption during snack time was associated with a significantly (p≤0.01) higher levels of HDL-C. Higher consumption frequency of fruits namely guava and apple as snacks were negatively and significantly (p≤0.01) associated with triglycerides. The selected working women had sedentary life style. The longer time spent on sitting at work and home was significantly correlated with abdominal obesity parameters. Majority of women (72%) had much higher than average stress level. Stress was significantly (p≤0.05) associated with higher intake of energy, carbohydrates and fat, thereby highlighting that stress is a crucial factor associated with higher intake of food. Higher emotional response to eating was significantly (p≤0.05) correlated with higher intake of energy, carbohydrates and fat. Disinhibition to eating was significantly correlated with higher energy and carbohydrate intake which may lead to adiposity in the studied group. Replacing the snack foods rich in carbohydrates and fats with the snacks that are high in fibre and high in micronutrient content in the daily diet of sedentary working women will prove beneficial in improving body composition and lipid profile.
